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Fan Y, Lyu H, Chen L, Wang J, Gao Y. Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower extremity fatigue on static stance and postural adjustments response to the externally initiated perturbation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2024; 78:102918. [PMID: 39191094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2024.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of unilateral and bilateral lower extremity fatigue on both postural stability and postural adjustments. Fourteen young male subjects performed unilateral and bilateral dynamic lower extremity pedaling exercises with 5 sets of 20 times at 50 % maximum voluntary contraction. Center of pressure (COP) signals were recorded before and after the fatigue exercise. Electromyography activities of six trunk and leg muscles were recorded and analyzed during the anticipatory (APAs) and compensatory (CPAs) postural adjustments. The results showed that both fatiguing exercises caused an increase in COP and larger APAs and CPAs in the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior during externally initiated perturbation. However, the observed indicators showed no clear difference between unilateral and bilateral fatigue. These results validated that when enlarged APAs were not sufficient to resist the external perturbation, the central nervous system increased the strength of CPAs to maintain the stability of the body. These findings provided a perspective on the association between APAs and CPAs, which may apply to the athletic training or rehabilitation on postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Lyu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Centre for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Lyu H, Cao X, Wang J. Comparative Effects of Fatiguing Exercise on Anticipatory and Compensatory Postural Adjustments between Trained and Untrained Individuals. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:943. [PMID: 39202685 PMCID: PMC11355520 DOI: 10.3390/life14080943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of general fatiguing exercises on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs), and standing stability between 18 individuals with comprehensive training experience (TR) and 18 untrained individuals (UT). Assessments were conducted before and after a 20-min fatiguing exercise using surface electromyography and a force platform during self-initiated perturbation and postural stability tests. Key findings include that, irrespective of fatigue, the APAs onsets in the TrA/IO (p = 0.004), LMF (PRE p = 0.003, POST p < 0.001), and ST (PRE p = 0.001, POST p = 0.006) muscles activated earlier in the TR group than in the UT group. Additionally, the APA co-contraction indices of the TrA/IO-LMF (PRE p = 0.011, POST p = 0.029), TrA/IO-ST (p = 0.014), and LMF-ST (PRE p = 0.002, POST p = 0.005) muscle pairs were higher in the TR group. After fatigue, the UT group significantly increased CPA co-contraction indices for the TrA/IO-LMF (p = 0.035) and LMF-ST (p = 0.005) muscle pairs. This research highlights the importance of comprehensive training in facilitating feedforward control strategies, particularly for individuals facing challenging postural conditions, such as fatigue or disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lyu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Xueying Cao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Sports Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Dury J, Sagawa Y, Michel F, Ravier G. Neuromuscular fatigue and cognitive constraints independently modify lower extremity landing biomechanics in healthy and chronic ankle instability individuals. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1341-1354. [PMID: 39136418 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2391209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The purpose was to determine the impact of both cognitive constraint and neuromuscular fatigue on landing biomechanics in healthy and chronic ankle instability (CAI) participants. Twenty-three male volunteers (13 Control and 10 CAI) performed a single-leg landing task before and immediately after a fatiguing exercise with and without cognitive constraints. Ground Reaction Force (GRF) and Time to Stabilization (TTS) were determined at landing in vertical, anteroposterior (ap) and mediolateral (ml) axes using a force plate. Three-dimensional movements of the hip, knee and ankle were recorded during landing using a motion capture system. Exercise-induced fatigue decreased ankle plantar flexion and inversion and increased knee flexion. Neuromuscular fatigue decreased vertical GRF and increased ml GRF and ap TTS. Cognitive constraint decreased ankle internal rotation and increased knee and hip flexion during the flight phase of landing. Cognitive constraint increased ml GRF and TTS in all three axes. No interaction between factors (group, fatigue, cognitive) were observed. Fatigue and cognitive constraint induced greater knee and hip flexion, revealing higher proximal control during landing. Ankle kinematic suggests a protective strategy in response to fatigue and cognitive constraints. Finally, these two constraints impair dynamic stability that could increase the risk of ankle sprain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Dury
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Culture Sport Santé Société (C3S-UR 4660), Equipe Sport et Performance, UFR STAPS, Besançon, France
| | - Yoshimasa Sagawa
- Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, LINC, Besançon, France
| | - Fabrice Michel
- Laboratoire de Nanomédecine, Université de Franche Comté, Imagerie, Thérapeutique (EA 4662), Besançon, France
| | - Gilles Ravier
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Culture Sport Santé Société (C3S-UR 4660), Equipe Sport et Performance, UFR STAPS, Besançon, France
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Stephens S, Jaffri A, Saliba S. Local microvascular tissue oxygenation of the intrinsic foot muscles in patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional case-comparison study. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102035. [PMID: 37167703 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-related complications including impaired peripheral circulation and lower limb ulceration are severe consequences for those with diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess differences in tissue oxygenation and oxygen utilization of the plantar surface intrinsic foot muscles between diabetic participants and healthy comparisons following short foot exercise and a standard walking protocol. METHODS Eighteen participants, 9 with diabetes and 9 healthy age- and sex-matched comparisons, completed two interventions in a randomized order. For the short foot exercise intervention, participants completed 5 sets of 15 intrinsic foot muscle contractions. For the walking intervention, participants completed a modified six-minute walk test. Tissue oxygenation variables including oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in quiet stance and during intrinsic foot muscle contraction cycles following each intervention. Means, standard deviations, 95 % confidence intervals, mean differences, and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for each tissue oxygenation variable. RESULTS The results of this study indicated no significant group differences in quiet standing tissue oxygenation measures at baseline and following each intervention. Participants in the diabetic group had significantly less change in tissue saturation index during intrinsic foot muscle contractions compared to healthy participants after the short foot exercise intervention (ES= 4.00, P = .0002) and walking intervention (ES= 1.33, P = .015). CONCLUSIONS By utilizing wireless NIRS and novel research methodology, this study was able to explore changes in plantar surface tissue oxygenation of the intrinsic foot muscles following a targeted short foot exercise intervention as well as a standard walking protocol in patients diagnosed with diabetes compared to age- and sex- matched individuals without diabetes. We identified that diabetic participants presented with less oxygen utilization during intrinsic foot muscle contractions performed following both exercise interventions compared to their healthy age- and sex- matched comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stephens
- University of Virginia, Department of Kinesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Abbis Jaffri
- Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Susan Saliba
- University of Virginia, Department of Kinesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Jeon W, Borrelli J, Hsiao HY. Effects of Visual Input Absence on Balance Recovery Responses to Lateral Standing Surface Perturbations in Older and Younger Adults. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:184-192. [PMID: 37142405 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the ability to recover balance in the lateral direction has important implications with regard to fall risk in older adults, the effect of visual input on balance recovery in response to lateral perturbation and the effect of age are not well studied. We investigated the effect of visual input on balance recovery response to unpredictable lateral surface perturbations and its age-related changes. Ten younger and 10 older healthy adults were compared during balance recovery trials performed with the eyes open and eyes closed (EC). Compared with younger adults, older adults showed increased electromyography (EMG) peak amplitude of the soleus and gluteus medius, reduced EMG burst duration of the gluteus maximus and medius, and increased body sway (SD of the body's center of mass acceleration) in EC. In addition, older adults exhibited a smaller % increase (EC-eyes open) of the ankle eversion angle, hip abduction torque, EMG burst duration of the fibularis longus, and a greater % increase of body sway. All kinematics, kinetics, and EMG variables were greater in EC compared with eyes open in both groups. In conclusion, the absence of visual input negatively affects the balance recovery mechanism more in older adults compared with younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyoung Jeon
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX,USA
| | - James Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevenson University, Owings Mills, MD,USA
| | - Hao-Yuan Hsiao
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX,USA
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Contributions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Foot Muscles during Functional Standing Postures. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7708077. [PMID: 35572731 PMCID: PMC9098302 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7708077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Maintaining balance during static standing postures requires the coordination of many neuromuscular mechanisms. The role of the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles in this paradigm has yet to be clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to explore foot muscle activation during static phases on common weight-bearing tasks of varying loads and balance demands. Methods. Twenty healthy young adults performed 6 standing postures (single-limb and double-limb stand, squat, and heel raise) with one foot on a force plate. Muscle activity was recorded from the abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis longus and brevis, and tibialis posterior using intramuscular electrodes; surface electrodes were used to record activity from the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (2 loading conditions × 3 postures) were run to compare muscle activation and center of pressure velocity. Results. Intrinsic foot muscle activity increased as loading and postural demand increased; however, the specific effects varied for each of the extrinsic foot muscles. Conclusions. These results suggest that the intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in maintaining static balance. Strengthening intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles may help increase stability in people who have weak toe flexors or who suffer from a variety of foot pathologies.
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Zemková E. Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise and Its Effects on Postural Sway: Does Sport Make a Difference? Front Physiol 2022; 13:792875. [PMID: 35283801 PMCID: PMC8908905 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.792875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effect of a variety of exercises on postural balance control has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to those requiring sport-specific skills. Therefore there is a need to analyze the literature and elucidate changes in postural balance control after exercises performed in conditions close to a particular sport. This scoping review aims (i) To map the literature that addresses postural sway aspects of acute responses to general and sport-specific exercises and their underlying physiological mechanisms, and (ii) To identify gaps in the existing literature and propose future research on this topic. The main literature search conducted on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases was completed by SpringerLink, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. A total of 60 articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings identified that among a variety of studies evaluating the effects of exercise on postural balance control, only few of them were conducted under sport-specific conditions (i.e., while shooting in biathlon or pentathlon, and after simulated or match-induced protocols in combat and team sports). Therefore, more research is still needed to address this gap in the literature and aim research at investigation of postural sway response to sport-specific exercises. Further analysis of the literature showed that the type, intensity and duration of exercise play a key role in increased postural sway. Whole body and localized muscular fatigue of the trunk, neck and lower limbs is considered to be a main factor responsible for the magnitude of balance impairment in an initial phase of recovery and speed of its readjustment to a pre-exercise level. Other likely factors affecting postural stability are hyperventilation and deterioration of sensorimotor functions, though some contribution of muscle damage, dehydration, hyperthermia or dizziness cannot be excluded. A better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of balance impairment after exercises performed under simulated fatigue induced protocol, close to conditions specific to a particular sport, has implications for designing smart exercise programs tailored to individual needs to improve athlete performance with high demands on postural stability and/or decrease their risk of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Erika Zemková, , orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-5691
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Lyu H, Fan Y, Hua A, Cao X, Gao Y, Wang J. Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower extremity fatiguing exercises on postural control during quiet stance and self-initiated perturbation. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 81:102911. [PMID: 34906841 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Postural control can be more difficult during muscle fatigue. Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs) are the two main postural strategies controlled by the central nervous system. Unchanged or early anticipatory onset together with altered activation magnitude during the APAs phase is observed in the trunk and thigh muscles following unilateral and bilateral fatiguing exercises. Thus far, no studies have compared the effect of such exercises on APAs and CPAs. This study compared the effects of these exercises performed at the same relative workload on center of pressure (COP)-based postural stability measures during quiet stance and electromyography (EMG)-based APAs and CPAs during self-initiated perturbation. Fifteen young male subjects completed the two separated fatiguing sessions; 50% of maximal voluntary contraction force obtained from the unilateral (dominant) and bilateral legs with five sets of 20 times lower limb exercise was respectively applied as unilateral and bilateral fatiguing protocols. Spatio-temporal COP parameters (sway velocity, total displacement, and envelope area) were used to evaluate postural stability, and spectral analysis was performed to estimate the distributions in COP power spectrum. EMG activities of transversus abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO) and lumbar multifidus (LMF) were recorded and analyzed during the APAs and CPAs phases. Increased sway velocity and total displacements occurred following both unilateral and bilateral fatiguing exercises; however, the envelope area was not affected. Further, early anticipatory onset of TrA/IO was found after bilateral than after unilateral fatiguing exercise. Co-activation index of the TrA/IO-LMF muscle pair during the CPAs phase increased following both fatiguing sessions. The results partly confirmed previously reported fatigue effects induced by unilateral and bilateral exercises on postural stability. It was observed that APAs onsets were altered differently following a unilateral or bilateral fatiguing exercise, whereas the alterations of CPAs were independent of fatigue conditions. Repetitive unilateral or bilateral fatiguing exercises in patients or athletes may differently alter the anticipatory component of postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lyu
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; School of Design, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Sports Department, Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Anke Hua
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueying Cao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Centre for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
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Marcolin G, Cogliati M, Cudicio A, Negro F, Tonin R, Orizio C, Paoli A. Neuromuscular Fatigue Affects Calf Muscle Activation Strategies, but Not Dynamic Postural Balance Control in Healthy Young Adults. Front Physiol 2022; 13:799565. [PMID: 35153831 PMCID: PMC8829451 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.799565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue could negatively affect postural balance, but its effects on dynamic postural regulation are still debated. This study aimed to investigate whether a fatigue protocol on calf muscle could affect muscle activation strategies and dynamic balance performance. Seventeen male adults (age 24.1 ± 4.6 years; height 183.9 ± 7.2 cm; weight 80.2 ± 7.2 kg) volunteered in the study. They performed a dynamic test on an instrumented platform, which provided anterior-posterior oscillations on the sagittal plane, before and after a localized fatigue protocol. High-density surface electromyographical (EMG) signals were recorded bilaterally from the soleus and the medial gastrocnemius muscles. The fatigue protocol, consisting of two quasi-isometric tiptoe standing exercise to failure with a fixed load, did not affect the global dynamic balance performance. Conversely, the frequency value corresponding to 95% of the total power spectrum density of the angular displacement signal increased after fatigue (from 1.03 ± 0.42 to 1.31 ± 0.42 Hz; p < 0.05). The EMG analysis showed a significant difference in the PRE/POST fatigue ratio of the root-mean-square (RMS) between the soleus and the gastrocnemius medialis muscles. No differences were detected for the coefficient of variation and the barycenter coordinates of the RMS EMG values between muscles and sides. The variations in the frequency content of the angular displacement and EMG activity across muscles may be related to an increase in the calf muscles stiffness after fatigue. The role of neuromechanical calf muscle properties seems to be relevant in maintaining the dynamic postural performance after a quasi-isometric fatigue protocol until failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Marcolin, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-3257
| | - Marta Cogliati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cudicio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Tonin
- School of Human Movement Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Orizio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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The Association between Symmetrical or Asymmetrical High-Arched Feet and Muscle Fatigue in Young Women. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The foot arches are responsible for proper foot loading, optimal force distribution, and transmission throughout the soft tissues. Since the foot arch is an elastic structure, able to adapt to forces transmitted by the foot, it was reported that low arch is related to excessive foot pronation, while high arched foot is more rigid and inflexible. Therefore, it is also probable, that foot arch alterations may change the force transmission via myofascial chains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of symmetrical and asymmetrical excessive feet arching on muscle fatigue in the distal body parts such as the lower limbs, trunk, and head. Seventy-seven women (25.15 ± 5.97 years old, 62 ± 10 kg, 167 ± 4 cm) were assigned to three groups according to the foot arch index (Group 1—both feet with normal arch, Group 2—one foot with normal arch and the other high-arched, Group 3—both feet with high-arch). The bioelectrical activity of the right and left hamstrings muscles, erector spine, masseter, and temporalis muscle was recorded by sEMG during the isometric contraction lasting for 60 s. The stable intensity of the muscle isometric contraction was kept for all the time during the measurement. Mean frequency difference (%), slope (Hz), and intercept (Hz) values were calculated for muscle fatigue evaluation. No differences were observed in fatigue variables for all evaluated muscles between the right and left side in women with symmetrical foot arches, but in the group with asymmetric foot arches, the higher muscle fatigue on the normal-arched side compared to the high-arched side was noted. Significantly greater values of the semitendinosus—semimembranosus muscle frequency difference was observed on the normal-arched side compared to the high-arched side (p = 0.04; ES = 0.52; −29.5 ± 9.1% vs. −24.9 ± 8.4%). In the group with asymmetric foot arches, a significantly higher value of lumbar erector spinae muscle frequency slope (p = 0.01; ES = 1.32; −0.20 ± 0.04 Hz vs. −0.14 ± 0.05 Hz) and frequency difference (p = 0.04; ES = 0.92; −7.8 ± 3.1% vs. −4.8 ± 3.4%) were observed on the high-arched foot side compared to the side with normal foot arching. The thoracic erector spine muscle frequency slope was significantly larger in women with asymmetrical arches than in those with both feet high-arched (right side: p = 0.01; ES = 1.25; −0.20 ± 0.08 Hz vs. −0.10 ± 0.08 Hz); (left side: p = 0.005; ES = 1,17; −0.19 ± 0.04 Hz vs. −0.13 ± 0.06 Hz) and compared to those with normal feet arches (right side: p = 0.02; ES = 0.58; −0.20 ± 0.08 Hz vs. −0.15 ± 0.09 Hz); (left side: p = 0.005; ES = 0.87; −0.19 ± 0.04 Hz vs. −0.14 ± 0.07 Hz). In the group with asymmetric foot arches, the frequency difference was significantly higher compared to those with both feet high-arched (right side: p = 0.01; ES = 0.87; −15.4 ± 6.8% vs. 10.4 ± 4.3%); (left side: p = 0.01; ES = 0.96; 16.1 ± 6.5% vs. 11.1 ± 3.4%). In the group with asymmetric foot arches, a significantly higher value of the masseter muscle frequency difference was observed on the high-arched side compared to the normal-arched side (p = 0.01; ES = 0.95; 6.91 ± 4.1% vs. 3.62 ± 2.8%). A little increase in the longitudinal arch of the foot, even though such is often not considered as pathological, may cause visible changes in muscle function, demonstrated as elevated signs of muscles fatigue. This study suggests that the consequences of foot high-arching may be present in distal body parts. Any alterations of the foot arch should be considered as a potential foot defect, and due to preventing muscle overloading, some corrective exercises or/and corrective insoles for shoes should be used. It can potentially reduce both foot overload and distant structures overload, which may diminish musculoskeletal system pain and dysfunctions.
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Castillo GB, Brech GC, Luna NMS, Tarallo FB, Soares-Junior JM, Baracat EC, Alonso AC, Greve JMD. Influence of invertor and evertor muscle fatigue on functional jump tests and postural control: A prospective cross-sectional study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100011. [PMID: 35231777 PMCID: PMC8903811 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatigue of the ankle's stabilizing muscles may influence the performance of functional activities and postural control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of healthy young adults using functional jump tests and static posturography control under pre- and post-fatigue conditions of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles. METHODS Thirty physically active healthy male and female (15 male and 15 female) volunteers (24.3 years) were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. Participants performed tests on one day under a non-fatigued state of invertor and evertor muscles and on the second day in a fatigued state. Tests included static posturography on a force platform in a bipedal stance with eyes open and closed and in one-legged support with eyes open and functional jump tests (figure-of-8, side hop, 6-m crossover hop, and square hop). Fatigue of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles was induced using isokinetic dynamometry with 30 repetitions at 120°/s. RESULTS Participants had an average age of 24.3 years (SD ± 2.08), the height of 1.73 m (SD ± 0.08), and a weight of 68.63 kg (SD ± 10.29). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.88 (SD ± 2.46). A decrease in performance was observed in functional activities and postural control under all conditions after the induction of muscle fatigue, except for the speed at a bipedal stance with eyes open. CONCLUSIONS Functional jump tests are low cost and useful for clinical practice and evaluation of the effects of muscle fatigue and could be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Borin Castillo
- Laboratório de Estudos do Movimento, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carlos Brech
- Laboratório de Estudos do Movimento, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Envelhecimento, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nátalia Mariana Silva Luna
- Laboratório de Estudos do Movimento, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Envelhecimento, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Botta Tarallo
- Laboratório de Estudos do Movimento, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Soares-Junior
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelica Castilho Alonso
- Laboratório de Estudos do Movimento, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Envelhecimento, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Maria D'Andréa Greve
- Laboratório de Estudos do Movimento, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Zhu W, Li Y, Wang B, Zhao C, Wu T, Liu T, Sun F. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated with Static Balance in Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010787. [PMID: 34682535 PMCID: PMC8535756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Regular physical activity (PA) strengthens muscles and improves balance and coordination of human body. The aim of this study was to examine whether objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors were related to static balance in young men and women. Design and setting: Cross-sectional community study. Participants: 86 healthy adults (50% women) aged 21.26 ± 2.11 years. Method: PA variables, including moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), sedentary time (SED), and sedentary breaks, were measured by accelerometers on wrist (ActiGraph WGT3X-BT). The static balance was tested in the bipedal stance with eyes open or closed. The movement of the center of pressure, including total sway path length (SP), sway velocity (SV), and sway area (SA), was recorded with a three-dimensional force platform (Kistler 9287CA). The associations between PA (MVPA/LPA/SED/sedentary breaks) and static balance (SP/SV/SA) were analyzed using mixed linear regression analyses, with adjustments for condition (eyes open/closed), sex, age, body mass index (BMI), total device wearing time, and PA*condition. Data were analyzed with SPSS 24.0. Results: Better performance was observed in eyes-open condition (p < 0.05). MVPA was negatively associated with SA (p = 0.030), and SED was positively associated with SA after adjustments, respectively (p = 0.0004). No significance was found in the association of light PA, SED, or sedentary breaks with other static balance variables, respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Increasing MVPA and less SED are associated with lower sway area measured by force platform, indicating more PA may related to better static balance in young adults.
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13
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Jo D, Bilodeau M. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in studies of fatigue-induced postural control alterations in healthy adults: Scoping review of quantitative evidence. Gait Posture 2021; 90:167-178. [PMID: 34492503 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amongst the literature researching the effects of exercise-induced fatigue on postural control in healthy adults, many studies have used the Borg scales to document the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and have shown a broad range of RPE values. Our main aim was to map fatigue-induced RPE values in included publications. Secondary aims were to summarize the preference and purpose for the use of Borg scales within the included publications and to explore the potential associations between fatigue-induced RPE values and postural control changes. METHODS Five databases (Ovid Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) were systematically searched for synthesizing data among the publications that reported RPE values on the Borg RPE- and Category-Ratio (CR) 10 scales and also found fatigue effects on postural control in healthy adults. Spearman's rank correlations were conducted to assess potential associations between fatigue-induced RPE values and maximal postural control changes across the included publications (group data). RESULTS 45 of 51 studies included in this review reported maximal RPE values following exercise and ranged from 10.4-20 (6-20 Borg RPE) or 0.9-10 (CR10) indicating "very light" or "very weak" to "maximal" exertions. The 6-20 Borg and CR10 scales were mainly used to assess cardiovascular and muscular exertion, respectively. The scales were used mostly to estimate fatigue levels (n = 45), and to a lesser extent to produce a specific exercise intensity (n = 5) and as the criterion for exercise termination (n = 1). In general, there was no significant association between RPE and postural control changes across studies. CONCLUSION The broad range of RPE values and weak correlations may suggest that various fatigue levels can lead to postural control changes. However, one should be careful in comparing the extent of fatigue from RPE values and its potential effect on postural control in the light of many confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Jo
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Aging and Movement Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, 43 Bruyère St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 5C8, Canada.
| | - Martin Bilodeau
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Aging and Movement Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, 43 Bruyère St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 5C8, Canada.
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14
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Smith DL, Haworth JL, Brooks EK, Cousins JM. Postural Control, Dual Task Performance and Executive Function Following an Ultramarathon. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2767-2786. [PMID: 34474623 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211044351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As research into the postural and cognitive effects of ultramarathon running is sparse and still needed, we investigated the effect of ultramarathon running on runners' postural control, dual task postural control and a measure of executive function-the flanker test, expecting fatigue-related deterioration on each measure. We used a pre- and post-test research design with 14 runners who completed (a) postural assessment with eyes open and closed, on a flat surface and on foam during (b) a two-choice reaction time dual task postural assessment, and (c) an executive function modified flanker task. With regard to postural stability, we observed, after running, increased anterior-posterior (AP) path length and AP root mean square (RMS) and reductions in both mediolateral (ML) RMS and ML median frequency. Dual task analysis showed reduced ML RMS prior to the race, whereas the effect was absent afterwards. Reaction times were not significantly altered between pre-post or surface conditions assessments. There were no statistically significant differences in mean modified flanker scores before and after the race. These data demonstrated that, following an endurance run, there were plane specific movement adaptations in postural sway that may have resulted from neuroprotective changes under extreme fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States.,Essence of Wellness Chiropractic Center, Eaton, Ohio, United States
| | - Joshua L Haworth
- Department of Human Movement Science, 6918Oakland University, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States
| | - Eric K Brooks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Julie M Cousins
- Department of Kinesiology, 1098Albion College, Albion College, Albion, Michigan, United States
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15
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Effects of Shoes That Can Be Tightened Using Wire and Dial on the Dynamic Balance Following Ankle Muscle Fatigue: A Crossover Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050578. [PMID: 34068149 PMCID: PMC8153005 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankle muscle fatigue causes joint instability and increased postural sway, which triggers imbalance, leading to injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of wearing shoes that can be tightened using wire and dial (SWD) compared to being barefoot and wearing lace shoes of the slip-on type (LSS) on the dynamic balance of the ankle after muscle fatigue. Twenty-two healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Muscle fatigue in the ankle was induced using Biodex, an isokinetic equipment. The participants were randomly allocated to the barefoot, LSS, and SWD groups, and the dynamic balance immediately after inducing muscle fatigue in each participant was measured using BIORescue, the Y-Balance test, and the side-hop test. The results showed that after inducing ankle muscle fatigue, wearing SWD leads to a more significant increase in dynamic balance than barefoot and wearing LSS (p < 0.05). Hence, to improve the dynamic balance of the ankle after muscle fatigue, wearing SWD is suggested as it allows the tightening of the ankle and dorsum of the foot using the wire and dial.
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16
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Lyu H, Fan Y, Hao Z, Wang J. Effect of local and general fatiguing exercises on disturbed and static postural control. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 56:102487. [PMID: 33221599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effect of local and general fatiguing exercise on disturbed and static postural control performances. Surface electromyography and center of pressure signals were respectively recorded during self-initiated perturbation test and static postural stability test from 7 young male subjects. Local fatiguing exercise was performed using intermittent isometric knee extensions at the level of 40% of maximal voluntary torques. General fatiguing exercise was implemented with rowing ergometer at a speed of 200 ± 5 m/min. Results of disturbed postural tests showed no significant change of anticipatory postural adjustment (APAs) organizations in individual muscles following both fatiguing exercises, but observed larger APAs coactivations in trunk and dorsal muscle pairs following local than general fatiguing exercise, and larger compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs) coactivation in dorsal muscle pair after both fatiguing exercises. In addition, the results of static postural tests indicated efficient static postural stability accompanying the down-weighting of visual input and the up-weighting of vestibular/somatosensory component following both fatiguing exercises. These findings evidenced a general compensation in the central nervous system in response to the neuromuscular deficiencies induced by local fatiguing exercise and put forward the function of sensory recalibration in maintaining postural stability under fatigue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lyu
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Sports Department, Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Zengming Hao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Centre for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
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17
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Effects of a lower limb muscular fatigue on posture-movement interaction during a lower limb pointing task. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:287-295. [PMID: 33052429 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of muscular fatigue on the interaction between posture and movement during a lower limb pointing task. METHODS Participants (n = 16), aged 18-30 years, kicked a ball toward a target in four conditions of fatigue: No muscular fatigue (NF), fatigue in the kicking (FM) or postural limb (FP) alone, and fatigue in both limbs (FMP). The mean amplitude and speed of the centre of foot pressure (CoP) and centre of mass (CoM) displacements were estimated through a force platform and an optoelectronic system, respectively. In addition, surface electromyography (EMG) of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and peroneus longus was recorded to investigate the anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). RESULTS Muscular fatigue yielded a decreased kicking accuracy (p < 0.001) and an increased time to perform the movement (p < 0.001), mainly during the backswing motion. In addition, significant increases in the mean amplitude and speed of the CoP and CoM displacement were found in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) axes (ps < 0.001), especially when both limbs were fatigued. The EMG analysis confirmed that fatigue modified the way APAs were generated. During fatigue, postural muscle activity increased, but was delayed with respect to movement onset (ps < 0.001). This pattern of response was more consistent when both limbs were fatigued (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present results suggested an additive effect of fatigue and a functional adaptation and subsequent decrease in the overall variability of APAs, indicating that postural and motor processes are interdependent.
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18
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Kim S, Lim YH, Kang K, Park D, Lee HW, Park JS. Functional Ambulation Profile (FAP) Score as a Potential Marker of Gait Analysis in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Front Neurol 2020; 11:392. [PMID: 32508737 PMCID: PMC7249254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) have shown profound impairments in gait, leading to falls. We analyzed functional ambulation profile (FAP) score that reflects the temporal and spatial gait characteristics and investigated correlations with the lower limb muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 6 min walk test (6MWT). Twenty patients with DM1 and 20 controls participated in this study. The 6MWT and gait analysis including FAP scores via GAITRite were performed in all patients and controls. DM1 patients displayed slower gait, shorter stride length, shorter stance length, and lower FAP score. Among lower extremity muscles, the gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior showed the most severe fat infiltration and these crural muscles significantly correlated with FAP and 6MWT. Among crural muscles, tibialis anterior was the most important muscle affecting gait speed, whereas the gastrocnemius contributed substantially to gait instability. FAP score correlated with the muscle imaging and 6MWT in DM1. Therefore, FAP score maybe used as an non-invasive marker that reflects deterioration of gait and a possible surrogate biomarker in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Lim
- Center of Self-Organizing Software-Platform, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyunghun Kang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donghwi Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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19
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Military-Type Workload and Footwear Alter Lower Extremity Muscle Activity During Unilateral Static Balance: Implications for Tactical Athletic Footwear Design. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050058. [PMID: 32354166 PMCID: PMC7281152 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining upright standing balance is critical for military personal. The impact of military footwear and occupation-related fatigue on muscle activity during balance performance has been previously documented. However, the current literature has not provided a muscle activation profile of the lower extremity during challenging conditions such as unilateral balance trials. Twenty-two recreationally active male participants (age: 22.2 ± 2.7 years; height: 177 ± 6.8 cm; mass: 79.8 ± 9.7 kg) donned two styles of military footwear (minimalist and standard) and performed a military style workload. Unilateral static balance was accessed before (PRE) and after (POST) the workload as surface electromyography was recorded on the right lower extremity. This study found that the minimalist footwear increased muscle activation prior to the workload compared to the standard footwear (co-contraction index mean difference: 0.149), whereas the standard footwear increased muscle activity after the workload (co-contraction index mean difference: 0.097). These findings suggest that footwear design characteristics affect lower extremity muscle activity differently depending on the workload condition. These findings intend to aid in the design of military footwear to maximize balance performance in a military population.
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20
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Hwang IS, Lin YT, Huang CC, Chen YC. Fatigue-related modulation of low-frequency common drive to motor units. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1305-1317. [PMID: 32297005 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated fatigue-related modulation of common neural inputs to motor units (MUs) under 5 Hz, which determines force precision control. METHODS Twenty-seven adults performed a sequence of fatiguing contractions. The participants were assessed with a static isometric index abduction at 20% maximal voluntary contraction in the pre-test and post-test. Discharge characteristics of MUs of the first dorsal interosseous muscle were analyzed with decomposed EMG signals. RESULTS Along with increases in the mean (58.40 ± 11.76 ms → 62.55 ± 10.83 ms, P = 0.029) and coefficient of variation (0.204 ± .014 → 0.215 ± 0.017, P = 0.002) in inter-spike intervals, the fatiguing contraction caused reductions in the mean frequency (16.84 ± 3.31 Hz → 15.59 ± 3.21 Hz, P = 0.027) and spectral dispersions (67.54 ± 4.49 → 62.64 ± 6.76 Hz, P = 0.007) of common neural drive, as estimated with smoothed cumulative motor unit spike trains (SCMUSTs). Stabilogram diffusion analysis of SCMUSTs revealed significant fatigue-related reductions in the long-term effective diffusion coefficient (1.91 ± 0.77 Hz2/s → 1.61 ± 0.61 Hz2/s, P = 0.020) and long-term scaling exponent (0.480 ± 0.013 Hz2/s → 0.471 ± 0.017 Hz2/s, P = 0.014). After fatiguing contraction, mutual information of force fluctuations and SCMUSTs was augmented roughly by 12.95% (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS Muscular fatigue could compress and shift the low-frequency common drive to MUs toward lower spectral bands, thereby enhancing transmission of twitch forces through the muscle-tendon complex with a low-pass filter property. The fatigue-induced changes involve increased closed-loop control of the common modulation of MU discharge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Physical Education Office, Asian University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Huang
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan. .,Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
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21
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Ashtiani MN, Azghani MR, Parnianpour M, Khalaf K. Effects of human stature and muscle strength on the standing strategies: A computational biomechanical study. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2020; 234:674-685. [PMID: 32267825 DOI: 10.1177/0954411920914859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the muscular efforts exerted during standing may be altered by changes in personal factors, such as the body stature and muscular strength. The goal of this work was to assess the contribution of leg muscles using a biomechanical model in different physical conditions and various initial postures. An optimized inverse dynamics model was employed to find the maximum muscular effort in 23,040 postures. The simulation results showed that mid-range knee flexion could help the healthy and strong individuals maintain balance, but those with weaker muscle strength required more knee flexion. Individuals of weak muscular constitution as well as those with tall stature are at the highest risk of imbalance/falling. The number of imbalanced postures due to deficits in the calf and hamstring muscles was reduced by 7.5 times by strengthening the whole body musculature. The calf and the hamstring muscles play a key role in balance regardless of stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N Ashtiani
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood-Reza Azghani
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Parnianpour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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22
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Farzami A, Anbarian M. The effects of fatigue on plantar pressure and balance in adolescent volleyball players with and without history of unilateral ankle injury. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Degache F, Serain É, Roy S, Faiss R, Millet GP. The fatigue-induced alteration in postural control is larger in hypobaric than in normobaric hypoxia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:483. [PMID: 31949289 PMCID: PMC6965170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that postural control would be more affected by plantar flexors fatigue during acute exposure in hypobaric (HH) than in normobaric (NH) hypoxia or normobaric normoxia (NN). Twelve young male adults performed in a random order three experimental sessions (in HH and NH (FiO2 0.139) at an altitude of 2950 m, and in NN at 500 m) composed of a bipedal postural control with eyes open on a posturographic platform before and after a plantar flexors fatiguing protocol. Center of pressure (CoP) trajectory and stabilogramm diffusion analyses (SDA) parameters were assessed. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to identify differences by examination of the group and time interaction. Surface of CoP trajectory analysis, increased at POST in HH (p < 0.001) and in NH (p < 0.01) compared to NN. SDA confirmed that PC was more altered in HH than in NH (p < 0.001) and NN (p < 0.05) at POST. The plantar flexor fatigue-induced alteration in postural control increased to a larger extent in HH than in NH or NN, suggesting an alleviating influence of the decreased barometric pressure per se and a mechanical influence of the higher breathing frequency in HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Degache
- Therapeutic and Performance Sports Institute, MotionLab, Le Mont Sur Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Émilie Serain
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Roy
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Harari Y, Riemer R, Bechar A. Differences in spinal moments, kinematics and pace during single-task and combined manual material handling jobs. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 81:102871. [PMID: 31422248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the spinal moments (i.e., peak and cumulative moments acting on the L5/S1 joint), kinematics (i.e., peak trunk and knee angles) and work pace of workers, when either removing a box from a shelf or depositing a box on a shelf, under two conditions: as a single task or as part of a combined task. An experiment was conducted, in which the subjects performed the tasks and were recorded using a motion capture system. An automated program was developed to process the motion capture data. The results showed that, when the removing and depositing tasks were performed as part of a combined task (rather than as single tasks), subjects experienced smaller peak and cumulative spinal moments and they performed the tasks faster. The results suggest that investigations into the separate tasks that comprise a combination have a limited ability to predict kinematics and kinetics during the combined job.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaar Harari
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Raziel Riemer
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Avital Bechar
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
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25
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The Interaction of Cognitive Interference, Standing Surface, and Fatigue on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity. Saf Health Work 2019; 10:321-326. [PMID: 31497328 PMCID: PMC6717930 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Performing cognitive tasks and muscular fatigue have been shown to increase muscle activity of the lower extremity during quiet standing. A common intervention to reduce muscular fatigue is to provide a softer shoe-surface interface. However, little is known regarding how muscle activity is affected by softer shoe-surface interfaces during static standing. The purpose of this study was to assess lower extremity muscular activity during erect standing on three different standing surfaces, before and after an acute workload and during cognitive tasks. Methods Surface electromyography was collected on ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, and knee flexors and extensors of fifteen male participants. Dependent electromyography variables of mean, peak, root mean square, and cocontraction index were calculated and analyzed with a 2 × 2 × 3 within-subject repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Pre-workload muscle activity did not differ between surfaces and cognitive task conditions. However, greater muscle activity during post-workload balance assessment was found, specifically during the cognitive task. Cognitive task errors did not differ between surface and workload. Conclusions The cognitive task after workload increased lower extremity muscular activity compared to quite standing, irrespective of the surface condition, suggesting an increased demand was placed on the postural control system as the result of both fatigue and cognitive task.
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Rojhani-Shirazi Z, Amiri Z, Ebrahimi S. Effects of Plantar Flexor Muscles Fatigue on Postural Control during Quiet Stance and External Perturbation in Healthy Subjects. J Biomed Phys Eng 2019; 9:233-242. [PMID: 31214529 PMCID: PMC6538917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maintenance of postural control is a key component in dynamic physical activity, especially during muscle fatigue and against external forces. Despite many studies in this field, there is no consensus regarding the effects of plantar flexor muscles fatigue on postural control during different postural tasks. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of plantar flexor muscles fatigue on postural control during quiet stance and external perturbation in healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty four healthy individuals (20-35 years) participated this interventional study. The foot center of pressure data was measured using a single force platform, and then the postural control parameters, including the center of pressure displacement and velocity in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral direction and also path length calculated under two conditions; quiet and perturbed stance, before and after plantar flexor muscles fatigue. RESULTS The statistical analysis demonstrated that mean displacement and velocity of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction and also path length increased after the fatigue protocol in the perturbed condition. However, fatigue had no significant effects on postural control parameters in the quiet standing condition. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the effects of muscle fatigue on postural control depend on the difficulty of the task and the relevance of proprioceptive information. The postural control system appears to use distinct control strategies in different situations such as quiet and perturbed stance conditions, and these strategies may be differentially altered by fatigue. In conclusion, due to the potential risk of loss of balance, it is important to take the role of plantar flexor muscle fatigue into account during more difficult postural tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rojhani-Shirazi
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Z Amiri
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Ebrahimi
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lee E, Cho J, Lee S. Short-Foot Exercise Promotes Quantitative Somatosensory Function in Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:618-626. [PMID: 30665229 PMCID: PMC6350454 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ankle sprain reduces capacity for neurosensory information processing, and these patients commonly progress to chronic ankle instability (CAI). To address this problem, the short-foot exercise (SFE) may be used. However, there has been no previous research on the neurosensory impact of SFE. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess improvement of quantitative neurosensory indicators after SFE and to determine the effect of proprioceptive sensory exercise (PSE) in patients with CAI. Material/Methods The present study included 30 adults (age range: 19–29 years; 50% female). Selection criteria for CAI (Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool ≤24) were implemented, and participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups: SFE (n1=15) and PSE (n2=15). Exercises were conducted 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Measurements of quantitative somatosensory of joint position sense and vibration sensory thresholds, dynamic balance, and ankle instability assessment were evaluated before and after completion of each intervention. Data were analyzed using a repeated- measures analysis of variance. Results In a time-by-group comparison, the SFE group showed a more significant improvement with regards to eversion joint position sense (F1,28=4.543, p<0.05). For vibration sensory threshold, the SFE group showed a more significant improvement (F1,28=8.280, p<0.01). Balance index according to anterio-posterior, mediolateral, and overall index the SFE group a more significant improvement (F1,28=6.666, 4.585, 5.207, p<0.05). And ankle instability SFE group showed a more significant improvement (F1,28=6.890, p<0.05). Conclusions SFE is more effective than PSE for treating ankle sprain patients. There is a need to develop and promote an effective and controlled exercise program to facilitate the return of ankle sprain patients to normal daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsang Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juchul Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
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Marcolin G, Panizzolo FA, Biancato E, Cognolato M, Petrone N, Paoli A. Moderate treadmill run worsened static but not dynamic postural stability of healthy individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:841-846. [PMID: 30656418 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Running has been demonstrated to be one of the most relevant exercise in altering static postural stability, while limiting attention has been paid to its effects on dynamic postural stability. The aim of the present study was to investigate if 25 min of moderate running on a treadmill altered static and dynamic postural stability in healthy subjects. METHODS Eight female and six male participants (age 27.7 ± 8.3 years, height 170.9 ± 12.2 cm, weight 63.9 ± 15.6 kg) took part in the study. Before and after the run static postural stability was evaluated on a stabilometric platform (10 trials of 30 s each), while dynamic postural stability was assessed on an instrumented unstable platform (2 trials of 30 s each). RESULTS After the treadmill run the area of the confident ellipse (from 67.97 ± 34.56 to 93.08 ± 50.00 mm2), sway path velocity (from 6.92 ± 1.85 to 7.83 ± 2.57 mm/s), sway area velocity (from 6.88 ± 3.27 to 9.54 ± 5.36 mm2/s), and medio-lateral maximal oscillation (from 9.48 ± 2.80 to 11.44 ± 3.64 mm) significantly increased. Stabilogram diffusion analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the diffusion coefficients, both short and long term. No statistically significant differences were reported in all the parameters of the dynamic postural stability test. CONCLUSION The contrasting results of the static and dynamic postural stability tests raise the question of which are the more selective tests to assess the acute effect of physical exercise on postural stability among healthy individuals. The proper interaction of both static and dynamic postural evaluations could represent the next challenge in the postural stability assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Fausto Antonio Panizzolo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elena Biancato
- School of Human Movement Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Cognolato
- Institute of Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Petrone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Palazzo F, Nardi A, Tancredi V, Caronti A, Scalia Tomba G, Lebone P, Padua E, Annino G. Effect of textured insoles on postural control during static upright posture following lower limb muscle fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:246-252. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Trajkov M, Cuk I, Eminovic F, Kljajic D, Dopsaj M. Relationship between hand grip strength and endurance and postural stability in active and sedentary older women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 43:62-67. [PMID: 30237133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, muscle strength and the ability to maintain postural stability (PS) are important for well-being in old age. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to assess the contractile abilities of the hand muscles (CAHM) in physically active (PA) and sedentary (SED) older women. The second aim was to examine the relationship between CAHM and PS indicators in older women. The sample of 75 women (aged 65-86 years), was divided into PA and SED group. Differences in CAHM, namely rate of force development and muscular endurance, were confirmed in favor of PA group, whereas, no differences were found between PA and SED group regarding maximum force. Moreover, CAHM were moderately associated with PS indicators. Obtained results could open space for designing routine tests that might serve as a potential prescreening analysis, which could indicate early risk factors for falls along with other age related health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Trajkov
- High Medical School of Professional Studies in Belgrade, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cara Dusana 254, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fadilj Eminovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Visokog Stevana 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Kljajic
- High Medical School of Professional Studies in Belgrade, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cara Dusana 254, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Blagoja Parovica 156, Belgrade, Serbia; South Ural State University, Prospekt Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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The Use of the Anchor System Reduces Postural Sway During Upright Standing Irrespective of Plantar Flexors Muscle Fatigue in Young and Older Adults. Motor Control 2018; 22:338-357. [PMID: 29256763 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2017-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose was to verify the effects of the use of the anchors on postural control after the fatigue of the plantar flexor muscles in young and older adults. They stood barefoot, with their eyes closed in four conditions combining the use of the anchors and the fatigue. When using the anchors, participants held one cable in each hand and kept the cable taut without removing the loads (125 g) from the ground. The fatigue protocol consisted of performing a single series of bilateral plantar flexion movements. The fatigue protocol increased postural sway in both groups. Both groups reduced postural sway with the anchors, but this effect was independent of fatigue. We conclude that the anchors contributed to the reduction of postural sway in young and older adults, but they were unable to compensate for the disturbing effect in postural control created by fatigue of the plantar flexor muscles.
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32
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Ashtiani MN, Azghani MR. Open- and closed-loop responses of joint mechanisms in perturbed stance under visual and cognitive interference. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hedjazi N, Kharboutly H, Benali A, Dibi Z. PCA-based selection of distinctive stability criteria and classification of post-stroke pathological postural behaviour. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2018; 41:189-199. [PMID: 29460209 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-018-0628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the postural behaviour of two categories of people: Post-CVA subjects suffering from cerebrovascular accident syndromes and healthy individuals under several levels of anterior-posterior and medial-lateral sinusoidal disturbances (0.1-0.5 Hz). These perturbations were produced from an omnidirectional platform called Isiskate. Afterwards, we have quantified seventy postural parameters, they were combined of linear stabilometric parameters and non-linear time dependent stochastic parameters using stabilogram diffusion analysis and some spectral attributes using power spectral density. The aim of our analysis is to reduce data dimensionality using principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, we proposed a new PCA-related criterion named: criterion of contribution in order to evaluate the contribution of every variable in the resulted system structure, and thus to eliminate the redundant postural characteristics. Afterwards, we highlighted some interesting distinctive parameters. The selected parameters were used thereafter in comparison between the studied groups. Finally, we created a classification model using support vector machines to distinguish stroke patients. Our proposed techniques help in understanding the human postural dynamics and facilitate the diagnosis of pathologies related to equilibrium which can be used to improve the rehabilitation services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naceur Hedjazi
- Department of electronics, University of Batna 2, 05000, Batna, Algeria.
- LISV laboratory, UVSQ, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Zohir Dibi
- Department of electronics, University of Batna 2, 05000, Batna, Algeria
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Park D, Lee SH, Shin JH, Park JS. Lower limb muscle magnetic resonance imaging in myotonic dystrophy type 1 correlates with the six-minute walk test and CTG repeats. Neuromuscul Disord 2018; 28:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hill CM, DeBusk H, Knight AC, Chander H. Influence of military-type workload and footwear on muscle exertion during static standing. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1403968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Hill
- Department of Kinesiology – Neuromechanics Laboratory, College of Education, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Hunter DeBusk
- Department of Industrial and System Engineering, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Adam Charles Knight
- Department of Kinesiology – Neuromechanics Laboratory, College of Education, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Harish Chander
- Department of Kinesiology – Neuromechanics Laboratory, College of Education, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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36
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Zhang X, Schütte KH, Vanwanseele B. Foot muscle morphology is related to center of pressure sway and control mechanisms during single-leg standing. Gait Posture 2017; 57:52-56. [PMID: 28575753 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining balance is vitally important in everyday life. Investigating the effects of individual foot muscle morphology on balance may provide insights into neuromuscular balance control mechanisms. This study aimed to examine the correlation between the morphology of foot muscles and balance performance during single-leg standing. Twenty-eight recreational runners were recruited in this study. An ultrasound device was used to measure the thickness and cross-sectional area of three intrinsic foot muscles (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae) and peroneus muscles. Participants were required to perform 30s of single-leg standing for three trials on a force plate, which was used to record the center of pressure (COP). The standard deviation of the amplitude and ellipse area of the COP were calculated. In addition, stabilogram diffusion analysis (SDA) was performed on COP data. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to examine the correlation between foot muscle morphology and traditional COP parameters as well as with SDA parameters. Our results showed that larger abductor hallucis correlated to smaller COP sway, while larger peroneus muscles correlated to larger COP sway during single-leg standing. Larger abductor hallucis also benefited open-loop dynamic stability, as well as supported a more efficient transfer from open-loop to closed loop control mechanisms. These results suggest that the morphology of foot muscles plays an important role in balance performance, and that strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles may be an effective way to improve balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Zhang
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Heinrich Schütte
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sadowska D, Krzepota J. Influence of Posturographic Protocol on Postural Stability Sways During Bipedal Stance After Ankle Muscle Fatigue. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 123:232-43. [PMID: 27440763 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516660698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the persistence of exercise-induced changes in postural stability and to verify if they last long enough to be captured by two sequential posturographic tests. The study, including 12 healthy young men (M age = 20.7 year, SD = 0.7), comprised two sessions (Sessions I and II). Each session included one physical exercise, along with two posturographic measurements taken prior to and after the effort, respectively. During Session I, open-eye test was followed by closed-eye test. This order was reversed during Session II, when closed-eye test was followed by open-eye test. The physical exercise protocol included repeated standing dual-heel raise until refusal. Regardless of the test order, markedly stronger effects of exercise-induced fatigue were documented during the first posturographic measurement. Only one reliable posturographic measurement can be taken if the fatigue protocol results in a short-term disruption of postural stability. The adverse effects of exercise-induced fatigue may no longer be observed during the subsequent test. As a result, the extent of post-exercise changes in postural stability may be underestimated leading to erroneous conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Sadowska
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Justyna Krzepota
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Marcolin G, Grainer A, Reggiani C, Bisiacchi P, Cona G, Petrone N, Paoli A. Static and Dynamic Postural Changes after a Mountain Ultra-Marathon of 80 km and 5500 D. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155085. [PMID: 27159563 PMCID: PMC4861257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on static and dynamic postural stability after completing a mountain ultra-marathon. Twelve male athletes participated in the study. Postural stability was assessed before and immediately after the race. Static postural stability was evaluated on a dynamometric platform with eyes opened (OE) and closed (CE). Dynamic postural stability was assessed with OE on an instrumented plate which allowed medio-lateral oscillations. Stabilometric data were affected by fatigue in the OE condition, concerning sway path velocity (p = 0.0006), sway area velocity (p = 0.0006), area of the confidence ellipse (p = 0.0016), maximal anterior-posterior (AP) (p = 0.0017) and medio-lateral (ML) (p = 0.0039) oscillations. In the CE condition the sway path velocity (p = 0.0334), the maximal ML oscillations (p = 0.0161) and the area of the confident ellipse (p = 0.0180) were also negatively influenced. Stabilogram diffusion analysis showed in the OE condition an increase of short-term diffusion coefficients considering the anterior-posterior direction (Dfys; p = 0.0023) and the combination of the two (Dfr2s; p = 0.0032). Equally, long term diffusion coefficients increased considering the anterior-posterior direction (Dfyl; p = 0.0093) and the combination of the two (Dfr2l; p = 0.0086). In CE condition greater values were detected for medio-lateral direction (Dfxl; p = 0.033), anterior-posterior direction (Dfyl; p = 0.0459) and the combination of the two (Dfr2l; p = 0.0048). The dynamic postural stability test showed an increase of the time spent with the edges of the plate on the floor (p = 0.0152). Our results showed that mountain ultra-marathon altered static stability more than dynamic stability. An involvement of cognitive resources to monitor postural stability after fatiguing could be the explanation of the worsening in the automatic task (quiet standing) and of the positive compensation in the less automatic task (dynamic standing on the instrumented plate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Cona
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Garcia MG, Läubli T, Martin BJ. Long-Term Muscle Fatigue After Standing Work. HUMAN FACTORS 2015; 57:1162-73. [PMID: 26048874 DOI: 10.1177/0018720815590293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to determine long-term fatigue effects in the lower limbs associated with standing work and to estimate possible age and gender influences. BACKGROUND The progressive accumulation of muscle fatigue effects is assumed to lead to musculoskeletal disorders, as fatigue generated by sustained low-level exertions exhibits long-lasting effects. However, these effects have received little attention in the lower limbs. METHOD Fourteen men and 12 women from two different age groups simulated standing work for 5 hr including 5-min seated rest breaks and a 30-min lunch. The younger group was also tested in a control day. Muscle fatigue was quantified by electrically induced muscle twitches (muscle twitch force [MTF]), postural stability, and subjective evaluation of discomfort. RESULTS MTF showed a significant fatigue effect after standing work that persisted beyond 30 min after the end of the workday. MTF was not affected on the control day. The center of pressure displacement speed increased significantly over time after standing work but was also affected on the control day. Subjective evaluations of discomfort indicated a significant increase in perception of fatigue immediately after the end of standing work; however, this perception did not persist 30 min after. Age and gender did not influence fatigue. CONCLUSION Objective measures show the long-term effects of muscle fatigue after 5 hr of standing work; however, this fatigue is no longer perceived after 30 min of rest postwork. APPLICATION The present results suggest that occupational activities requiring prolonged standing are likely to contribute to lower-extremity and/or back disorders.
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40
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Yang HR, Kim MK, Yoo KT. The effects of the length of rain boots on balance during treadmill walking. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3261-6. [PMID: 26644688 PMCID: PMC4668179 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Effects of muscle fatigue on lower-extremity balance were evaluated in 12 healthy young women in their 20s while they walked on a treadmill wearing rain boots of different lengths. [Methods] The rain boots were divided into three groups based on the shaft length (Long, Middle, Short). Romberg's test was applied and limits of stability were measured before and after treadmill walking. [Results] Romberg's test showed a significant main effect for time. There were significant differences between the center of gravity area, length, and velocity when the eyes were open and the center of gravity length, velocity, and length/cm(2) when the eyes were closed. Changes in the limits of stability also showed a significant main effect of time. There were significant differences in pre-test and post-test values in the left, right, forward, and total directions. [Conclusion] It was found that muscle fatigue in the lower extremities generated by walking in rain boots affected the joints and the adjuster muscles, depending on shaft lengths. Compensation due to visual feedback and the length of the boot shaft affected movement of the distal joints, resulting in a reduced ability to balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ra Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University: 21 Maeju-ri, Sungwan-eup, Seobuk-Gu, Chonan-Si 331-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University: 21 Maeju-ri, Sungwan-eup, Seobuk-Gu, Chonan-Si 331-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Yoo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Namseoul University: 21 Maeju-ri, Sungwan-eup, Seobuk-Gu, Chonan-Si 331-707, Republic of Korea
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Rhee H, Yu J, Cho K. Influence of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on weight distribution in lower leg muscles. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1357-9. [PMID: 26157218 PMCID: PMC4483396 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), with and without visual input, on weight distribution following exercise-induced fatigue in the dorsiflexor and plantar flexor muscles of the ankle. [Subjects and Methods] This study had a cross-sectional design. Nineteen healthy adults (10 males, 9 females; mean age 21±0.8 years) were recruited to participate in a single group repeated measurements study lasting three days. On the first day, following exercise-induced fatigue, the standing position was maintained for 30 minutes, after which the postural sway was measured with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). On the second day, TENS was applied to the ankle dorsiflexors in the standing position for 30 minutes following exercise-induced fatigue. On the last day, TENS was applied to the plantar flexors, and the postural sway was measured with EO and EC following the same exercise-induced fatigue. [Results] On level terrain, with and without visual input, there was a significant difference between the baseline values and those following TENS on the tibialis anterior. On uneven terrain (simulated by a cushion), with and without visual input, there was a significant difference between the baseline values and those following TENS on the gastrocnemius. [Conclusion] Clinically, during walking on a flat surface for only a short period of time, TENS should be applied to the tibialis anterior. If walking training is performed on a variety of terrains for a longer time, TENS should be applied to the gastrocnemius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsook Rhee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Shinsung University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sun Moon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihun Cho
- Department of Rehabilitative and Assistive Technology, Korea National Rehabilitation Research Institute, Korea National Rehabilitation Center, Republic of Korea
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Vieira MF, de Avelar IS, Silva MS, Soares V, Lobo da Costa PH. Effects of four days hiking on postural control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123214. [PMID: 25902060 PMCID: PMC4406731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hiking is a demanding form of exercise that may cause delayed responses of the postural muscles and a loss of somatosensory information, particularly when repeatedly performed for several days. These effects may negatively influence the postural control of hikers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a four-day hike on postural control. Twenty-six adults of both sexes travelled 262 kilometers, stopping for lunch and resting in the early evening each day. Force platforms were used to collect center of pressure (COP) data at 100 Hz for 70 seconds before hiking started and immediately after arriving at the rest station each day. The COP time course data were analyzed according to global stabilometric descriptors, spectral analysis and structural descriptors using sway density curve (SDC) and stabilometric diffusion analysis (SDA). Significant increases were found for global variables in both the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions (COP sway area, COP total sway path, COP mean velocity, COP root mean square value and COP range). In the spectral analysis, only the 80% power frequency (F80) in the anterior-posterior direction showed a significant increase, reflecting the increase of the sway frequencies. The SDC revealed a significant increase in the mean distance between peaks (MD) and a significant decrease in the mean peak amplitudes (MP), suggesting that a larger torque amplitude is required for stabilization and that the postural stability is reduced. The SDA revealed a decrease in the long-term slope (Hl) and increases in the short-term (Ks) and the long-term (Kl) intercepts. We considered the likelihood that the presence of local and general fatigue, pain and related neuromuscular adaptations and somatosensory deficits may have contributed to these postural responses. Together, these results demonstrated that four days of hiking increased sway frequencies and deteriorated postural control in the standing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ivan Silveira de Avelar
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Maria Sebastiana Silva
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Viviane Soares
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Degache F, Van Zaen J, Oehen L, Guex K, Trabucchi P, Millet G. Alterations in postural control during the world's most challenging mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84554. [PMID: 24465417 PMCID: PMC3897373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated postural control (PC) effects of a mountain ultra-marathon (MUM): a 330-km trail run with 24000 m of positive and negative change in elevation. PC was assessed prior to (PRE), during (MID) and after (POST) the MUM in experienced ultra-marathon runners (n = 18; finish time = 126 ± 16 h) and in a control group (n = 8) with a similar level of sleep deprivation. Subjects were instructed to stand upright on a posturographic platform over a period of 51.2 seconds using a double-leg stance under two test conditions: eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Traditional measures of postural stability (center of pressure trajectory analysis) and stabilogram-diffusion analysis (SDA) parameters were analysed. For the SDA, a significantly greater short-term effective diffusion was found at POST compared with PRE in the medio-lateral (ML; Dxs) and antero-posterior (AP) directions (Dys) in runners (p<0.05) The critical time interval (Ctx) in the ML direction was significantly higher at MID (p<0.001) and POST (p<0.05) than at PRE in runners. At MID (p<0.001) and POST (p<0.05), there was a significant difference between the two groups. The critical displacement (Cdx) in the ML was significantly higher at MID and at POST (p<0.001) compared with PRE for runners. A significant difference in Cdx was observed between groups in EO at MID (p<0.05) and POST (p<0.005) in the ML direction and in EC at POST in the ML and AP directions (p<0.05). Our findings revealed significant effects of fatigue on PC in runners, including, a significant increase in Ctx (critical time in ML plan) in EO and EC conditions. Thus, runners take longer to stabilise their body at POST than at MID. It is likely that the mountainous characteristics of MUM (unstable ground, primarily uphill/downhill running, and altitude) increase this fatigue, leading to difficulty in maintaining balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Degache
- School of Health Sciences, Health Research Unit, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Van Zaen
- Applied Signal Processing Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Oehen
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gégoire Millet
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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The influence of age and surface compliance on changes in postural control and attention due to ankle neuromuscular fatigue. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:837-45. [PMID: 24368599 PMCID: PMC3931929 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in the quality and integration of sensory information with aging could increase the alterations in postural control associated with muscle fatigue observed in younger adults. This study aimed to compare changes in postural control and attentional demands due to ankle muscle fatigue, with intact and reduced proprioceptive information at the ankle, between young and older adults. Eleven young (24 ± 4 years) and 13 older (65 ± 4 years) men stood quietly on a force platform (blindfolded) under four experimental conditions (combinations of firm (FS)/compliant (CS) surfaces and single/dual tasks), before and immediately after a fatiguing exercise. The fatiguing exercise, performed on a dynamometer, consisted of maintaining an isometric contraction of the plantarflexors at 50 % of maximum until exhaustion. Both COP sway area and COP sway velocity were greater on the CS compared to FS and increased with fatigue for both groups in all conditions. COP sway area showed a greater increase with fatigue in older adults when standing on the CS. Reaction time (secondary task) increased significantly after fatigue, but only for older adults when standing on the CS. The effects of fatigue on postural control are more important when proprioceptive information at the ankle is altered. In particular, older adults had more difficulty and may have needed more attention to stand quietly, compared with young adults.
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Does skin stimulation compensate impairments in postural control after ankle plantar flexors fatigue? Gait Posture 2013; 37:611-4. [PMID: 23117097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that skin stimulation using tape glued to the skin over the Achilles tendon helps to improve postural control. It was recently shown that these effects might emerge only after muscle fatigue and not during non-fatigue standing. Here we tested the influence of skin stimulation on postural control before and after fatigue of ankle plantar flexors. Eighteen subjects stood quietly on a force plate while the center of pressure was monitored before and after fatigue of ankle plantar flexors muscles, with and without medical tape glued to the skin over the Achilles tendon. Our results suggested main effects of tape stimulation before fatigue (P<.05) and significant effect of tape stimulation after fatigue only for amplitude of center of pressure in the anteroposterior direction. The novelty of our study is that most of the center of pressure variables are improved by skin stimulation when the ankle plantar flexors are not fatigued. Therefore the benefits of tape stimulation during fatigue condition are questionable.
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Large postural fluctuations but unchanged postural sway dynamics during tiptoe standing compared to quiet standing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22:975-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wright WG, Ivanenko YP, Gurfinkel VS. Foot anatomy specialization for postural sensation and control. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:1513-21. [PMID: 22157121 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00256.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropological and biomechanical research suggests that the human foot evolved a unique design for propulsion and support. In theory, the arch and toes must play an important role, however, many postural studies tend to focus on the simple hinge action of the ankle joint. To investigate further the role of foot anatomy and sensorimotor control of posture, we quantified the deformation of the foot arch and studied the effects of local perturbations applied to the toes (TOE) or 1st/2nd metatarsals (MT) while standing. In sitting position, loading and lifting a 10-kg weight on the knee respectively lowered and raised the foot arch between 1 and 1.5 mm. Less than 50% of this change could be accounted for by plantar surface skin compression. During quiet standing, the foot arch probe and shin sway revealed a significant correlation, which shows that as the tibia tilts forward, the foot arch flattens and vice versa. During TOE and MT perturbations (a 2- to 6-mm upward shift of an appropriate part of the foot at 2.5 mm/s), electromyogram (EMG) measures of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius revealed notable changes, and the root-mean-square (RMS) variability of shin sway increased significantly, these increments being greater in the MT condition. The slow return of RMS to baseline level (>30 s) suggested that a very small perturbation changes the surface reference frame, which then takes time to reestablish. These findings show that rather than serving as a rigid base of support, the foot is compliant, in an active state, and sensitive to minute deformations. In conclusion, the architecture and physiology of the foot appear to contribute to the task of bipedal postural control with great sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Wright
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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