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Aehnlich P, Santiago MV, Dam SH, Saló SF, Rahbech A, Olsen LR, Thor Straten P, Desler C, Holmen Olofsson G. Glycolysis inhibition affects proliferation and cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded for adoptive cell therapy. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:1033-1045. [PMID: 38775775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are under investigation as alternative effector cells for adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in cancer. Despite promising in vitro results, anti-tumor efficacies in early clinical studies have been lower than expected, which could be ascribed to the complex interplay of tumor and immune cell metabolism competing for the same nutrients in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS To contribute to the scarce knowledge regarding gamma delta T-cell metabolism, we investigated the metabolic phenotype of 25-day-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and how it is intertwined with functionality. RESULTS We found that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed a quiescent metabolism, utilizing both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production, as measured in Seahorse assays. Upon T-cell receptor activation, both pathways were upregulated, and inhibition with metabolic inhibitors showed that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were dependent on glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway for proliferation. The dependency on glucose for proliferation was confirmed in glucose-free conditions. Cytotoxicity against malignant melanoma was reduced by glycolysis inhibition but not OXPHOS inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These findings lay the groundwork for further studies on manipulation of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell metabolism for improved ACT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Aehnlich
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta Velasco Santiago
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Søren Helweg Dam
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara Fresnillo Saló
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Rahbech
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Rønn Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Holmen Olofsson
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
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Massa C, Karn T, Weber K, Schneeweiss A, Hanusch C, Uwe Blohmer J, Zahm D, Jackisch C, van Mackelenbergh M, Thomalla J, Marmé F, Huober J, Müller V, Schem C, Müller A, Stickeler E, Biehl K, Fasching PA, Untch M, Loibl S, Denkert C, Seliger B. Baseline CD4 + and expansion of γδ T cells correlate with response to durvalumab in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1617. [PMID: 38664548 PMCID: PMC11045558 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- Institute for Translational ImmunologyBrandenburg Medical School Theodor FontaneBrandenburg an der HavelGermany
| | - Thomas Karn
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Karsten Weber
- German Breast Group, GBG Forschungs GmbHNeu‐IsenburgGermany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Nationales Centrum für TumorerkrankungenUniversitätsklinikum und Deutsches KrebsforschungszentrumHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Jens Uwe Blohmer
- Gynäkologie mit Brustzentrum der Charite CCMCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Christian Jackisch
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySana Klinikum OffenbachOffenbachGermany
| | | | | | - Frederik Marmé
- UniversitätsfrauenklinikMedizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jens Huober
- Breast CancerCantonal Hospital St.GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversitätsklinikum Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | | | - Anja Müller
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und GeburtsmedizinUniklinik RWTH AachenAachenGermany
| | - Katharina Biehl
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Untch
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyHELIOS Klinikum Berlin BuchBerlinGermany
| | - Sibylle Loibl
- German Breast Group, GBG Forschungs GmbHNeu‐IsenburgGermany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of PathologyPhilipps‐University Marburg and University Hospital Marburg (UKGM)MarburgGermany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- Institute for Translational ImmunologyBrandenburg Medical School Theodor FontaneBrandenburg an der HavelGermany
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Verkerk T, Pappot AT, Jorritsma T, King LA, Duurland MC, Spaapen RM, van Ham SM. Isolation and expansion of pure and functional γδ T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336870. [PMID: 38426099 PMCID: PMC10902048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are important components of the immune system due to their ability to elicit a fast and strong response against infected and transformed cells. Because they can specifically and effectively kill target cells in an MHC independent fashion, there is great interest to utilize these cells in anti-tumor therapies where antigen presentation may be hampered. Since only a small fraction of T cells in the blood or tumor tissue are γδ T cells, they require extensive expansion to allow for fundamental, preclinical and ex vivo research. Although expansion protocols can be successful, most are based on depletion of other cell types rather than γδ T cell specific isolation, resulting in unpredictable purity of the isolated fraction. Moreover, the primary focus only lies with expansion of Vδ2+ T cells, while Vδ1+ T cells likewise have anti-tumor potential. Here, we investigated whether γδ T cells directly isolated from blood could be efficiently expanded while maintaining function. γδ T cell subsets were isolated using MACS separation, followed by FACS sorting, yielding >99% pure γδ T cells. Isolated Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ T cells could effectively expand immediately after isolation or upon freeze/thawing and reached expansion ratios between 200 to 2000-fold starting from varying numbers using cytokine supported feeder stimulations. MACS/FACS isolated and PHA stimulated γδ T cells expanded as good as immobilized antibody mediated stimulated cells in PBMCs, but delivered purer cells. After expansion, potential effector functions of γδ T cells were demonstrated by IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B production upon PMA/ionomycin stimulation and effective killing capacity of multiple tumor cell lines was confirmed in killing assays. In conclusion, pure γδ T cells can productively be expanded while maintaining their anti-tumor effector functions against tumor cells. Moreover, γδ T cells could be expanded from low starting numbers suggesting that this protocol may even allow for expansion of cells extracted from tumor biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Verkerk
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk T Pappot
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa A King
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariël C Duurland
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Petruk N, Sousa S, Croset M, Polari L, Zlatev H, Selander K, Mönkkönen J, Clézardin P, Määttä J. Liposome-encapsulated zoledronate increases inflammatory macrophage population in TNBC tumours. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106571. [PMID: 37652236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) are important players in breast tumour progression and metastasis. Clinical and preclinical evidence suggests a role for zoledronate (ZOL) in breast cancer metastasis prevention. Further, zoledronate is able to induce inflammatory activation of monocytes and macrophages, which can be favourable in cancer treatments. The inherent bone tropism of zoledronate limits its availability in soft tissues and tumours. In this study we utilised an orthotopic murine breast cancer model to evaluate the possibility to use liposomes (EMP-LIP) to target zoledronate to tumours to modify TAM activation. METHODS Triple-negative breast cancer 4T1 cells were inoculated in the 4th mammary fat pad of female Balb/c mice. Animals were divided according to the treatment: vehicle, ZOL, EMP-LIP and liposome encapsulated zoledronate (ZOL-LIP). Treatment was done intravenously (with tumour resection) and intraperitoneally (without tumour resection). Tumour growth was followed by bioluminescence in vivo imaging (IVIS) and calliper measurements. Tumour-infiltrating macrophages were assessed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Protein and RNA expression levels of inflammatory transcription factors and cytokines were measured by Western Blotting and Taqman RT-qPCR. RESULTS Liposome encapsulated zoledronate (ZOL-LIP) treatment suppressed migration of 4T1 cell in vitro. Tumour growth and expression of the angiogenic marker CD34 were reduced upon both ZOL and ZOL-LIP treatment in vivo. Long-term ZOL-LIP treatment resulted in shift towards M1-type macrophage polarization, increased CD4 T cell infiltration and activation of NF-κB indicating changes in intratumoural inflammation, whereas ZOL treatment showed similar but non-significant trends. Moreover, ZOL-LIP had a lower bisphosphonate accumulation in bone compared to free ZOL. CONCLUSION Results show that the decreased bisphosphonate accumulation in bone promotes the systemic anti-tumour effect of ZOL-LIP by increasing inflammatory response in TNBC tumours via M1-type macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Petruk
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Sousa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Lauri Polari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Hristo Zlatev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katri Selander
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Mönkkönen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jorma Määttä
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Lin P, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Dong Q, Yi J, Li Q, Zhang A, Kong X. The γδ T cells dual function and crosstalk with intestinal flora in treating colorectal cancer is a promising area of study. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110733. [PMID: 37579540 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly prevalent and severely affects human health, with the third-greatest occurrence and the second-greatest rate of death globally. Current CRC treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, do not significantly improve CRC patients' survival rate and quality of life, so it is essential to develop new treatment strategies. Adoptive cell therapy and other immunotherapy came into being. Currently, there has been an especially significant emphasis on γδ T cells as being the primary recipient of adoptive cell therapy. The present investigation found that γδ T cells possess the capability to trigger cytotoxicity in CRC cells, secrete cytokines, recruit immune cells for the purpose of destroying cancer cells, and inhibit the progress of CRC indirectly. Nevertheless, It is possible for γδ T cells to initiate a storm of inflammatory factors and inhibit the immune response to promote the advancement of CRC. This review demonstrates a close association between the γδ T cell initiation pathway and their close association with the intestinal flora. It has been observed that the intestinal flora performs a vital function in facilitating the stimulation and functioning of γδ T cells. The tumor-fighting effect is mainly regulated by desulphurizing Vibrio and lactic acid bacteria. In contrast, the regulation of tumor-promoting impact is closely related to Clostridia and ETBF. This review systematically combs γδ T cell dual function and their relationship to intestinal flora, which offers a conceptual framework for the γδ T cell application for CRC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhe Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yijing Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qiutong Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Holmen Olofsson G, Idorn M, Carnaz Simões AM, Aehnlich P, Skadborg SK, Noessner E, Debets R, Moser B, Met Ö, thor Straten P. Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Concurrently Kill Cancer Cells and Cross-Present Tumor Antigens. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645131. [PMID: 34149689 PMCID: PMC8208807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell is a unique cell type that holds great potential in immunotherapy of cancer. In particular, the therapeutic potential of this cell type in adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has gained interest. In this regard optimization of in vitro expansion methods and functional characterization is desirable. We show that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, expanded in vitro with zoledronic acid (Zometa or ZOL) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2), are efficient cancer cell killers with a trend towards increased killing efficacy after prolonged expansion time. Thus, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded for 25 days in vitro killed prostate cancer cells more efficiently than Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded for 9 days. These data are supported by phenotype characteristics, showing increased expression of CD56 and NKG2D over time, reaching above 90% positive cells after 25 days of expansion. At the early stage of expansion, we demonstrate that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are capable of cross-presenting tumor antigens. In this regard, our data show that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can take up tumor-associated antigens (TAA) gp100, MART-1 and MAGE-A3 - either as long peptide or recombinant protein - and then present TAA-derived peptides on the cell surface in the context of HLA class I molecules, demonstrated by their recognition as targets by peptide-specific CD8 T cells. Importantly, we show that cross-presentation is impaired by the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. In conclusion, our data indicate that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are broadly tumor-specific killers with the additional ability to cross-present MHC class I-restricted peptides, thereby inducing or supporting tumor-specific αβTCR CD8 T cell responses. The dual functionality is dynamic during in vitro expansion, yet, both functions are of interest to explore in ACT for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Holmen Olofsson
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Manja Idorn
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ana Micaela Carnaz Simões
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Pia Aehnlich
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Signe Koggersbøl Skadborg
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, Immunoanalytics, Research Group Tissue control of immunocytes, Munich, Germany
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per thor Straten
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, CCIT-DK, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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