1
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Gazzola G, Antonello A, Isse AA, Fantin M. Simple Iron Halides Enable Electrochemically Mediated ATRP in Nonpolar Media. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1602-1607. [PMID: 37955645 PMCID: PMC10734308 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was successfully carried out with a minimal amount (ppm-level) of FeBr3 catalyst in a nonpolar solvent, specifically anisole. Traditionally, nonpolar media have been advantageous for Fe-based ATRP, but their low conductivity has hindered any electrochemical application. This study introduces the application of electrocatalytic methods in a highly nonpolar polymerization medium. Precise control over the polymerization was obtained by employing anhydrous anisole with only 400 ppm of FeBr3 and applying a negative overpotential of 0.3 V. Additionally, employing an undivided cell setup with two simple iron wire electrodes resulted in a significant 15-fold reduction in electrical resistance compared to traditional divided cell setups. This enabled the production of polymers with a dispersity of ≤1.2. Lastly, an examination of kinetic and thermodynamic aspects indicated that the ppm-level catalysis was facilitated by the high ATRP equilibrium constant of Fe catalysts in nonpolar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2
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Parkatzidis K, de Haro Amez L, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Cu(0)-RDRP of acrylates using an alkyl iodide initiator. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01563c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
In the vast majority of atom transfer radical polymerizations, alkyl bromides or alkyl chlorides are commonly employed as initiators. Herein, alkyl iodides are demonstrated as ATRP initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo de Haro Amez
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Electrochemical Investigation of Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196312. [PMID: 36234849 PMCID: PMC9570559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of iron-based catalysts in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is very interesting because of the abundance of the metal and its biocompatibility. Although the mechanism of action is not well understood yet, iron halide salts are usually used as catalysts, often in the presence of nitrogen or phosphorous ligands (L). In this study, electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) catalyzed by FeCl3, both in the absence and presence of additional ligands, was investigated in dimethylformamide. The electrochemical behavior of FeCl3 and FeCl3/L was deeply investigated showing the speciation of Fe(III) and Fe(II) and the role played by added ligands. It is shown that amine ligands form stable iron complexes, whereas phosphines act as reducing agents. eATRP of MMA catalyzed by FeCl3 was investigated in different conditions. In particular, the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, catalyst-to-initiator ratio, halide ion excess and added ligands were investigated. In general, polymerization was moderately fast but difficult to control. Surprisingly, the best results were obtained with FeCl3 without any other ligand. Electrogenerated Fe(II) effectively activates the dormant chains but deactivation of the propagating radicals by Fe(III) species is less efficient, resulting in dispersity > 1.5, unless a high concentration of FeCl3 is used.
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4
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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‘Oxygen-Consuming Complexes’–Catalytic Effects of Iron–Salen Complexes with Dioxygen. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[(salen)FeIII]+MeCN complex is a useful catalyst for cyclohexene oxidation with dioxygen. As the main products, ketone and alcohol are formed. In acetonitrile, [(salen)FeII]MeCN is rapidly oxidized by dioxygen, forming iron(III) species. Voltammetric electroreduction of the [(salen)FeIII]+MeCN complex in the presence of dioxygen causes the increase in current observed, which indicates the existence of a catalytic effect. Further transformations of the oxygen-activated iron(III) salen complex generate an effective catalyst. Based on the catalytic and electrochemical results, as well as DFT calculations, possible forms of active species in c-C6H10 oxidation have been proposed.
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6
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Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) of styrene was studied in detail by using CuBr2/TPMA (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) as a catalyst. Redox properties of various Cu(II) species were investigated in CH3CN, dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) both in the absence and presence of 50% (v/v) styrene. This investigation together with preliminary eATRP experiments at 80 °C indicated DMF as the best solvent. The effects of catalyst, monomer, and initiator concentrations were also examined. The livingness of the polymerization was studied by chain extension and electrochemical temporal control of polymerization.
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7
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Jin J, Guo J, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Kinetic features of
iron‐based
electrochemically mediated
ATRP
revealed by Monte Carlo simulation. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Jun‐Kang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
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8
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Parkatzidis K, Wang HS, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Controlled Radical Polymerization: A 2020 Update. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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10
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Labbé E, Buriez O. Fundamental Input of Analytical Electrochemistry in the Determination of Intermediates and Reaction Mechanisms in Electrosynthetic Processes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Labbé
- PASTEURDépartement de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL UniversitySorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEURDépartement de ChimieÉcole Normale SupérieurePSL UniversitySorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
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11
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Weng YH, Xu LT, Chen M, Zhai YY, Zhao Y, Ghorai SK, Pan XH, Cao SH, Li YQ. In Situ Monitoring of Fluorescent Polymer Brushes by Angle-Scanning Based Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:223-227. [PMID: 35619434 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent polymers have attracted interest in many fields such as sensing, diagnostics, imaging, and organic electronic devices. Real-time techniques to monitor and understand the polymerization process are important for obtaining controllable fluorescence polymers. We present a new technique to in situ monitor the growth process of fluorescent polymer brushes by using angle-scanning based surface plasmon coupled emission (AS-SPCE) approach during electrochemically mediated atom-transfer radical polymerization. The polymer thickness was determined by modeling the location of SPCE emission angle(s) with theoretical calculation. The advantages of unique angle distribution patterns, thickness dependence and effective background rejection of AS-SPCE guarantee the success in the real-time investigation for controllable fabrication of fluorescent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Weng
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yun Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shyamal Kr Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Pan
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo-Hui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Qun Li
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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13
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Qi M, Dong Q, Wang D, Byers JA. Electrochemically Switchable Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide and Cyclohexene Oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5686-5690. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Qi Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jeffery A. Byers
- Department of Chemistry, Eugene F. Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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14
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Wang J, Tian M, Li S, Wang R, Du F, Xue Z. Ligand-free iron-based electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00933c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the iron-catalyzed ligand-free eATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Mengying Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Shaoqiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Feipeng Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
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15
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Chmielarz P, Fantin M, Park S, Isse AA, Gennaro A, Magenau AJ, Sobkowiak A, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP). Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Strover LT, Malmström J, Stubbing LA, Brimble MA, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemically-controlled grafting of hydrophilic brushes from conducting polymer substrates. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Magenau AJD, Bortolamei N, Frick E, Park S, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K. Investigation of Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. D. Magenau
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nicola Bortolamei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Elena Frick
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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18
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Deunf E, Labbé E, Verpeaux JN, Buriez O, Amatore C. Direct electrochemical reduction of organic halide droplets dispersed in water. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Magenau AJD, Strandwitz NC, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization. Science 2011; 332:81-4. [PMID: 21454784 DOI: 10.1126/science.1202357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization is a versatile technique for exerting precise control over polymer molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and complex architectures. Here, we show that an externally applied electrochemical potential can reversibly activate the copper catalyst for this process by a one-electron reduction of an initially added air-stable cupric species (Cu(II)/Ligand). Modulation of polymerization kinetics is thereby tunable in real time by varying the magnitude of applied potential. Application of multistep intermittent potentials successfully triggers initiation of polymerization and subsequently toggles the polymerization between dormant and active states in a living manner. Catalyst concentrations down to 50 parts per million are demonstrated to maintain polymerization control manifested in linear first-order kinetics, a linear increase in polymer molecular weight with monomer conversion, and narrow polymer molecular weight distributions over a range of applied potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J D Magenau
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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