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Arunrat N, Sansupa C, Sereenonchai S, Hatano R, Lal R. Fire-Induced Changes in Soil Properties and Bacterial Communities in Rotational Shifting Cultivation Fields in Northern Thailand. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:383. [PMID: 38927263 PMCID: PMC11200764 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Fire is a common practice in rotational shifting cultivation (RSC), but little is known about the dynamics of bacterial populations and the impact of fire disturbance in northern Thailand. To fill the research gap, this study aims to investigate the dynamics of soil bacterial communities and examine how the soil's physicochemical properties influence the bacterial communities in RSC fields over a period of one year following a fire. Surface soil samples (0-2 cm depth) were collected from sites with 6 (RSC-6Y) and 12 (RSC-12Y) years of fallow in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand at six different time points: before burning, 5 min after burning (summer), 3 months after burning (rainy season), 6 months after burning (rainy season), 9 months after burning (winter), and 12 months after burning (summer). The results revealed a reduction in the soil bacterial communities' diversity and an increase in soil nutrient levels immediately after the fire. The fire significantly influenced the abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes, but not that of Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Bacillus, Conexibacter, and Chthoniobacter showed increased abundance following the fire. During the rainy season, a recovery in the abundance of the soil bacterial communities was observed, although soil nutrient availability declined. Soil physicochemical properties such as pH, organic matter, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, total nitrogen, bulk density, sand, and silt contents significantly influenced the composition of bacterial communities. Alpha diversity indices indicated a decrease in diversity immediately after burning, followed by an increase from the early rainy season until the summer season, indicating that seasonal variation affected the composition of the soil bacterial communities. After one year of burning, an increase in bacterial richness was observed, while the diversity of the bacterial communities reverted to pre-burning levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppol Arunrat
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Chakriya Sansupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sukanya Sereenonchai
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Ryusuke Hatano
- Laboratory of Soil Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;
| | - Rattan Lal
- CFAES Rattan Lal Center for Carbon Management and Sequestration, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Somboon S, Rossopa B, Yodda S, Sukitprapanon TS, Chidthaisong A, Lawongsa P. Mitigating methane emissions and global warming potential while increasing rice yield using biochar derived from leftover rice straw in a tropical paddy soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8706. [PMID: 38622195 PMCID: PMC11018614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The sustainable management of leftover rice straw through biochar production to mitigate CH4 emissions and enhance rice yield remains uncertain and undefined. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of using biochar derived from rice straw left on fields after harvest on greenhouse gas emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and rice yield in the paddy field. The experiment included three treatments: chemical fertilizer (CF), rice straw (RS, 10 t ha-1) + CF, and rice straw-derived biochar (BC, 3 t ha-1 based on the amount of product remaining after pyrolysis) + CF. Compared with CF, BC + CF significantly reduced cumulative CH4 and CO2 emissions, net GWP, and greenhouse gas emission intensity by 42.9%, 37.4%, 39.5%, and 67.8%, respectively. In contrast, RS + CF significantly increased cumulative CH4 emissions and net GWP by 119.3% and 13.8%, respectively. The reduced CH4 emissions were mainly caused by the addition of BC + CF, which did not increase the levels of dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon, consequently resulting in reduced archaeal abundance, unlike those observed in RS + CF. The BC + CF also enhanced soil total organic carbon content and rice grain yield. This study indicated that using biochar derived from leftover rice straw mitigates greenhouse gas emissions and improves rice productivity in tropical paddy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowalak Somboon
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Soil Organic Matter Management Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Rossopa
- Prachin Buri Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Ban Sang, Prachin Buri, 25150, Thailand
| | - Sujitra Yodda
- Program on System Approaches in Agriculture for Sustainable Development, Department of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Tanabhat-Sakorn Sukitprapanon
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Soil Organic Matter Management Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Amnat Chidthaisong
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Phrueksa Lawongsa
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Soil Organic Matter Management Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Fachin PA, Thomaz EL, Fernandes NF, Coelho Netto AL. Seven decades of Atlantic rainforest conversion to slash-and-burn agriculture: Effects on soil's physical properties. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119682. [PMID: 38039705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Slash-and-burn agriculture is a millennia-old no-till farming technique that is still widely practiced in developing tropical countries. This practice is currently employed in Brazil by subsistence family farms, Indigenous groups, and maroons, in a primitive manner, using only cutting, fire, and fallow as soil preparation techniques for food production. In recent years, this practice has been drastically reduced. However, the fallow periods have become even shorter. Therefore, there is a need to understand how the recurrence of fire with the reduction of fallow time affects the soil. This study aims to evaluate the cumulative effects of fire recurrence in slash-and-burn agriculture for seven decades on the physical properties of the soil and the minimum fallow times for post-burn resilience. Using a chronosequence approach, different fallow periods: a) native forest (control); b) recently burned (30 days after fire); c) 2-year fallow; d) 5-year fallow; e) 7-year fallow; f) 12-year fallow were considered. In each area, six disturbed and six undisturbed samples were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depths each to estimate: soil bulk density, soil total porosity, penetration resistance, aggregate stability, mean weight diameter, and soil water retention capacity. The results show that the seven decades of slash-and-burn agriculture affected the topsoil (0-5 cm deep) more prominently. Curiously, soil bulk density and total porosity were not affected at any time between the areas. The fire increased penetration resistance immediately after burning in the 0-5 cm layer by 162.5%, showing resilience after five years of fallow. Soil aggregate stability showed a delayed effect, with a significant increase in two years after the fire by 64.2%, remaining high after 12 years of fallow, indicating the influence of other mechanisms and reactions in the soil after the fire. The mean weight diameter did not change at any time while soil water retention increased immediately after burning by 25.2% with resilience after a two-year fallow. Most physical properties were not directly affected by fire heating but by post-fire environmental conditions and the interaction of various mechanisms during the fallow period. In general, most physical parameters showed good resilience over an average of five years of fallow, with cumulative effects only for aggregate stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Angelo Fachin
- Soil Erosion Laboratory, Department of Geography, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Street Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03 Caixa Postal 3010, 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil; Pedo-geomophological Monitoring and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Geography, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Street Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, CEP 21941-916, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Geohydrology Laboratory, Department of Geography, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Street Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, CEP 21941-916, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Edivaldo Lopes Thomaz
- Soil Erosion Laboratory, Department of Geography, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Street Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03 Caixa Postal 3010, 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nelson Ferreira Fernandes
- Pedo-geomophological Monitoring and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Geography, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Street Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, CEP 21941-916, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Coelho Netto
- Geohydrology Laboratory, Department of Geography, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Street Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, CEP 21941-916, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Arunrat N, Sansupa C, Sereenonchai S, Hatano R. Stability of soil bacteria in undisturbed soil and continuous maize cultivation in Northern Thailand. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1285445. [PMID: 38029158 PMCID: PMC10655093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotational shifting cultivation (RSC) in Northern Thailand serves the dual purpose of ensuring food security and meeting economic goals through maize cultivation. However, the research question remains: Does the dynamics of soil bacterial communities differ between maize monoculture and RSC fields with continuous fallow throughout the season? Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate and compare the variation of soil bacterial communities in maize monoculture and fallow RSC fields. A continuous 5-year fallow field (undisturbed soil; CF-5Y) and a continuous 5-year maize cultivation field (M-5Y) in Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand, were selected due to their similarities in microclimate, topography, and the 5-year duration of different field activities. Over the span of a year, we collected soil samples from the surface layer (0-2 cm depth) at both sites. These collections occurred at 3-month intervals, starting from March 2022 (summer season) and followed by June (rainy season), September (rainy season), December (winter season), and March 2023 (summer season). Soil bacterial diversity and composition were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis. The results found that undisturbed soil over a 5-year period exhibited more stability in the richness and diversity of bacteria across seasons compared with M-5Y. Notably, fertilizer application and tillage practices in M-5Y can enhance both the diversity and richness of soil bacteria. In terms of bacterial abundance, Proteobacteria prevailed in CF-5Y, while Actinobacteria dominated in M-5Y. At the genus level, Candidatus Udaeobacter dominated during the summer and winter seasons in both CF-5Y and M-5Y sites. Interestingly, during the rainy season, the dominant genus shifted to Bacillus in both CF-5Y and M-5Y fields. The soil bacterial community in M-5Y was strongly influenced by organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC). In contrast, in CF-5Y, there was no correlation between soil properties and the soil bacterial community, likely due to the lower variation in soil properties across seasons. β-Glucosidase was the dominant enzyme in both CF-5Y and M-5Y sites, and it showed a positive correlation with OM and OC. Further studies should continue to investigate soil bacteria dynamics, considering the changes in land management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppol Arunrat
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chakriya Sansupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Sereenonchai
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ryusuke Hatano
- Laboratory of Soil Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Arunrat N, Sereenonchai S, Sansupa C, Kongsurakan P, Hatano R. Effect of Rice Straw and Stubble Burning on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Communities in Central Thailand. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040501. [PMID: 37106702 PMCID: PMC10135879 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw and stubble burning is widely practiced to clear fields for new crops. However, questions remain about the effects of fire on soil bacterial communities and soil properties in paddy fields. Here, five adjacent farmed fields were investigated in central Thailand to assess changes in soil bacterial communities and soil properties after burning. Samples of soil prior to burning, immediately after burning, and 1 year after burning were obtained from depths of 0 to 5 cm. The results showed that the pH, electrical conductivity, NH4-N, total nitrogen, and soil nutrients (available P, K, Ca, and Mg) significantly increased immediately after burning due to an increased ash content in the soil, whereas NO3-N decreased significantly. However, these values returned to the initial values. Chloroflexi were the dominant bacteria, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. At 1 year after burning, Chloroflexi abundance decreased remarkably, whereas Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Gemmatimonadetes abundances significantly increased. Bacillus, HSB OF53-F07, Conexibacter, and Acidothermus abundances increased immediately after burning, but were lower 1 year after burning. These bacteria may be highly resistant to heat, but grow slowly. Anaeromyxobacter and Candidatus Udaeobacter dominated 1 year after burning, most likely because of their rapid growth and the fact that they occupy areas with increased soil nutrient levels after fires. Amidase, cellulase, and chitinase levels increased with increased organic matter levels, whereas β-glucosidase, chitinase, and urease levels positively correlated with the soil total nitrogen level. Although clay and soil moisture strongly correlated with the soil bacterial community’s composition, negative correlations were found for β-glucosidase, chitinase, and urease. In this study, rice straw and standing stubble were burnt under high soil moisture and within a very short time, suggesting that the fire was not severe enough to raise the soil temperature and change the soil microbial community immediately after burning. However, changes in soil properties due to ash significantly increased the diversity indices, which was noticeable 1 year after burning.
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Liu X, Xiong R, Guo P, Nie L, Shi Q, Li W, Cui J. Virtual Water Flow Pattern in the Yellow River Basin, China: An Analysis Based on a Multiregional Input-Output Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7345. [PMID: 35742592 PMCID: PMC9224248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on the Yellow River Basin's virtual water is not only beneficial for rational water resource regulation and allocation, but it is also a crucial means of relieving the pressures of a shortage of water resources. The water stress index and pull coefficient have been introduced to calculate the implied virtual water from intraregional and interregional trade in the Yellow River Basin on the basis of a multi-regional input-output model; a systematic study of virtual water flow has been conducted. The analysis illustrated that: (1) Agriculture is the leading sector in terms of virtual water input and output among all provinces in the Yellow River Basin, which explains the high usage. Therefore, it is important to note that the agricultural sector needs to improve its water efficiency. In addition to agriculture, virtual water is mainly exported through supply companies in the upper reaches; the middle reaches mainly output services and the transportation industry, and the lower reaches mainly output to the manufacturing industry. Significant differences exist in the pull coefficients of the same sectors in different provinces (regions). The average pull coefficients of the manufacturing, mining, and construction industries are large, so it is necessary to formulate stricter water use policies. (2) The whole basin is in a state of virtual net water input, that is, throughout the region. The Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Qinghai Provinces, which are relatively short of water, import virtual water to relieve local water pressures. However, in the Gansu Province and the Ningxia Autonomous Region, where water resources are not abundant, continuous virtual water output will exacerbate the local resource shortage. (3) The Yellow River Basin's virtual water resources have obvious geographical distribution characteristics. The cross-provincial trade volume in the downstream area is high; the virtual water trade volume in the upstream area is low, as it is in the midstream and downstream areas; the trade relationship is insufficient. The Henan and Shandong Provinces are located in the dominant flow direction of Yellow River Basin's virtual water, while Gansu and Inner Mongolia are at the major water sources. Trade exchanges between the midstream and downstream and the upstream should be strengthened. Therefore, the utilization of water resources should be planned nationwide to reduce water pressures, and policymakers should improve the performance of agricultural water use within the Yellow River Basin and change the main trade industries according to the resource advantages and water resources situation of each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Liu
- Research Institute of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance & Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.L.); (R.X.); (L.N.); (Q.S.); (W.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Rui Xiong
- Research Institute of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance & Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.L.); (R.X.); (L.N.); (Q.S.); (W.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Pibin Guo
- Department of Management, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Research Institute of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance & Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.L.); (R.X.); (L.N.); (Q.S.); (W.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Qinqin Shi
- Research Institute of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance & Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.L.); (R.X.); (L.N.); (Q.S.); (W.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Wentao Li
- Research Institute of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance & Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.L.); (R.X.); (L.N.); (Q.S.); (W.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jing Cui
- Research Institute of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance & Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.L.); (R.X.); (L.N.); (Q.S.); (W.L.); (J.C.)
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Wang Y, Wang L, Suo M, Qiu Z, Wu H, Zhao M, Yang H. Regulating Root Fungal Community Using Mortierella alpina for Fusarium oxysporum Resistance in Panax ginseng. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:850917. [PMID: 35633727 PMCID: PMC9133625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.850917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes play important roles in plant health and disease. Mortierella is often found in the plant rhizosphere, and its possible functions are not well known, especially in medical plants. Mortierella alpina isolated from ginseng soil was used to investigate its effects on plant disease. The promoting properties and interactions with rhizospheric microorganisms were investigated in a medium. Further, a pot experiment was conducted to explore its effects on ginseng root rot disease. Physicochemical properties, high-throughput sequencing, network co-occurrence, distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), and correlation analysis were used to evaluate their effects on the root rot pathogen. The results showed that Mortierella alpina YW25 had a high indoleacetic acid production capacity, and the maximum yield was 141.37 mg/L at 4 days. The growth of M. alpina YW25 was inhibited by some probiotics (Bacillus, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Trichoderma, etc.) and potential pathogens (Cladosporium, Aspergillus, etc.), but it did not show sensitivity to the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Pot experiments showed that M. alpina could significantly alleviate the diseases caused by F. oxysporum, and increased the available nitrogen and phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil. In addition, it enhanced the activities of soil sucrase and acid phosphatase. High-throughput results showed that the inoculation of M. alpina with F. oxysporum changed the microbial community structure of ginseng, stimulated the plant to recruit more plant growth-promoting bacteria, and constructed a more stable microbial network of ginseng root. In this study, we found and proved the potential of M. alpina as a biocontrol agent against F. oxysporum, providing a new idea for controlling soil-borne diseases of ginseng by regulating rhizosphere microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Suo
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijie Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
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