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Arafa FM, Said H, Osman D, Rezki N, Aouad MR, Hagar M, Osman M, Elwakil BH, Jaremko M, Tolba MM. Nanoformulation-Based 1,2,3-Triazole Sulfonamides for Anti- Toxoplasma In Vitro Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:401. [PMID: 37624339 PMCID: PMC10460005 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is deemed a successful parasite worldwide with a wide range of hosts. Currently, a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine serves as the first-line treatment; however, these drugs have serious adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to focus on new therapies that produce the desired effect with the lowest possible dose. The designation and synthesis of sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (3a-c) were performed to create hybrid frameworks. The newly synthesized compounds were loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to form nanoformulations (3a.CNP, 3b.CNP, 3c.CNP) for further in vitro investigation as an anti-Toxoplasma treatment. The current study demonstrated that all examined compounds were active against T. gondii in vitro relative to the control drug, sulfadiazine. 3c.CNP showed the best impact against T. gondii with the lowest IC50 value of 3.64 µg/mL. Using light microscopy, it was found that Vero cells treated with the three nanoformulae showed remarkable morphological improvement, and tachyzoites were rarely seen in the treated cells. Moreover, scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies confirmed the efficacy of the prepared nanoformulae on the parasites. All of them caused parasite ultrastructural damage and altered morphology, suggesting a cytopathic effect and hence confirming their promising anti-Toxoplasma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa M. Arafa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21577, Egypt
| | - Heba Said
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Doaa Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R. Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Mervat Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Bassma H. Elwakil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Mohamed Tolba
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
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Paschoalino M, Marinho MDS, Santos IA, Grosche VR, Martins DOS, Rosa RB, Jardim ACG. An update on the development of antiviral against Mayaro virus: from molecules to potential viral targets. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:106. [PMID: 36881172 PMCID: PMC9990066 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), first isolated in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago islands, is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, a disease characterized by fever, rashes, headaches, myalgia, and arthralgia. The infection can progress to a chronic condition in over 50% of cases, with persistent arthralgia, which can lead to the disability of the infected individuals. MAYV is mainly transmitted through the bite of the female Haemagogus spp. mosquito genus. However, studies demonstrate that Aedes aegypti is also a vector, contributing to the spread of MAYV beyond endemic areas, given the vast geographical distribution of the mosquito. Besides, the similarity of antigenic sites with other Alphavirus complicates the diagnoses of MAYV, contributing to underreporting of the disease. Nowadays, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat infected patients, being the clinical management based on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this context, this review aims to summarize compounds that have demonstrated antiviral activity against MAYV in vitro, as well as discuss the potentiality of viral proteins as targets for the development of antiviral drugs against MAYV. Finally, through rationalization of the data presented herein, we wish to encourage further research encompassing these compounds as potential anti-MAYV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paschoalino
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Borges Rosa
- Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wang H, Shi M, Cao F, Su E. Ginkgo biloba seed exocarp: A waste resource with abundant active substances and other components for potential applications. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang Y, Shi Y, Hu D, Song X. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of the plant natural phenolic compound piceatannol. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:972500. [PMID: 35982927 PMCID: PMC9379089 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.972500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that infects the nucleated cells of warm-blooded animals and causes life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. Due to the limited effectiveness and prominent side effects of existing drugs, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic options against T. gondii. Piceatannol is a natural plant compound with multiple functions such as antibacterial, antileukemic and antiparasitic activities. In the present study, the anti-T. gondii activity of piceatannol was evaluated. Piceatannol potently inhibited Toxoplasma with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 28.10 μM. Piceatannol showed a significant inhibitory effect on intracellular proliferation, inhibiting intracellular parasites at a rate of 98.9% when treatment with 100 μM piceatannol. However, the invasion ability of tachyzoites was not affected by piceatannol. By immunofluorescence assay, we noted that the parasite showed abnormalities in cell division after exposure to piceatannol. To determine the in vivo effect of piceatannol on acute infection, a model was established by infecting BALB/c mice with the virulent RH strain of T. gondii. Mice infected with 500 tachyzoites showed a significant therapeutic effect when treated with 15 mg/kg of piceatannol. These results suggest that piceatannol is a promising drug for the treatment of T. gondii.
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Chen M, Zhou L, Li S, Wei H, Chen J, Yang P, Peng H. Toxoplasma gondii DNA methyltransferases regulate parasitic energy metabolism. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106329. [PMID: 35122712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii results in serious diseases such as encephalitis, and retinochoroiditis in immunocompromised patients. The interconversion between tachyzoites and bradyzoites under the host's immune pressure results in the interchange of acute infection and chronic infection. We previously reported two functional DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) in Toxoplasma gondii named TgDNMTa and TgDNMTb. In this research, proteomics analysis for T. gondii tachyzoites of ME49 WT, dnmta knockout (ME49-∆Tgdnmta), and dnmtb knockout (ME49-∆Tgdnmtb) strains, revealed 362 significantly regulated proteins for ME49-∆Tgdnmta, and 219 for ME49-∆Tgdnmtb, compared with the proteins of ME49 WT. TgDNMTa down regulated three glycolytic enzymes, one gluconeogenic enzyme and four pyruvate metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, TgDNMTb up regulated two proteins in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Glucose metabolic flux detection showed that TgDNMTa inhibited the glycolysis pathway, while TgDNMTb promoted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle so as to promote parasite's proliferation. These findings demonstrated that the functions of Toxoplasma gondii DNA methyltransferases extended beyond DNA methylation to the regulation of parasitic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shengmin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hiaxia Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiating Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hongjuan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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The Experimental Role of Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: A Systematic Review. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:303-328. [PMID: 33159263 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is the global protozoa that could cause contamination in warm-blooded animals and is considered among the opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients. Among the people at risk, toxoplasmosis infection can lead to the incidence of severe clinical manifestations, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and even death. PURPOSE The present research is focused on the new research for the treatment of toxoplasmosis parasitic disease using medicinal herbs. METHODS The search was performed in five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up from 2010 to December 2019. Studies in any language were entered in the searching step if they had an English abstract. The words and terms were used as a syntax with specific tags of each database. RESULTS Out of 1832 studies, 36 were eligible to be reviewed. The findings showed that 17 studies (47%) were performed in vitro, 14 studies (39%) in vivo, and 5 studies (14%) both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION The studies showed that the plant extracts can be a good alternative in reducing the toxoplasmosis effects in the host and the herbal extracts can be used to produce natural product-based drugs affecting toxoplasmosis with fewer side-effects than synthetic drugs.
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Khamesipour F, Razavi SM, Hejazi SH, Ghanadian SM. In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma activity of Dracocephalum kotschyi essential oil. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:522-531. [PMID: 33473313 PMCID: PMC7802582 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide importance, responsible for toxoplasmosis in homeotherms. Although treatment options are readily available, most drugs often cause serious side effects. Extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) have shown significant pharmacological activity against various parasites, viruses, and bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the anti-T. gondii activity in vitro and in vivo of D. kotschyi essential oil. The thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the anti-T. gondii activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil. The presence of T. gondii was observed by Giemsa staining, and the viability was evaluated by the trypan blue staining method. Furthermore, the survival rate of acutely infected mice was evaluated by intraperitoneal injecting of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 day-1) for five days after infection with 2 × 104 tachyzoites. Essential oil, negative, and positive controls that showed the best toxoplasmacidal activity were assayed in triplicate at each concentration. The essential oil exhibited the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.94 ± 0.38 µg, with a selectivity index of 2.463. On Vero cells, the CC50 of the oil was 24.49 ± 0.96 µg and exhibited a significant anti-Toxoplasma activity. Moreover, the treatment by essential oil significantly increased the survival rate compared to untreated infected control. In conclusion, the essential oil might be a useful compound, and with more testing, it may be an excellent alternative to standard chemical drugs in the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and MycologySkin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research CenterSchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Seyed Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of PharmacognosyIsfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Determination of lumefantrine as an effective drug against Toxoplasma gondii infection - in vitro and in vivo study. Parasitology 2020; 148:122-128. [PMID: 33087183 PMCID: PMC7808861 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, leading to toxoplasmosis. Currently, the effective treatment for human toxoplasmosis is the combination of sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine. However, both drugs have serious side-effects and toxicity in the host. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new anti-T. gondii drugs with high potency and less or no side-effects. Our findings suggest that lumefantrine exerts activity against T. gondii by inhibiting its proliferation in Vero cells in vitro without being toxic to Vero cells (P ≤ 0.01). Lumefantrine prolonged mice infected with T. gondii from death for 3 days at the concentration of 50 μg L−1 than negative control (phosphate-buffered saline treated only), and reduced the parasite burden in mouse tissues in vivo (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.05). In addition, a significant increase in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production was observed in high-dose lumefantrine-treated mice (P ≤ 0.01), whereas interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-4 levels increased in low-dose lumefantrine-treated mice (P ≤ 0.01). The results demonstrated that lumefantrine may be a promising agent to treat toxoplasmosis, and more experiments on the protective mechanism of lumefantrine should be undertaken in further studies.
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Campos D, Navarro S, Llamas-González YY, Sugasti M, González-Santamaría J. Broad Antiviral Activity of Ginkgolic Acid against Chikungunya, Mayaro, Una, and Zika Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040449. [PMID: 32326564 PMCID: PMC7232212 DOI: 10.3390/v12040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The alphaviruses Chikungunya (CHIKV), Mayaro (MAYV), Una (UNAV), and the flavivirus Zika (ZIKV) are emerging or re-emerging arboviruses which are responsible for frequent epidemic outbreaks. Despite the large impact of these arboviruses on health systems, there are no approved vaccines or treatments to fight these infections. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to discover new antiviral drugs. Natural products are a rich source of compounds with distinct biological activities, including antiviral properties. Thus, we aimed to explore the potential antiviral activity of Ginkgolic acid against the arboviruses CHIKV, MAYV, UNAV, and ZIKV. Viral progeny production in supernatants from cells treated or not treated with Ginkgolic acid was quantified by plaque-forming assay. Ginkgolic acid's direct virucidal activity against these arboviruses was also determined. Additionally, viral protein expression was assessed using Western blot and immunofluorescence. Our results reveal that Ginkgolic acid promotes a dose-dependent decrease in viral titers in all tested viruses. Moreover, the compound demonstrated strong virucidal activity. Finally, we found that viral protein expression was affected by treatment with this drug. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ginkgolic acid could have broader antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalkiria Campos
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama; (D.C.); (S.N.); (Y.Y.L.-G.); (M.S.)
| | - Susana Navarro
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama; (D.C.); (S.N.); (Y.Y.L.-G.); (M.S.)
| | - Yessica Yadira Llamas-González
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama; (D.C.); (S.N.); (Y.Y.L.-G.); (M.S.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Madelaine Sugasti
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama; (D.C.); (S.N.); (Y.Y.L.-G.); (M.S.)
| | - José González-Santamaría
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama; (D.C.); (S.N.); (Y.Y.L.-G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +507-527-4814
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Susceptibility of Toxoplasma gondii to Ethanolic Extract of Tinospora crispa in Vero Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2916547. [PMID: 31827548 PMCID: PMC6885813 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2916547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis remains widely distributed globally and is one of the major neglected parasitic zoonotic infections. The infection is still endemic in most parts of the world due to poor control as well as challenges of the currently used medications which can be overcome by using natural products. This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa (EETC) on host cell invasion and intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii. Method The stem powder of T. crispa was soaked in absolute ethanol for 72 hours. The resulting ethanolic extract was screened for the presence of phytochemicals. Vero cells monolayer in 96-well plate was infected with RH strain of T. gondii and treated with concentrations of the EETC, Veratrine alkaloid, and clindamycin ranging from 1.56 to 200 μg/mL. MTT assay was conducted after 24 hours to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antiparasitic activities of the EETC. Four and 24 hours treatment models were adapted to assess the infection index and intracellular proliferation of T. Results The study revealed that the EETC had no cytotoxic effects on Vero cells with IC50 = 179 μg/mL, as compared to clindamycin (IC50 = 116.5 μg/mL) and Veratrine alkaloid (IC50 = 60.4 μg/mL). The EETC had good anti-toxoplasma activities with IC50 = 6.31 μg/mL in comparison with clindamycin (IC50 = 8.33 μg/mL) and Veratrine alkaloid (IC50 = 14.25 μg/mL). The EETC caused more than 70% and 80% reduction in infection index and intracellular proliferation in both treatment models, respectively. Conclusion This in vitro study showed that the EETC contains promising phytochemicals effective against T. gondii and safe to the host cells.
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Ye J, Ye C, Huang Y, Zhang N, Zhang X, Xiao M. Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta polysaccharide inhibits inflammatory responses through suppressing both NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2329-2339. [PMID: 30338529 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharides, common components of natural products extensively studied as dietary supplements and functional foods, have been found to have various activities. In the present study, a water-soluble polysaccharide, namely GBSP3a, was isolated and purified from G. biloba sarcotesta. The anti-inflammatory activity of GBSP3a in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and the potential underlying molecular mechanisms were then assessed. RESULTS GBSP3a exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by remarkably inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Excessive mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were dose-dependently inhibited by GBSP3a in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further research suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of GBSP3a can be attributed to the modulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION GBSP3a exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and exerts its anti-inflammatory effect probably through suppressing both NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway, indicating that GBSP3a could be used for the development of anti-inflammatory agent or nutraceuticals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Changqing Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yayan Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Meitian Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
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Si H, Xu C, Zhang J, Zhang X, Li B, Zhou X, Zhang J. Licochalcone A: An effective and low-toxicity compound against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:238-245. [PMID: 29684680 PMCID: PMC6039310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan, is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, which can cause serious public health problems. The current drugs used to treat toxoplasmosis have many limitations. This study evaluated the anti-T. gondii activity and potential mechanism of Licochalcone A (Lico A) in vitro and in vivo. The safe concentration of Lico A in HFF cells was determined by MTT cell viability assays. The presence of T. gondii was assessed by qPCR and Giemsa staining. Azithromycin and sulfadiazine, commonly used effective treatments, served as drug controls. T. gondii ultrastructural alterations were observed by electron microscopy. The anti-T. gondii activity of Lico A was evaluated using an in vivo mouse infection model. In vitro, Lico A had no negative effect on host cell viability at concentrations below 9 μg/mL; however, it did inhibit T. gondii proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.848 μg/mL. Electron microscopy analyses indicated substantial structural and ultrastructural changes in tachyzoites after Lico A treatment. Nile Red staining assays demonstrated that Lico A caused lipid accumulation. Lico A treatment significantly increased the survival rate of BALB/c mice infected with T. gondii. Lico A achieved the same therapeutic effect as a commonly used clinical drugs (combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and folinic acid). In conclusion, Lico A has strong anti-T. gondii activity in vitro and in vivo and might be developed into a new anti-T. gondii drug. Moreover, Lico A may exert these effects by interfering with lipid metabolism in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Si
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jili Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Xukun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Bing Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China; Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China.
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Oliveira T, Costa I, Marinho V, Carvalho V, Uchôa K, Ayres C, Teixeira S, Vasconcelos DFP. Human foreskin fibroblasts: from waste bag to important biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415818761526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circumcision is one of the most performed surgical procedures worldwide, and it is estimated that one in three men worldwide is circumcised, which makes the preputial skin removed after surgery an abundant material for possible applications. In particular, it is possible efficiently to isolate the cells of the foreskin, with fibroblasts being the most abundant cells of the dermis and the most used in biomedical research. This work aimed to review the knowledge and obtain a broad view of the main applications of human foreskin fibroblast cell culture. A literature search was conducted, including clinical trials, preclinical basic research studies, reviews and experimental studies. Several medical and laboratory applications of human foreskin fibroblast cell culture have been described, especially when it comes to the use of human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells for the cultivation of human embryonic stem cells, in addition to co-culture with other cell types. The culture of foreskin fibroblasts has also been used to: obtain induced pluripotent stem cells; the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile; to test the toxicity and effect of substances on normal cells, especially the toxicity of possible antineoplastic drugs; in viral culture, mainly of the human cytomegalovirus, study of the pathogenesis of other microorganisms; varied studies of cellular physiology and cellular interactions. Fibroblasts are important for cell models for varied application cultures, demonstrating how the preputial material can be reused, making possible new applications. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this multicentre audit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz Oliveira
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Ilana Costa
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Victor Marinho
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Valécia Carvalho
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Karla Uchôa
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Carla Ayres
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
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Pan M, Lyu C, Zhao J, Shen B. Sixty Years (1957-2017) of Research on Toxoplasmosis in China-An Overview. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1825. [PMID: 28993763 PMCID: PMC5622193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen belonging to apicomplexan parasites. Infection in humans and animals may cause abortion and other severe symptoms under certain circumstances, leading to great economical losses and public health problems. T. gondii was first discovered in China in 1955 and the corresponding work was published in 1957. Since then, a lot of work has been done on this parasite and the diseases it causes. This review summarizes the major progress made by Chinese scientists over the last 60 years, and gives our perspectives on what should be done in the near future. A wide variety of diagnostic approaches were designed, including the ones to detect T. gondii specific antibodies in host sera, and T. gondii specific antigens or DNA in tissue and environmental samples. Further work will be needed to translate some of the laboratory assays into reliable products for clinic uses. Epidemiological studies were extensively done in China and the sero-prevalence in humans increased over the years, but is still below the world average, likely due to the unique eating and cooking habits. Infection rates were shown to be fairly high in meat producing animals such as, pigs, sheep, and chickens, as well as in the definitive host cats. Numerous subunit vaccines in the form of recombinant proteins or DNA vaccines were developed, but none of them is satisfactory in the current form. Live attenuated parasites using genetically modified strains may be a better option for vaccine design. The strains isolated from China are dominated by the ToxoDB #9 genotype, but it likely contains multiple subtypes since different ToxoDB #9 strains exhibited phenotypic differences. Further studies are needed to understand the general biology, as well as the unique features of strains prevalent in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Congcong Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei ProvinceWuhan, China
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhan, China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei ProvinceWuhan, China
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Sharif M, Sarvi S, Pagheh AS, Asfaram S, Rahimi MT, Mehrzadi S, Ahmadpour E, Gholami S, Daryani A. The efficacy of herbal medicines against Toxoplasma gondii during the last 3 decades: a systematic review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1237-1248. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to systematically review papers discussing the efficacy of medicinal herbs against Toxoplasma gondii. Data were systematically collected from published papers about the efficacy of herbs used against T. gondii globally from 1988 to 2015, from PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Scopus. Forty-nine papers were included in the current systematic review reporting the evaluation of medicinal plants against T. gondii globally, both in vitro and in vivo. Sixty-one plants were evaluated. Most of the studies were carried out on Artemisia annua. The second highest number of studies were carried out on Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts. RH and ME49 were the predominant parasite strains used. Additionally, Swiss-Webster and BALB/c mice were the major animal models used. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts were used more than other types of extracts. Natural compounds mentioned here may be developed as novel and more effective therapeutic agents that improve the treatment of toxoplasmosis due to their lower side effects, higher availability, and better cultural acceptance compared with those of the chemical drugs that are currently being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shabnam Asfaram
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Nozari S, Adine M, Javadi F, Shahnazi M, Azadmehr A, Nassiri-Asl M, Jahanihashemi H, Saraei M. Ethanol Extracts of Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum Low Anti-Toxoplasma Activity. J Pharmacopuncture 2016; 19:70-3. [PMID: 27280052 PMCID: PMC4887754 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2016.19.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study was performed to determine the lethal and the inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of Achillea millefolium (A. millefolium) and Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum) on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) RH strain tachyzoites in vitro. Methods: The tachyzoites were treated with concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/mL of A. millefolium and H. perforatum extracts within 10, 30, and 45 minutes in the wells. The mortality rates of tachyzoites treated with extracts were determined by using alkaline methylene blue staining. Also, the tachyzoites in cell cultures were treated with concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL of these extracts. The cell viability, inhibition concentration (IC50), and selectivity were determined from MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. Results: In the cell-free in vitro study, all of tachyzoites were killed at concentrations of 100 mg/mL of both extracts while at concentration 10 mg/mL, the mortality was 4.53% − 5.31%. In the cell culture study, the values of the effective concentration (EC50) were 215 and 153 μg/mL and the selectivities were 0.73 and 0.69 for the A. millefolium and the H. perforatum extracts, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that neither extracts has any significant effect on the tachyzoites of T. gondii in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagayegh Nozari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohtaram Adine
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Javadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shahnazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abbas Azadmehr
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hasan Jahanihashemi
- Children Growth and Development Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Saraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Gasparotto Junior A, Cosmo MLA, Reis MDP, dos Santos PS, Gonçalves DD, Gasparotto FM, Navarro IT, Lourenço ELB. Effects of extracts from Echinacea purpurea (L) MOENCH on mice infected with different strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3999-4005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Antiparasitic effects of oxymatrine and matrine against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. Exp Parasitol 2016; 165:95-102. [PMID: 26993085 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an important pathogen which can causes serious public health problems. Since the current therapeutic drugs for toxoplasmosis present serious host toxicity, research on effective and new substances of relatively low toxicity is urgently needed. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-parasitic effect of oxymatrine (OM) and matrine (ME) against T. gondii in vitro and in vivo. In our study, the anti-T. gondii activities of ME and OM were evaluated in vitro using cell counting kit-8 assay, morphological observation and trypan blue exclusion assay. In vivo, mice were sacrificed four days post-infection and ascites were drawn out to determine the extent of tachyzoite proliferation. Viscera indexes and liver biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), were examined to evaluate the toxicity of compounds to mice. As a result, OM and ME showed anti-T. gondii activity but low selectivity toxicity to HeLa cells. Both compounds also significantly decreased the number of tachyzoites in peritoneal cavity and recovered the levels of ALT, AST, GSH and MDA in liver. Moreover, the mice treated with OM or ME achieved better results in viscera index and survival rate than that of spiramycin. These results suggest that OM and ME are likely the sources of new drugs for toxoplasmosis, and further studies will be necessary to compare the efficacy of drug combination, as well as identify its action of mechanism.
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Medicines in Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138204. [PMID: 26394212 PMCID: PMC4578932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
No effective drug and definitive "gold standard" treatment for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection has been available so far, though some medicines have been commonly used in the treatment of T. gondii infection, such as spiramycin, azithromycin, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), pyrimethamine- sulfadiazine (P-S), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and pyrimethamine-clindamycin (P-C). A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the efficacies of these conventional medicines in the treatment. Cohort studies for the treatment of acute T. gondii infection were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, ect. All the cases number for different group extracted from each included literature were input to meta-analysis 3.13 software to calculate the pooled negative conversion rate (NCR), cure rate (CR) or vertical transmission rate based on their sample size and weight. The pooled NCR with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used to evaluate the overall rate of a diagnosis positive result conversion to a negative result after treatment, which of spiramycin, azithromycin and TCM were 83.4% (95%CI, 72.1%-90.8%), 82.5% (95%CI, 75.9%-87.6%), and 85.5% (95%CI, 71.3%-93.3%) respectively, with no statistical difference between them. The pooled CR with 95% CI was used to evaluate the overall rate of complete disappearance of clinical symptoms for toxoplasmic encephalitis after therapy, which of P-S, TMP-SMX, and P-C were 49.8% (95%CI, 38. 8% -60.8%), 59.9% (95%CI, 48.9%-70.0%), and 47.6% (95%CI, 24.8%-71.4%) respectively, with no statistical difference between them. Primary T. gondii infection in pregnancy was treated mainly with spiramycin alone or combined with other drugs, and the pooled rate of vertical transmission was about 9.9% (95%CI, 5.9%-16.2%) after therapy. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients was usually treated with sulfonamides combined with other drugs and the pooled CR was 49.4% (95%CI, 37.9%-60.9%).
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Activity of several kinds of drugs against Neospora caninum. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:597-602. [PMID: 26264260 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neosporosis caused by Neospora caninum is a serious disease in cattle and dogs worldwide. It is the major cause of abortion and neonatal mortality in cattle. In this study, we evaluated the anti-N. caninum activity of Chinese medicine extracts (curcumin, artemether), herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate), anticoccidiosis drugs (toltrazuril and ponazuril), cyclophosphamide, diminazene aceturate and praziquantel in vitro using parasite growth, replication and host cell invasion assays in human foreskin fibroblast cultures. Curcumin, artemether, atrazine, toltrazuril and ponazuril exhibited inhibitory activity with 50% growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.1±0.4, 1.0±0.05, 11.2±2.7, 30.3±2.0 and 33.3±4.1μg/ml, respectively, in the growth inhibition assay. They were also active against protozoa replication, but only curcumin was effective against host cell invasion. Glyphosate, cyclophosphamide, diminazene aceturate and praziquantel were ineffective. In an in vivo infection model, curcumin showed no activity against N. caninum infection. We showed that curcumin, artemether, atrazine, toltrazuril, and ponazuril exhibited anti-N. caninum activity in vitro, providing important information for further studies on anti-N. caninum drugs.
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Ryckewaert L, Sacconnay L, Carrupt PA, Nurisso A, Simões-Pires C. Non-specific SIRT inhibition as a mechanism for the cytotoxicity of ginkgolic acids and urushiols. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:374-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tryptanthrin derivatives as Toxoplasma gondii inhibitors--structure-activity-relationship of the 6-position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:1032-5. [PMID: 23321561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A panel of derivatives of the natural product tryptanthrin was synthesized and screened for its in vitro activity against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We concentrated on the modification of the 6-keto group of tryptanthrin and prepared a series of oximes, hydrazones and alcohols based on tryptanthrin. We evaluated parasite growth inhibition and host cell cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that in particular alcohol analogs are promising candidates for further investigation.
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Kavitha N, Noordin R, Chan KL, Sasidharan S. In vitro anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of root extract/fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:91. [PMID: 22781137 PMCID: PMC3488307 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii infection causes toxoplasmosis, an infectious disease with worldwide prevalence. The limited efficiency of drugs against this infection, their side effects and the potential appearance of resistant strains make the search of novel drugs an essential need. We examined Eurycoma longifolia root extract and fractions as potential sources of new compounds with high activity and low toxicity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the anti-T. gondii activity of crude extract (TACME) and four fractions (TAF 273, TAF 355, TAF 191 and TAF 401) from E. longifolia, with clindamycin as the positive control. Methods In vitro toxoplasmacidal evaluation was performed using Vero cells as host for T. gondii. Light microscopy technique was used to study in situ antiparasitic activity. Results Significant anti-T. gondii activity was observed with clindamycin (EC50 = 0.016 μg/ml), follow by TAF 355 (EC50 = 0.369 μg/ml) and TAF 401 (EC50 = 0.882 μg/ml). Light microscopy revealed that most Vero cells were infected after 3 h of exposure to T. gondii. After 36 h of exposure to the E. longifolia fraction, the host Vero cells showed no visible intracellular parasite and no remarkable morphological changes. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that TAF 355 and TAF401 fractions may be the sources of new anti-T. gondii compounds.
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Walden M, Mitchell MA. Evaluation of Three Treatment Modalities against Isospora amphiboluri in Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). J Exot Pet Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Efficacy of ginkgolic acids against Cryptosporidium andersoni in cell culture. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1475-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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