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C M A, Sunil BM. Improving landfill liner performance with bentonite-slag blend permeated with ammonia for a Municipal solid waste landfill. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:122013. [PMID: 39098069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Leachate emanating from landfills contains ammonia which may cause serious health effects on living things. An effectively designed clay barrier should not allow the contaminant to infiltrate the soil and groundwater systems. The utilization of certain industrial by-products in engineered landfill barriers, not only reduces the need for conventional liner materials but also helps in sustainable waste management. This study investigated the hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength, compaction, and adsorption characteristics of lithomargic clay blended with an optimum percentage of bentonite (10%) and granulated blast furnace slag (15%) permeated with ammonia. The results revealed that increasing the content of granulated blast furnace slag decreased the maximum dry density while increasing the optimum moisture content. In comparison to lithomargic clay, the hydraulic conductivity of the amended soil liner permeated with ammonia decreased from a value of 3 × 10-8 m/s to 5 × 10-10 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the amended soil specimens showed an increasing trend with curing times (i.e., 0, 14, 28, and 56 days). The batch adsorption results revealed that Freundlich and Langmuir's isotherm fits the equilibrium adsorption data and the adsorption of ammonia on clay liner follows non-linear behaviour. Overall, the experimental results implied that lithomargic clay blended with 10% bentonite and 15% granulated blast furnace slag can be used as an impermeable soil reactive barrier in engineered landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy C M
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Srinivasnagar P.O, Mangalore, Karnataka 575 025, India; Department of Civil Engineering, St. Joseph College of Engineering Vamanjoor P.O, Mangaluru Karnataka 575028, India.
| | - B M Sunil
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Srinivasnagar P.O, Mangalore, Karnataka 575 025, India.
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Duan L, Liu X, Sun Y, Wu Y. Elucidating biogeochemical characterization of nitrogen in the vadose zone integrating geochemistry, microorganism, and numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174687. [PMID: 38997026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
A thorough comprehension of nitrogen biogeochemical processes in the vadose zone is crucial for the effective prevention and remediation of soil-groundwater system contamination. Despite the growing research on this subject, the full scope of nitrogen biogeochemical characterization in different geological environments remains poorly understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by integrating geochemical, microbiological and numerical simulation approaches to gain a deeper insight into nitrogen biogeochemistry in agriculture. Our findings indicate the biogeochemical behavior of nitrogen in the vadose zone is mediated by microorganisms, driven by hydraulics, influenced by geological conditions and environmental factors. Along the groundwater flow, NH4+-N was found to be heavily accumulated in the topsoil of 0-40 cm, while NO3--N was transported and driven by hydrodynamics from both vertical and horizontal directions. Microbial diversity, species composition and functional microorganisms were significantly influenced by soil depth, rather than geomorphological types. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), total organic carbon (TOC), soil moisture (MOI), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and ferrous (Fe2+) were identified as the principal environmental factors that regulate nitrogen metabolism and the dominant biochemical processes, encompassing nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. Driven by hydrodynamics, NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N tend to form distinct biochemical reaction zones in the vertical vadose zone. These areas are dynamic and subject to geomorphologies. It should be noted that NO3--N can migrate towards groundwater from the clayey sand in the Alluvial Plain, which presents a potential risk of groundwater contamination. The fissure structure of loess may serve as the major transport pathway for groundwater nitrogen contamination in the Loess Tableland. This finding highlights the importance of integrating microbiology, geochemistry and hydraulics to elucidate the biogeochemical processes of nitrogen in the vadose zone with a dynamic mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Duan
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Underground Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Regions of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaobang Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Underground Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Regions of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaqiao Sun
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Underground Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Regions of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yakun Wu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Underground Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Regions of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
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Zhao S, Zheng Q, Wang H, Fan X. Nitrogen in landfills: Sources, environmental impacts and novel treatment approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171725. [PMID: 38492604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) accumulation in landfills is a pressing environmental concern due to its diverse sources and significant environmental impacts. However, there is relatively limited attention and research focus on N in landfills as it is overshadowed by other more prominent pollutants. This study comprehensively examines the sources of N in landfills, including food waste contributing to 390 million tons of N annually, industrial discharges, and sewage treatment plant effluents. The environmental impacts of N in landfills are primarily manifested in N2O emissions and leachate with high N concentrations. To address these challenges, this study presents various mitigation and management strategies, including N2O reduction measures and novel NH4+ removal techniques, such as electrochemical technologies, membrane separation processes, algae-based process, and other advanced oxidation processes. However, a more in-depth understanding of the complexities of N cycling in landfills is required, due to the lack of long-term monitoring data and the presence of intricate interactions and feedback mechanisms. To ultimately achieve optimized N management and minimized adverse environmental impacts in landfill settings, future prospects should emphasize advancements in monitoring and modeling technologies, enhanced understanding of microbial ecology, implementation of circular economy principles, application of innovative treatment technologies, and comprehensive landfill design and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiteng Zheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xinyao Fan
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Shang Y, Yin Y, Ying H, Tian X, Cui Z. Updated loss factors and high-resolution spatial variations for reactive nitrogen losses from Chinese rice paddies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120752. [PMID: 38614004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss has been a critical environmental issue. However, due to the limitations of data availability and appropriate methods, the estimation of Nr loss from rice paddies and associated spatial patterns at a fine scale remain unclear. Here, we estimated the background Nr loss (BNL, i.e., Nr loss from soils without fertilization) and the loss factors (the percentage of Nr loss from synthetic fertilizer, LFs) for five loss pathways in rice paddies and identified the national 1 × 1 km spatial variations using data-driven models combined with multi-source data. Based on established machine learning models, an average of 23.4% (15.3-34.6%, 95% confidence interval) of the synthetic N fertilizer was lost to the environment, in the forms of NH3 (17.4%, 10.9-26.7%), N2O (0.5%, 0.3-0.8%), NO (0.2%, 0.1-0.4%), N leaching (3.1%, 0.8-5.7%), and runoff (2.3%, 0.6-4.5%). The total Nr loss from Chinese rice paddies was estimated to be 1.92 ± 0.52 Tg N yr-1 in 2021, in which synthetic fertilizer-induced Nr loss accounted for 69% and BNL accounted for the other 31%. The hotspots of Nr loss were concentrated in the middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River, an area with extensive rice cultivation. This study improved the estimation accuracy of Nr losses and identified the hotspots, which could provide updated insights for policymakers to set the priorities and strategies for Nr loss mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Shang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hao Ying
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingshuai Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenling Cui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang S, Wei J, Zheng Z, Wu J, Xu J, Xie H. Transport of dimethyl phthalate on loess with modified bentonite: A batch and column test investigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162962. [PMID: 36958554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid ester (PAE) is a toxic pollutant commonly found in high concentrations in municipal solid waste landfills. Soil-bentonite is widely used as a barrier material to control groundwater contaminants from landfill leachates. Traditional soil-bentonite materials always have a limited capacity for organic pollutant adsorption. To address this issue, the adsorption and transport behavior of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on loess amended with two kinds of modified bentonite (HTMAC-B, modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride; CMC-B, modified with hydrophobic cationic surfactant, and carboxymethyl cellulose) were investigated. The kinetics of DMP adsorption indicates that film diffusion contributes significantly to the kinetic adsorption of DMP on HTMAC-B. The adsorption isotherm results showed that partitioning dominated DMP adsorption on loess with both modified bentonites. Owing to the in-ionic sites in HTMAC-B, which attracted hydrophobic compounds such as DMP, the adsorption capacity of 5 % HTMAC-B-amended loess (LH) was increased by a factor of 3.2. However, because CMC-B provided mostly ionic sites, 5 % CMC-B-amended loess (LC) had a little effect on DMP adsorption. The hydraulic conductivity values of LH and LC were 5.95 × 10-10 and 1.65 × 10-11 m/s, respectively. The X-CT result showed that there is a significant porosity change for both LH and LC. Dual-porosity model reveals that the leaching process primarily affects micro-pores, rather than larger pores in the soil matrix. The predicted retardation factors for LH and LC were 38.89 and 9.67, respectively. When using loess-bentonite as barrier material, the amendment of HTMAC-B and CMC-B can help to increase the retardation ability and reduce the permeability, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Wang
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China; Huadong Eco-Environmental Engineering Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China; Huadong Eco-Environmental Engineering Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zijing Zheng
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China
| | - Haijian Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Xie H, Wu J, Yu M, Yan H, Masum S, Cai P, Chen Y. Bisphenol A adsorption and transport in loess and cationic surfactant/hydrophilic polymer modified bentonite liners. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117604. [PMID: 36871453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a toxic endocrine disruptor often found in landfill leachate. Adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of BPA onto organo-bentonites amended loess, e.g., Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride-bentonite (HTMAC-B) and Carboxymethylcellulose-bentonite (CMC-B) were experimentally investigated. The adsorption capacity of loess amended by HTMAC-B (LHB) and CMC-B (LCB) is 4.2 and 4 times greater than that of loess (L), respectively. It is attributed to the increase of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic lateral interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The binary (Pb2+-BPA) systems may enhance BPA adsorption onto the samples by the formation of coordination bonds between the hydroxyl group of BPA and Pb2+ ions. A cycled column test was used for investigating the transport behavior of BPA in LHB and LCB samples. The hydraulic conductivity of loess amended by the organo-bentonite (e.g., HTMAC-B, CMC-B) is generally lower than 1 × 10-9 m/s. Especially for CMC-B amended loess, the hydraulic conductivity can be reduced to 1 × 10-12 m/s. This guarantees the hydraulic performance of the liner system. Transport behavior of BPA in cycled column test is explained by the mobile-immobile model (MIM). Modelling results showed that loess amended by organo-bentonites can increase the breakthrough time of BPA. In comparison to loess-based liner, the breakthrough time of BPA for LHB and LCB can be increased by a factor of 10.4 and 7.5, respectively. These results indicate that organo-bentonites can serve as a potentially effective amendment for improving the adsorption of loess-based liners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; The Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co. Ltd, 148 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengzhen Yu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Huaxiang Yan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Shakil Masum
- Geoenvironmental Research Centre, Cardiff University, S Glam, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Peifu Cai
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310007, China; The Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co. Ltd, 148 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Li J, Huang C, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Review of the Anti-Pollution Performance of Triple-Layer GM/GCL/AL Composite Liners. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:922. [PMID: 36295681 PMCID: PMC9611123 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachates contain several types of pollutants and complex components, which pollute soils and groundwater. To compensate for the limitations of single-layer and double-layer liners, a triple-layer liner system composed of a geomembrane (GM), geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), and attenuation layer (AL) was invented and widely used in landfill anti-pollution systems. In this paper, the available literature on triple-layer GM/GCL/AL composite liners is summarized. First, the four main transport processes of pollutants through the composite liner, including convection, diffusion, adsorption, and degradation, were analyzed, and the anti-pollution performances were evaluated. According to this, the pollutant transport model considering the transport activity and transport state was classified, and the solution methods were summarized. Finally, the breakthrough time expressions of the composite liners were determined, which provided a base for evaluating their long-term performance and predicting the service life. The purpose of this literature review is to scientifically evaluate the anti-pollution performance of GM/GCL/AL and provide a scientific base and theoretical guidance for extending its application.
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Ammonium Reactive Migration Process and Functional Bacteria Response along Lateral Runoff Path under Groundwater Exploitation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the importance of biogeochemical interactions between NH4+ and aquifer media in groundwater runoff paths, a dynamic monitoring section in the riverbank zone, which is most sensitive to environmental characteristics and perpendicular to the flow direction of the Songhua River in northeastern China, was selected for field experiments in this study. The results indicated that the NH4+ concentration decreased gradually along the groundwater runoff path under exploitation conditions. The NH4+ concentrations of J1, J2, and J3 decreased by 8%, 18%, and 22%, respectively, as compared to the starting concentration of 1.3 mg/L. Adsorption of NH4+ by aquifer media at different depths is a monolayer adsorption process in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The maximum reduction of NH4+ from the aquifer media from top to bottom was 76%, 67%, 56%, and 42%, respectively. The function and activity of dominant functional bacteria have characteristics of coevolution with the NH4+ transformation process. The main genera in the fluctuation zone are Pseudomonas (8.83%) and Acinetobacter (4.37%), which mainly transform NH4+ by heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification (HN–AD). The main genera in the saturated zone are Flavobacterium (32.60%) and Sphingobium (3.54%), which mainly transform NH4+ by anaerobic denitrification. The spatial variations of species and abundance for NH4+ transformation functional bacteria decrease by 2.74% and 3.47%, respectively, along groundwater runoff paths. In the vertical and horizontal directions of groundwater runoff, the percentage of adsorption in NH4+ transformation gradually decreased and the percentage of biotransformation gradually increased. The adsorption processes in the O2/NO3− reduction, Fe/Mn reduction, and SO42− reduction zones were 20.7%, 3.6%, and 1.0%, respectively. The corresponding proportions of the biotransformation process were 79.3%, 96.4%, and 99.0%. This research is critical for elucidating the bio-geochemical interaction between NH4+ and aquifer media along the course of groundwater runoff in order to offer a scientific basis for the prevention and management of groundwater nitrogen pollution.
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Synthesis of novel hierarchical porous zeolitization ceramsite from industrial waste as efficient adsorbent for separation of ammonia nitrogen. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sustainable synthesis of rose flower-like magnetic biochar from tea waste for environmental applications. J Adv Res 2022; 34:13-27. [PMID: 35024178 PMCID: PMC8655236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biochar utilization for adsorption seems to be the most cost-effective, easy/fast approach for pollutants removal from water and wastewater. Due to the high adsorption properties, magnetic biochar proved to be efficient in the sorption of heavy metals and nutrients. Although there are several studies on development of magnetic biochars, there is a lack of research on development of high-performance magnetic biochar from food waste for removal applications. Objectives This study aimed at preparing new classes of magnetic biochar derived from tea waste (TBC) for removal of heavy metals (Ni2+, Co2+), and nutrients (NH4+ and PO43−) from water and effective fertilizer (source of NH4+ and PO43−). Methods Standard carbonization process and ultrafast microwave have been used for fabrication of TBCs. The removal of nickel, cobalt as the representatives of heavy metals, and over-enriched nutrients (NH4+ and PO43−) from water were tested and the removal kinetics, mechanism, and the effect of pH, dissolved organic matter and ionic strength were studied. Simultaneously, possible fertilizing effect of TBC for controlled release of nutrients (NH4+ and PO43−) in soil was investigated. Results Up to 147.84 mg g−1 of Ni2+ and 160.00 mg g−1 of Co2+ were adsorbed onto tested biochars. The process of co-adsorption was also efficient (at least 131.68 mg g−1 of Co2+ and 160.00 mg g−1 of Ni2+). The highest adsorbed amount of NH4+ was 49.43 mg g−1, and the highest amount of PO43− was 112.61 mg g−1. The increase of the solution ionic strength and the presence of natural organic matter affected both the amount of adsorbed Ni2++Co2+ and the reaction mechanism. Conclusions The results revealed that magnetic nanoparticle impregnated onto tea biochar, can be a very promising alternative for wastewater treatment especially considering removal of heavy metals and nutrients and slow-release fertilizer to improve the composition of soil elements.
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Wu J, Xie H, Zhang C, Bouazza A, Sun Z, Qiu Z. Adsorption behavior of bisphenol A on bentonite-loess mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:6360-6374. [PMID: 34449022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leakage of chemical compounds in landfill leachate led to serious environment pollution, especially, the compounds termed endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA). It is very important to study the adsorption behavior of endocrine disruptors in modified soil for predicting and evaluating the potential harm of endocrine disruptors to the soil. Bentonite-amended Chinese loess mixtures, with various proportions of bentonite, were used for the removal of BPA from an aqueous solution. A batch test was used to investigate the adsorption properties of bisphenol A on bentonite and Chinese loess mixtures. The influences of bentonite proportion, temperature, reaction time, pH, and soil-water ratios on the adsorption process were considered. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) was used to clarify the change of functional groups before and after the adsorption of BPA on soil. The adsorption mechanism of BPA on soil was discussed preliminary. The results show that the addition of bentonite to the loess can improve the adsorption rate of BPA. The adsorption of BPA was mainly a spontaneous, exothermic, entropy decreasing physical adsorption process. The interaction between bentonite content and reaction concentration had a beneficial effect on BPA adsorption. The linear relationship between bentonite content and adsorption capacity was obtained. The results indicate that bentonite amended loess can provide a good liner for BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, 310007, Hanghzou, China
| | - Haijian Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, 310007, Hanghzou, China.
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, 310007, Hanghzou, China
| | - Abdelmalek Bouazza
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Zhilin Sun
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, 1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan, 316021, China
- College of Hydraulic Engineering and Architecture, Tarim University, Alaer, 843300, China
| | - Zhanhong Qiu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
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Zhang W, Jiang F, Sun W. Investigating colloid-associated transport of cadmium and lead in a clayey soil under preferential flow conditions. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:2486-2498. [PMID: 34810326 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colloids have a high adsorption capacity and can be mobile under preferential flow, and so may facilitate heavy metal migration. Heavy metal migration with soil colloids in a clayey soil under preferential flow conditions was investigated through experiments. Adsorption tests were carried out to determine the adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ to the clay and colloids. The preferential flow characteristics in the soil column were investigated by dye tracing tests. The mobility of soil colloids in the soil column was studied by breakthrough tests. Leaching tests of cadmium and lead with and without colloids were carried out. The adsorption tests showed that soil colloids adsorbed more cadmium and lead than the silty clay. The dye tracing tests showed that moderate preferential flow in the soil column can be obtained by choosing clod-size distribution and dry density. The co-leaching test showed that the outflow of cadmium and lead was 1.49 and 33.88 times greater with colloids than without, respectively. The heavy metals adsorbed onto clay and the pore concentrations were both lower with colloids than without, indicating more heavy metals migrated downward with colloids. The migration of cadmium and lead was greatly enhanced by colloids under preferential flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fengyong Jiang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Civil and Energy Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China E-mail:
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Shu S, Li Y, Zhu W, Wu S, Wu Y, Hou H. Comparing desorption properties of pollutants on bentonite particles and in compacted bentonite. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111940. [PMID: 33476849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desorption is one of the main factors causing groundwater and soil pollution. Therefore, the study of clay desorption characteristics is important for the prediction of groundwater and soil pollution. In previous studies, batch tests and column tests were used to study the desorption characteristics of pollutants on clay. However, the desorption parameters obtained via the two test methods were often quite different. To investigate differences in the desorption characteristics of different pollutants on clay particles and in compacted clay, batch and column desorption tests were conducted using cadmium chloride, fulvic acid, and sodium phosphate as the adsorbates and bentonite as the adsorbent. It was found that the unit particle surface area desorption distribution coefficients of pollutants on bentonite particles were approximately equal to the unit pore surface area distribution coefficients of pollutants in compacted bentonite. This indicates that the desorbed amount per unit of surface area is basically consistent, regardless of whether they are sorbed on particles or in compacted bentonite. A simple formula for determining the desorption retardation factor of pollutants in compacted bentonite is presented. The results of this study provide a reference for the prediction and evaluation of groundwater and soil pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China.
| | - Yunquan Li
- Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Power China, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Silin Wu
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Hao Hou
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
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14
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Wang J, Zhang W. Evaluating the adsorption of Shanghai silty clay to Cd(II), Pb(II), As(V), and Cr(VI): kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:131. [PMID: 33590376 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption properties of Shanghai silty clay (SSC) towards heavy metal ions Cd(II), Pb(II), As(V), and Cr(VI) were investigated by batch experiments. The effects of solid-solution ratio, pH, temperature, reaction time, and metal concentration on sorption were analyzed. In order to better understand the adsorption mechanisms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to analyze the soil specimen before and after sorption. Three adsorption kinetic models and three adsorption isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption characteristics. Thermodynamic parameters including changes in the Gibbs free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS0) were also calculated. Sorption capacity of SSC was compared with other clay minerals reported in the literatures. The results show that the selectivity sequence is Pb(II) > Cd(II) > As(V) > Cr(VI), with equilibrium sorption capacities of 26.46, 8.90, 2.80, and 1.85 mg g-1, respectively. Adsorption is largely effective on the clay surface rather than on the crystals. The clay surface turns to be flat and slippery after adsorption. The Langmuir model shows the best fit for Cd(II) and Pb(II) data, while Freundlich model is more suitable for As(V) and Cr(VI). The optimum solid-solution ratios for sorption of Cd(II), Pb(II), As(V), and Cr(VI) are 15, 6, 40, and 40 g L-1, respectively. The optimum pHs for Cd(II), Pb(II), As(V), and Cr(VI) adsorption are 9.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 2.0, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic is found to be the dominant sorption mechanism of these four ions on SSC. For Cd(II) and Pb(II), both particle diffusion and film diffusion are rate-limiting factors, whereas for As(V) and Cr(VI), intraparticle diffusion is the rate-controlling factor. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) is spontaneous and endothermic and the system disorder increases, while adsorption of As(V) and Cr(VI) is exothermic and the system disorder decreases. Compared with most clay minerals, natural SSC exhibits comparable adsorption capacity and thus can potentially be used as a landfill liner material to retard the migration of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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15
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Shu S, Zhu W, Fan X, Wu S, Li Y, Ng CWW. Effect of competitive adsorption on the transport of multiple pollutants through a compacted clay liner. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:368-373. [PMID: 32993443 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20960802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leachate transport through municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill liners can be slowed considerably by adsorption. MSW landfill leachate contains a large variety of pollutants at very different concentrations, and there will be competitive adsorption as these pollutants are transported through the landfill's compacted clay liner (CCL). In this study, we used batch adsorption tests and geotechnical centrifuge modelling to examine how the adsorption of pollutants commonly found in leachate changed under competitive adsorption conditions and how competitive adsorption affected the CCL breakthrough of multiple pollutants. The results showed that the adsorption of the target pollutant on clay decreased by approximately 30% when competing pollutants were added. The speed at which the pollutants were transported through a 2-m-thick CCL increased, and the breakthrough times reduced by up to 24.8%, when the competing pollutants were mixed. Competitive adsorption significantly promoted the CCL breakthrough of pollutants at low concentrations, but it had limited effect on pollutants at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Silin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunquan Li
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles Wang Wai Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wei T, Li Q, Wang H, Zhang G, Zhang T, Long Z, Xian G. Advanced phosphate and nitrogen removal in water by La-Mg composite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110529. [PMID: 33278472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel La-Mg composite was prepared for the removal of low concentration phosphate and ammonium nitrogen to alleviate the eutrophication problem. The composition and morphology of La-Mg composite was characterized; Its surface was composed of La, Mg, C, and O elements, with a specific surface area of 21.92 m2/g. La-Mg composite presented excellent removal of phosphate (100%) and nitrogen (96.8%), and the adsorption capacity reached 49.72 mg-P/g and 159.30 mg-N/g for separated adsorption. The composite also had a wide pH usability range (3-11 for P and 3-9 for N) and the adsorption process was almost not disturbed by coexisting ions. After adsorption, it could be regenerated by Na2CO3 and reused effectively. For actual water treatment, a very low residual P of 0.01 mg/L and N of 0.05 mg/L were achieved. Furthermore, Mechanism analysis showed that P adsorption involved ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction. The potential mechanisms of N adsorption involved electrostatic attraction and ion exchange. The results showed that the La-Mg composite is a novel and efficient adsorbent for actual water treatment to achieve ultra-low nutrients concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Qiangang Li
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - HongJie Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Governance, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Zeqing Long
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Guang Xian
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
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17
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Wang S, Wu J, Jiang J, Masum S, Xie H. Lead adsorption on loess under high ammonium environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4488-4502. [PMID: 32940835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic, hazardous pollutants available in landfill leachate. Loess-amended soil buffers are found suitable and effective in attenuating migration of Pb and the other trace metals. High concentration of ammonium (NH4+ > 1000 mg/l) is also reported in landfill leachate, and therefore, it is essential to investigate the transport of lead under such condition. In this study, the mechanisms and the capacity of loess to adsorb Pb under high NH4+ concentration were investigated. Adsorption isotherm test data were obtained for 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C. The maximum adsorption capacity is estimated to be 2101.97 mg/g at 25 °C and 4292.8 mg/g at 45 °C under 1000 mg/l NH4+. The binding sites of Pb on loess are positively related to each other at low temperatures (25-35 °C). The thermodynamic analysis indicates that adsorption process is endothermic and non-spontaneous and the system randomness increases with reaction time. The kinetic test data, fitted with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and an intraparticle diffusion model, suggests that removal of Pb is driven by both membrane and intraparticle diffusions. The SEM, XRD and FTIR analyses indicate flocculation, precipitations as well as some ion exchange processes, which perhaps combinedly increases adsorption of both NH4+ and Pb in loess. The two kinds of precipitations are involved for the removal of Pb. The precipitations of PbCO3, Pb(OH)2 and PbCO3·2H2O are formed by the reactions between calcite and lead. The other precipitation of white basic salt (Pb2O(NO3)2) is formed by the reactions among Pb2+, NO3- and aqueous ammonia under alkaline environment of loess slurry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianqun Jiang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shakil Masum
- Geoenvironmental Research Centre, Cardiff University, S Glam, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Haijian Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Controllable construction of hierarchical TiO2 supported on hollow rGO/P-HC heterostructure for highly efficient photocatalysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Shu S, Zhu W, Xu H, Fan X, Wu S, Shi J, Song J. A new method for determination of heavy metal adsorption parameters in compacted clay by batch tests. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:114-120. [PMID: 31176245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of adsorption properties of pollutants on artificial or natural clay strata is normally considered in investigations of soil and groundwater pollution. Batch adsorption tests can be used to obtain the adsorption parameters of clay particles; however, the results from these tests are usually very different from the adsorption of actual clay strata. If the adsorption parameters obtained by batch tests are used to directly evaluate the properties of adsorption of pollutants onto compacted clay, the predicted groundwater and soil pollution will be unsafe. Although the column diffusion tests are closer to the actual situation, they may require much more time, and diffusion and adsorption occur simultaneously in tests, making it difficult to accurately determine the adsorption parameters. To solve this problem, batch adsorption and column diffusion tests were conducted using three kinds of clay materials to investigate the mechanism of the differences in adsorption properties of heavy metal on clay particles and in compacted clay. The amount of adsorption per unit particle surface area of clay particles was found to be equal to that per unit pore surface area of compacted clay. A new simplified method was proposed to determine the adsorption parameters in compacted clay. It is easy to use and provide a reference for prediction and evaluation of soil and groundwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Haoqing Xu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212003, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xihui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Silin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Jianyong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; Jiangsu Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Jie Song
- Hangzhou Ruhr Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311100, China
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20
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Peng X, Wang M, Hu F, Qiu F, Zhang T, Dai H, Cao Z. Multipath fabrication of hierarchical CuAl layered double hydroxide/carbon fiber composites for the degradation of ammonia nitrogen. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 220:173-182. [PMID: 29778953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of flower-like CuAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and hierarchical CuAl/carbon fiber-LDH (CuAl/CF-LDH) materials were synthesized, and these materials were used as catalysts for the degradation of ammonia nitrogen from simulated wastewater. The morphologies and structures of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique. The effects of the catalyst and H2O2 loading dosages, reaction temperature, pH, Cu/Al ratio of the samples, and contact time on the degradation process were investigated by degrading ammonia nitrogen under different conditions, and the possible degradation mechanism was discussed. CuAl/CF-LDH exhibited more effectively catalytically degradation of ammonia nitrogen than others as-prepared samples, and removal efficiency reached 99.7% under the optimized conditions. The reusing capability and stability of the materials were studied. Meanwhile, the versatility of the materials was investigated by testing their performance in the absorption of azo dye, the highest removal efficiency was found to be 99.28%. The prepared materials are promising for use as effective catalysts for the degradation of ammonia nitrogen from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Peng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fengping Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongling Dai
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zan Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi Province, China
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