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Alzhrani RM, Aldawsari MF, Alamoudi JA. Theoretical investigations on modeling blood flow through vessel for understanding effectiveness of magnetic nanocarrier drug delivery systems. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1397648. [PMID: 38841581 PMCID: PMC11150524 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1397648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
For cancer therapy, the focus is now on targeting the chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells without damaging other normal cells. The new materials based on bio-compatible magnetic carriers would be useful for targeted cancer therapy, however understanding their effectiveness should be done. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a dataset containing variables x(m), y(m), and U(m/s), where U represents velocity of blood through vessel containing ferrofluid. The effect of external magnetic field on the fluid flow is investigated using a hybrid modeling. The primary aim of this research endeavor was to construct precise and dependable predictive models for velocity, utilizing the provided input variables. Several base models, including K-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (DT), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were trained and evaluated. Additionally, an ensemble model called AdaBoost was implemented to further enhance the predictive performance. The hyper-parameter optimization technique, specifically the BAT optimization algorithm, was employed to fine-tune the models. The results obtained from the experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The combination of the AdaBoost algorithm and the decision tree model yielded a highly impressive score of 0.99783 in terms of R2, indicating a strong predictive performance. Additionally, the model exhibited a low error rate, as evidenced by the root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.2893 × 10-3. Similarly, the AdaBoost-KNN model exhibited a high score of 0.98524 using R2 metric, with an RMSE of 1.3291 × 10-2. Furthermore, the AdaBoost-MLP model obtained a satisfactory R2 score of 0.99603, accompanied by an RMSE of 7.1369 × 10-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami M. Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Wei Z, Zhou Y, Wang R, Wang J, Chen Z. Aptamers as Smart Ligands for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2561. [PMID: 36559056 PMCID: PMC9781707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesirable side effects and multidrug tolerance are the main holdbacks to the treatment of cancer in conventional chemotherapy. Fortunately, targeted drug delivery can improve the enrichment of drugs at the target site and reduce toxicity to normal tissues and cells. A targeted drug delivery system is usually composed of a nanocarrier and a targeting component. The targeting component is called a "ligand". Aptamers have high target affinity and specificity, which are identified as attractive and promising ligands. Therefore, aptamers have potential application in the development of smart targeting systems. For instance, aptamers are able to efficiently recognize tumor markers such as nucleolin, mucin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Besides, aptamers can also identify glycoproteins on the surface of tumor cells. Thus, the aptamer-mediated targeted drug delivery system has received extensive attention in the application of cancer therapy. This article reviews the application of aptamers as smart ligands for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Special interest is focused on aptamers as smart ligands, aptamer-conjugated nanocarriers, aptamer targeting strategy for tumor microenvironment (TME), and aptamers that are specified to crucial cancer biomarkers for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
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3
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Magnetic Nanoparticles: Current Advances in Nanomedicine, Drug Delivery and MRI. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have evolved tremendously during recent years, in part due to the rapid expansion of nanotechnology and to their active magnetic core with a high surface-to-volume ratio, while their surface functionalization opened the door to a plethora of drug, gene and bioactive molecule immobilization. Taming the high reactivity of the magnetic core was achieved by various functionalization techniques, producing MNPs tailored for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular or neurological disease, tumors and cancer. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are established at the core of drug-delivery systems and could act as efficient agents for MFH (magnetic fluid hyperthermia). Depending on the functionalization molecule and intrinsic morphological features, MNPs now cover a broad scope which the current review aims to overview. Considering the exponential expansion of the field, the current review will be limited to roughly the past three years.
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A review on an effect of dispersant type and medium viscosity on magnetic hyperthermia of nanoparticles. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dutta G, Manickam S, Sugumaran A. Stimuli-Responsive Hybrid Metal Nanocomposite - A Promising Technology for Effective Anticancer Therapy. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121966. [PMID: 35764265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most challenging, life-threatening illnesses to cure, with over 10 million new cases diagnosed each year globally. Improved diagnostic cum treatment with common side-effects are warranting for successful therapy. Nanomaterials are recognized to improve early diagnosis, imaging, and treatment. Recently, multifunctional nanocomposites attracted considerable interest due to their low-cost production, and ideal thermal and chemical stability, and will be beneficial in future diagnostics and customized treatment capacity. Stimuli-Responsive Hybrid Metal Nanocomposites (SRHMNs) based nanocomposite materials pose the on/off delivery of bioactive compounds such as medications, genes, RNA, and DNA to specific tissue or organs and reduce toxicity. They simultaneously serve as sophisticated imaging and diagnostic tools when certain stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH, redox, ultrasound, or enzymes) activate the nanocomposite, resulting in the imaging-guided transport of the payload at defined sites. This review in detail addresses the recent advancements in the design and mechanism of internal breakdown processes of the functional moiety from stimuli-responsive systems in response to a range of stimuli coupled with metal nanoparticles. Also, it provides a thorough understanding of SRHMNs, enabling non-invasive interventional therapy by resolving several difficulties in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouranga Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Abimanyu Sugumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
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Agrawal A, Bhattacharya S. Cutting-edge Nanotechnological Approaches for Lung Cancer Therapy. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:171-187. [PMID: 35440332 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220418085658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second leading cancer with a high rate of mortality. It can be treated using different intervention techniques such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal, and photodynamic therapy. All of these interventions lack specificity, implying that it harms the normal cells adjacent to the infected ones. Nanotechnology provides a promising solution that increases the bioavailability of anticancer drugs at the tumor site with reduced toxicity and improved therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology also improves the way lung cancer is diagnosed and treated. Various nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and different theranostic approaches are already approved for medical use, while various are under clinical and preclinical stages. This review article covers the details about lung cancer, types of overexpressed receptors, and cutting-edge nanocarriers used for treating lung cancer at its specific target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaiyya Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
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7
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Biomacromolecule-mediated pulmonary delivery of siRNA and anti-sense oligos: challenges and possible solutions. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e22. [PMID: 34906269 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules have gained much attention as biomedicine carriers in recent years due to their remarkable biophysical and biochemical properties including sustainability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, long systemic circulation time and ability to target. Recent developments in a variety of biological functions of biomacromolecules and progress in the study of biological drug carriers suggest that these carriers may have advantages over carriers of synthetic materials in terms of half-life, durability, protection and manufacturing facility. Despite the full pledge advancements in the applications of biomacromolecules, its clinical use is hindered by certain factors that allow the pre-mature release of loaded cargos before reaching the target site. The delivery therapeutics are degraded by systemic nucleases, cleared by reticulo-endothelial system, cleared by pulmonary mucus cilia or engulfed by lysosome during cellular uptake that has led to the failure of clinical therapy. It clearly indicates that there is a wide range of gaps in the results of experimental work and clinical applications of biomacromolecules. This review focuses mainly on the barriers (intracellular/extracellular) and hurdles to the delivery of biomacromolecules with special emphasis on siRNA as well as the delivery of antisense oligos in multiple pulmonary diseases, particularly focusing on lung cancer. Also, the challenges posed to such delivery and possible solutions have been highlighted.
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Chen H, Zhang H, Xu T, Yu J. An Overview of Micronanoswarms for Biomedical Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15625-15644. [PMID: 34647455 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micronanoswarms have attracted extensive attention worldwide due to their great promise in biomedical applications. The collective behaviors among thousands, or even millions, of tiny active agents indicate immense potential for benefiting the progress of clinical therapeutic and diagnostic methods. In recent years, with the development of smart materials, remote actuation modalities, and automatic control strategies, the motion dexterity, environmental adaptability, and functionality versatility of micronanoswarms are improved. Swarms can thus be designed as dexterous platforms inside living bodies to perform a multitude of tasks related to healthcare. Existing surveys summarize the design, functionalization, and biomedical applications of micronanorobots and the actuation and motion control strategies of micronanoswarms. This review presents the recent progress of micronanoswarms, aiming for biomedical applications. The recent advances on structural design of artificial, living, and hybrid micronanoswarms are summarized, and the biomedical applications that could be tackled using micronanoswarms are introduced, such as targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, imaging and sensing, and thrombolysis. Moreover, potential challenges and promising trends of future developments are discussed. It is envisioned that the future success of these promising tools will have a significant impact on clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), Shenzhen 518129, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), Shenzhen 518129, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Jiangfan Yu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), Shenzhen 518129, China
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9
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de Menezes BRC, Rodrigues KF, Schatkoski VM, Pereira RM, Ribas RG, Montanheiro TLDA, Thim GP. Current advances in drug delivery of nanoparticles for respiratory disease treatment. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1745-1761. [PMID: 33508058 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01783c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cases of respiratory diseases have been increasing around the world, affecting the health and quality of life of millions of people every year. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are responsible for many hospital admissions and deaths, requiring sophisticated treatments that facilitate the delivery of therapeutics to specific target sites with controlled release. In this context, different nanoparticles (NPs) have been explored to match this demand, such as lipid, liposome, protein, carbon-based, polymeric, metallic, oxide, and magnetic NPs. The use of NPs as drug delivery systems can improve the efficacy of commercial drugs due to their advantages related to sustained drug release, targeting effects, and patient compliance. The current review presents an updated summary of recent advances regarding the use of NPs as drug delivery systems to treat diseases related to the respiratory tract, such as CRDs and ARIs. The latest applications presented in the literature were considered, and the opportunities and challenges of NPs in the drug delivery field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rossi Canuto de Menezes
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
| | - Karla Faquine Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Modelski Schatkoski
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
| | - Raíssa Monteiro Pereira
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
| | - Renata Guimarães Ribas
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Larissa do Amaral Montanheiro
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
| | - Gilmar Patrocínio Thim
- Laboratory of Plasma and Processes (LPP), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
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10
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Miguel MG, Lourenço JP, Faleiro ML. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Essential Oils: A New Tool for Biological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6633. [PMID: 32927821 PMCID: PMC7555169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds with diverse biological properties. Antimicrobial activity has been attributed to the essential oils as well as their capacity to prevent pathogenic microorganisms from forming biofilms. The search of compounds or methodologies with this capacity is of great importance due to the fact that the adherence of these pathogenic microorganisms to surfaces largely contributes to antibiotic resistance. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been assayed for diverse biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and low toxicity. Several methods have been developed in order to obtain functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with adequate size, shape, size distribution, surface, and magnetic properties for medical applications. Essential oils have been evaluated as modifiers of the surface magnetite nanoparticles for improving their stabilization but particularly to prevent the growth of microorganisms. This review aims to provide an overview on the current knowledge about the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and essential oils on the prevention of microbial adherence and consequent biofilm formation with the goal of being applied on the surface of medical devices. Some limitations found in the studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Graça Miguel
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Lourenço
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve (CIQA), Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Leonor Faleiro
- CBMR, Algarve Biomedical Center, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
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11
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Hui TH, Shao X, Au DW, Cho WC, Lin Y. Detection of the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of invasive non-small cell lung cancer cells by their membrane undulation spectra. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29999-30006. [PMID: 35518210 PMCID: PMC9056320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer cell changes its state from being epithelial- to mesenchymal-like in a dynamic manner during tumor progression. For example, it is well known that mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is essential for cancer cells to regain the capability of seeding on and then invading secondary/tertiary regions. However, there is no fast yet reliable method for detecting this transition. Here, we showed that membrane undulation of invasive cancer cells could be used as a novel marker for MET detection, both in invasive model cell lines and repopulated circulating tumor cells (rCTCs) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Specifically, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), it was found that the surface oscillation spectra of different cancer cells, after undergoing MET, all exhibited two distinct peaks from 0.001 to 0.007 Hz that are absent in the spectra before MET. In addition, by adopting the long short-term memory (LSTM) based recurrent neural network learning algorithm, we showed that the positions of recorded membrane undulation peaks can be used to predict the occurrence of MET in invasive NSCLC cells with high accuracy (>90% for model cell lines and >80% for rCTCs when benchmarking against the conventional bio-marker vimentin). These findings demonstrate the potential of our approach in achieving rapid MET detection with a much reduced cell sample size as well as quantifying changes in the mesenchymal level of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Hui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - X Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - D W Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - W C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
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Zhang Y, Hu C. Anticancer activity of bisindole alkaloids derived from natural sources and synthetic bisindole hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000092. [PMID: 32468606 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bisindole moiety, as a versatile pharmacophore, is one of the widespread heterocycles in naturally occurring and synthetic bioactive compounds. The bisindole alkaloids derived from natural sources possess structural and mechanistic diversity, and they were found to be generally more active than monoindole alkaloids against various cancer cell lines. Moreover, some bisindole alkaloids such as the tubulin inhibitors, vinorelbine and vinblastine, have already been approved for cancer therapy, suggesting that bisindole alkaloids are a significant source of anticancer agents and lead hits. Bisindole hybrids have the potential to overcome drug resistance, enhance efficiency, and reduce severe side effects. The bisindole-lactam hybrid midostaurin has already been approved for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia who are FLT3 mutation-positive, highlighting the importance of bisindole hybrids in the development of novel anticancer agents. In this review, we present a brief account of the bisindole alkaloids derived from nature and of synthetic hybrids with potential anticancer activity developed in the recent 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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