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Electrochemical Characterization of the Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Plants and Products: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052308. [PMID: 36903553 PMCID: PMC10004803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive compounds with a wide spectrum of practically useful properties. Various types of antioxidants synthesized in plants are the reasons for their application in medicine, phytotherapy, and aromatherapy. Therefore, reliable, simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and rapid methods for the evaluation of antioxidant properties of medicinal plants and products on their basis are required. Electrochemical methods based on electron transfer reactions are promising tools to solve this problem. Total antioxidant parameters and individual antioxidant quantification can be achieved using suitable electrochemical techniques. The analytical capabilities of constant-current coulometry, potentiometry, various types of voltammetry, and chrono methods in the evaluation of total antioxidant parameters of medicinal plants and plant-derived products are presented. The advantages and limitations of methods in comparison to each other and traditional spectroscopic methods are discussed. The possibility to use electrochemical detection of the antioxidants via reactions with oxidants or radicals (N- and O-centered) in solution, with stable radicals immobilized on the electrode surface, via oxidation of antioxidants on a suitable electrode, allows the study of various mechanisms of antioxidant actions occurring in living systems. Attention is also paid to the individual or simultaneous electrochemical determination of antioxidants in medicinal plants using chemically modified electrodes.
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Goswami MJ, Dutta U, Seema T, Bharali SJ, Yanka H, Tag H, Bharali P, Kakati D. Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Properties of Extracts from Three Underutilized Food Plants of North East India. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200718. [PMID: 36562215 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three underutilized leafy vegetables Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaudich (SP), Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (IA) and Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC (ZR) were extracted with different solvents viz. 95 % ethyl alcohol, methanol and hot water. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential via DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay along with electroanalytical studies using cyclic voltammetry. The antidiabetic potential was determined by recording their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) based phytochemical profiles of the extracts were also determined. All three extracts of SP exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. The antidiabetic potential of the IA and ZR extracts was found to be higher than or at par with that of standard acarbose. LC/MS studies reveal the presence of hitherto reported antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds like gamma-aminobutyric acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, α-viniferin, piperlonguminine, niacin, kaempferol, etc., in the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manab Jyoti Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Utpal Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Tage Seema
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Sourav Jyoti Bharali
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India.,Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (AEI), Sibasagar, Assam, 785697, India
| | - Hage Yanka
- Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Hui Tag
- Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Pankaj Bharali
- Center for Infectious Diseases, CSIR North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Gjaziabad, India
| | - Dwipen Kakati
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
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Electrochemical Methodologies for Investigating the Antioxidant Potential of Plant and Fruit Extracts: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061205. [PMID: 35740101 PMCID: PMC9220340 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the growing research interests in the applications of plant and fruit extracts (synthetic/stabilization materials for the nanomaterials, medicinal applications, functional foods, and nutraceuticals) have led to the development of new analytical techniques to be utilized for identifying numerous properties of these extracts. One of the main properties essential for the applicability of these plant extracts is the antioxidant capacity (AOC) that is conventionally determined by spectrophotometric techniques. Nowadays, electrochemical methodologies are emerging as alternative tools for quantifying this particular property of the extract. These methodologies address numerous drawbacks of the conventional spectroscopic approach, such as the utilization of expensive and hazardous solvents, extensive sample pre-treatment requirements, long reaction times, low sensitivity, etc. The electrochemical methodologies discussed in this review include cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CAP). This review presents a critical comparison between both the conventional and electrochemical approaches for the quantification of the parameter of AOC and discusses the numerous applications of the obtained bioextracts based on the AOC parameter.
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Fraga S, Domingues Nasário F, Gonçalves D, Antonio Cabral F, José Maximo G, José de Almeida Meirelles A, Jocelyne Marsaioli A, Araujo Sampaio K. Caferana seeds ( Bunchosia glandulifera) as a new source of nutrients: Evaluation of the proximal composition, solvent extraction, bioactive compounds, and δ-lactam isolation. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100161. [PMID: 34877526 PMCID: PMC8633560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caferana seeds powder is a promising raw material for nutraceutical products. There were found 9 essential amino acids and high levels of protein and carbohydrates. 10 compounds were identified in the volatile profile. The lyophilized caferana seeds flour was subjected to solvent extraction. Extracts contained phenolic compounds, caffeine, and δ-lactam.
The proximal composition, amino acid, carbohydrate, and volatile profiles of caferana (Bunchosia glandulifera) seeds flour were here assessed. Seeds were also subjected to the following extraction processes: one with pressurized ethanol (PLE) and two with ethanol + supercritical CO2 mixture at different temperatures and pressures (SC1 and SC2). Extracts were characterized in terms of caffeine, total phenolic, and δ-lactam. The characterization of caferana seed and its extracts is unprecedented in terms of carbohydrate and volatiles profiles, besides the δ-lactam identification/isolation. SC2 extract exhibited a higher caffeine (9.3 mg/g) and δ-lactam (29.4 mg/g) content, whereas the PLE extract contained a higher total phenolic amount (3.0 mgGAE/g). Caferana is regionally associated to protective effects on mental health. Its byproduct (seed) revealed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds, and a potential raw material of nutritive extracts and flours that can be incorporated into pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and food products.
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Key Words
- 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (PubChem CID10935)
- Amino acids
- Arabinose (PubChem CID66308)
- Aspartate (PubChem CID5960)
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- Caffeine
- Caffeine (PubChem CID2519)
- Carbohydrates
- EDTA, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- Fructose (PubChem CID2723872)
- GAE, gallic acid equivalent
- GC–MS, gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- Glutamate (PubChem CID33032)
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HS-SPME, headspace solid phase microextraction
- Hexanal (PubChem CID6184)
- IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Extraction
- Leucine (PubChem CID6106)
- M%, moisture, in percentage
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PLE, pressurized ethanol extraction (process 3)
- PLE, pressurized liquid extraction
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Phenolic compounds
- SC1, supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol extraction (process 1)
- SC2, supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol extraction (process 2)
- SFE, supercritical fluid extraction
- ScCO2, supercritical carbon dioxide
- Sorbitol (PubChem CID5780)
- Supercritical extraction
- TPC, total phenolic compounds
- VM%, volatile + moisture content, in percentage
- Volatile compounds
- δ-lactam (PubChem CID6453994)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fraga
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Domingues Nasário
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Josué de Castro St., 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gonçalves
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Cabral
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme José Maximo
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Josué de Castro St., 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Klicia Araujo Sampaio
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Antioxidants are compounds that prevent or delay the oxidation process, acting at a much smaller concentration, in comparison to that of the preserved substrate. Primary antioxidants act as scavenging or chain breaking antioxidants, delaying initiation or interrupting propagation step. Secondary antioxidants quench singlet oxygen, decompose peroxides in non-radical species, chelate prooxidative metal ions, inhibit oxidative enzymes. Based on antioxidants’ reactivity, four lines of defense have been described: Preventative antioxidants, radical scavengers, repair antioxidants, and antioxidants relying on adaptation mechanisms. Carbon-based electrodes are largely employed in electroanalysis given their special features, that encompass large surface area, high electroconductivity, chemical stability, nanostructuring possibilities, facility of manufacturing at low cost, and easiness of surface modification. Largely employed methods encompass voltammetry, amperometry, biamperometry and potentiometry. Determination of key endogenous and exogenous individual antioxidants, as well as of antioxidant activity and its main contributors relied on unmodified or modified carbon electrodes, whose analytical parameters are detailed. Recent advances based on modifications with carbon-nanotubes or the use of hybrid nanocomposite materials are described. Large effective surface area, increased mass transport, electrocatalytical effects, improved sensitivity, and low detection limits in the nanomolar range were reported, with applications validated in complex media such as foodstuffs and biological samples.
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Investigations of antioxidant potential and protective effect of Acanthophora algae on DNA damage: An electrochemical approach. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sequential high-pressure extraction of caffeine and bioactive compounds from caferana seeds (Bunchosia glandulifera). J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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DEMIR E. Sensitive and Selective Pathway of Total Antioxidant Capacity in Commercially Lemon, Watermelon and Mango-pineapple Cold Teas by Square Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.490523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Carvalho DG, Sebben JA, de Moura NF, Trierweiler JO, Espindola JDS. Raman spectroscopy for monitoring carotenoids in processed Bunchosia glandulifera pulps. Food Chem 2019; 294:565-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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