Feasibility of the use of boron-doped diamond electrode coupled to electroanalytical techniques for the individual determination of pravastatin and its association with acetylsalicylic acid

A novel nanozyme doped ZnO/r-GO-based sensor for highly sensitive electrochemical determination of muscle-relaxant drug: cyclobenzaprine HCl

A nanocomposite of Ce-doped ZnO/r-GO was synthesized using a conventional hydrothermal method. The synthesized nanocomposites were utilized for the purpose of sensitive and selective detection of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (CBP). The properties of the composite were extensively analyzed, including its morphology, structure, and electrochemical behavior. This study investigates the application of a modified glassy carbon electrode for the detection of CBP, a muscle relaxant used to treat musculoskeletal diseases that cause muscle spasms. The electrode is modified with Ce-doped ZnO/r-GO. Various detection methods, such as cyclic voltammetric and square wave techniques (SWV), were utilized. The composite material showed high effectiveness as an electron transfer mediator in the oxidation of CBP. The electrode showed a good response for SWV evaluations in CBP identification, with a minimum detection limit of 1.6 × 10-8 M and a wide linear range from 10 × 10-6 M to 0.6 × 10-7 M, under ideal conditions. The rate constant for charge transfer (ks) and the estimation of the electrochemical active surface area were obtained. A developed sensor exhibited desirable selectivity, long-lasting stability, and remarkable reproducibility. A sensor was used to analyze water, human serum, and urine samples, resulting in positive recovery results.

Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes: Recent Developments and Advances in View of Electrochemical Drug Sensors

Conductive boron-doped diamond (BDD), in addition to its superior material properties, offers many important advantages that make it an interesting material for electroanalytical studies. It has been considered as an excellent electrode material for electrooxidation of drug active compounds in their dosage forms or in biological materials due to its good physical and chemical properties. It contains not only the largest solvent working potential window compared to other electrode materials, but also it has low background and capacitive currents; lower problems with passivation and it has the ability to withstand extreme potentials, corrosive, and high temperature/pressure environments. The aim of this review is not only to provide a state-of-the-art of diamond electrochemistry but also to serve as a reference point for any researcher wishing to commence work with diamond electrodes and understand electrochemical data. Therefore, it is focused on the carbon-based materials, electrochemical properties of the BDD film electrode, its fundamental research, and its electrochemical pretreatment process are discussed in detail. In this case, there are important studies to show the effective BDD drug sensors for the detection and determination of drugs and the present review critically summarizes the available data in this field between 2015 and 2020.

Assessment of the use of boron-doped diamond electrode for highly sensitive voltammetric determination of the azo-dye carmoisine E-122 in food and environmental matrices

A new protocol for the analysis of the azo-dye carmoisine (CMS) is presented by coupling differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode (CPT-BDDE), in phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.0). The CMS presented diffusion-controlled oxidation and reduction peaks at +0.88 and -0.15 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectively. The effect of the pretreatment conditions, pH, and supporting electrolytes were evaluated to the voltammetric determination of CMS. Under optimized conditions, the differential pulse voltammetric signals for CMS were linear over the concentration range of 0.059-1.31 μmol L^-1 and 0.010-0.079 μmol L^-1 with limits of detection of 7.0 and 3.0 nmol L^-1, for the anodic and cathodic processes respectively. The method was precise for CMS determination (RSD < 5.0%) and selective against other dyes. The developed protocol was successfully applied in the analysis of CMS in surface water and foodstuffs with accurate results in comparison with those obtained using a validated spectrophotometric method.

A new voltammetric platform for reliable determination of the sport performance-enhancing stimulant synephrine in dietary supplements using a boron-doped diamond electrode

For the first time, we propose a new modification-free voltammetric platform for simple, fast and reliable quantification of the sport performance-enhancing stimulant synephrine (SYN) based on the usage of a commercial screen-printed boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemical sensor. Applying cyclic voltammetry, SYN exhibited one well-shaped, irreversible and diffusion-driven oxidation peak at a peak potential of +1.45 V (vs. the silver pseudoreference electrode) in the presence of 2 M HClO₄. Under the selected experimental conditions, the following analytical parameters for determination of SYN were obtained: linear concentration ranges from 19.6 up to 1000 μM and from 9.9 up to 1000 μM for differential pulse (DPV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), respectively, detection limits at micromolar concentration levels and intra-day repeatability with a relative standard deviation below 4% for both pulse techniques. The interference study revealed fair selectivity when considering the target dietary supplements. The feasibility of the developed voltammetric platform was verified in the analysis of commercially available dietary supplements and reasonable recovery values were achieved by DPV and SWV, respectively. In addition, the method can be performed directly without higher consumption of chemicals, waste generation, complex sample extraction and higher instrumentation cost. The advanced BDD electrochemical sensor has appeared to be a suitable competitor for efficient applications in food quality control analysis.