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Vijayakumar G, Kim HJ, Jo JW, Rangarajulu SK. Macrofungal Mediated Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial and Wound-Healing Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:861. [PMID: 38255936 PMCID: PMC10815654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the utilization of biological agents in the green synthesis of nanoparticles has been given interest. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from an aqueous extract of macrofungus (mushroom), namely Phellinus adamantinus, in a dark room using 20 µL of silver nitrate. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were confirmed by analyzing them using a UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectrophotometer. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were optimized at different pH and temperatures with various dosages of AgNO3 (silver nitrate) and fungal extracts. The synthesized AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) were characterized using TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray) analyses, which confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. The size of the nanosilver particles was found to be 50 nm with higher stability. The mycosynthesized AgNPs showed effective antibacterial activity against strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be 3.125 μg/mL by MIC assay. The MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) was performed to study cytotoxicity, and reduced cell viability was recorded at 100 μg/mL. Silver-Polygalacturonic acid-Polyvinyl alcohol ((Ag-PGA)-PVA) nanofiber was prepared using the electrospinning method. The in vitro wound scratch assay was demonstrated to study the wound-healing efficacy of the prepared nanofiber. The wound-healing efficacy of the AgNP-incorporated nanofiber was found to be 20% after 24 h. This study will lay a platform to establish a unique route to the development of a novel nanobiomaterial and its application in antibacterial and wound-healing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Vijayakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India;
| | - Hyung Joo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.W.J.)
| | - Jeong Wook Jo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.W.J.)
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Balachandran A, Siyumbwa SN, Froemming GRA, Beata MM, Małgorzata J, Lavilla CA, Billacura MP, Okechukwu PN. In Vitro Antioxidant and Fibroblast Migration Activities of Fractions Eluded from Dichloromethane Leaf Extract of Marantodes pumilum. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1409. [PMID: 37374190 DOI: 10.3390/life13061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The complexity of diabetes and diabetic wound healing remains a therapeutic challenge because proper and systematic wound care and management are essential to prevent chronic microbial infection and mechanical damage to the skin. Marantodes pumilum, locally known as 'Kacip Fatimah', is an herb that has been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive and antipyretic properties. The current study aims to assess the antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activities of the fractions eluded from the dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum leaves. (2) The total antioxidant capacity of M. pumilum was assessed using the total proanthocyanidins and phosphomolybdenum assays, while DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide free radical scavenging assays were tested to determine the antioxidant potential of M. pumilum. An in vitro scratch wound assay was performed to measure the fibroblast cell migration rate using normal and insulin-resistant human dermal fibroblast cells. (3) All M. pumilum fractions exhibited good antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activity, among which fractions A and E displayed the greatest effect. (4) M. pumilum's fibroblast migration activity could be attributed to its strong antioxidant properties along with its previously reported properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbirami Balachandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Stepfanie N Siyumbwa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Gabriele R A Froemming
- Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Morak-Młodawska Beata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Sílesia, Jagiellonska, Str. 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jeleń Małgorzata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Sílesia, Jagiellonska, Str. 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Charlie A Lavilla
- Chemistry Department, College of Science & Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
| | - Merell P Billacura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Main Campus, Marawi City 9700, Lanao del Sur, Philippines
| | - Patrick N Okechukwu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Selangor, Malaysia
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Yeboah GN, Owusu FWA, Archer MA, Kyene MO, Kumadoh D, Ayertey F, Mintah SO, Atta-Adjei Junior P, Appiah AA. Bridelia ferruginea Benth.; An ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10366. [PMID: 36082325 PMCID: PMC9445295 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Bridelia ferruginea belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, identified as an important commonly growing shrub, is used in traditional medicine for managing arthritis, dysentery, constipation, chronic diabetes, skin diseases, bladder and intestinal disorders, oral infections, thrush, bites and as an arrow poison antidote. This review aims at providing information on the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry and toxicity studies of Bridelia ferruginea to bridge the gap between traditional medicinal uses and preclinical studies on B. ferruginea and subsequently lead to the development of valued added medicines from B. ferruginea. Materials and methods Data in this review were compiled using databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer link, Elsevier and Taylor and Francis, articles from peer reviewed journals and other grey literature (short notes, book chapters, short communications) to access all the relevant information available on B. ferruginea. Results B. ferruginea contains different phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, phytosterols, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Gallocatechin-(4′-O-7)-epigallocatechin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid and some derivatives of 3-methoxyflavone, such as quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin 3-,7,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether, myricetin 3′,4′,5′-trimethyl ether, myricetin 3,3′,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether, myricetin and quercetin 3-O-glucoside specific flavonoids and biflavonoids like apigenin, kaempferol and glycosides of both have been isolated and further characterized from B. ferruginea. B. ferruginea has several pharmacologically beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-infective, antipyretic, analgesic, diuretic and natriuretic activities. Conclusion The wide distribution, traditional medicinal uses and wealth of phytochemicals present in B. ferruginea suggests that the plant can be useful in lead compound discovery. Although B. ferruginea has been widely studied, further studies on the mechanism of action, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and side effects in humans need to be investigated.
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Tanjung SA, Silalahi J, Reveny J. Wound Healing Activity of Nanoemulgel Containing Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Extract on Burns Model in Rat. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The content of secondary metabolites in mobe leaves has the potential to be used in wound healing. Artocarpine, one of the secondary metabolites found in mobe leaves, is reported to affect the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) protein, thereby increasing fibroblast cell proliferation and accelerating the wound healing process.
AIM: This study aims to determine the wound healing activity of nanoemulgel-containing ethanol extract of mobe leaves.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method used in this study was experimental using chemicals ethanol 96%, Carbopol 940, PEG 400, Propylene glycol, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Triethanolamine, Aqua Destillata. Mode leaves which were taken purposively were then formulated in nanoemulgel preparations which were tested for wound healing in male rats. The nanoemulgel preparation was then evaluated which included homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, dispersion, and measurement of the nanoemulgel globules of mobe leaf extract, stability of the nanoemulgel preparation. Tests for the healing effect of burns were carried out on male rats for 14 days.
RESULTS: Mobe leaves ethanol extract can be formulated into nanoemulgel dosage forms. This study showed wound healing activity of nanoemulgels with concentration variation of mobe leaves ethanol extract. The percentage of wound diameter reducing and fibroblast cells value were showed to increase and significantly different to negative control (p < 0.05) in 14 days. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and TGF-β1 immunoexpression evaluation result showed significantly different to Blanko group (p < 0.05) in 14-day observation.
CONCLUSION: From this study, nanoemulgel mobe can stimulate more fibroblast cell proliferation by greatly expressing TGF-β1 and PDGF BB in burn wounds.
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Qadir A, Jahan S, Aqil M, Warsi MH, Alhakamy NA, Alfaleh MA, Khan N, Ali A. Phytochemical-Based Nano-Pharmacotherapeutics for Management of Burn Wound Healing. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040209. [PMID: 34842674 PMCID: PMC8628765 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times for their various therapeutic activities and are safer compared to modern medicines, especially when properly identifying and preparing them and choosing an adequate dose administration. The phytochemical compounds present in plants are progressively yielding evidence in modern drug delivery systems by treating various diseases like cancers, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, inflammation, microbial, viral and parasitic infections, psychotic diseases, spasmodic conditions, ulcers, etc. The phytochemical requires a rational approach to deliver the compounds to enhance the efficacy and to improve patients’ compatibility. Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the most promising strategies in disease control. Nano-formulations could target certain parts of the body and control drug release. Different studies report that phytochemical-loaded nano-formulations have been tested successfully both in vitro and in vivo for healing of skin wounds. The use of nano systems as drug carriers may reduce the toxicity and enhance the bioavailability of the incorporated drug. In this review, we focus on various nano-phytomedicines that have been used in treating skin burn wounds, and how both nanotechnology and phytochemicals are effective for treating skin burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (A.Q.); (S.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Samreen Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (A.Q.); (S.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (A.Q.); (S.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Musarrat Husain Warsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nausheen Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Athar Ali
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
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Marchete R, Oliveira S, Bagne L, Silva JIDS, Valverde AP, Aro AAD, Figueira MM, Fronza M, Bressam TM, Goes VFFD, Gaspari de Gaspi FOD, Dos Santos GMT, Andrade TAM. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Alternanthera brasiliana improve cutaneous wound healing in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1443-1458. [PMID: 34546478 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze is recognized for its healing properties; however, its therapeutic effects remain unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the wound healing activities of A. brasiliana using in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of A. brasiliana extract. For the in vivo study, two dorsal excisions were established in Wistar rats using a punch (1.5 cm in diameter), which were topically treated daily with 2% carbopol gel (Ctrl group) or 20% hydroalcoholic plant extract with 2% carbopol gel (A. brasiliana-Ab group). After the 2nd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days, inflammation, oxidative damage, antioxidants, angiogenesis, tissue formation, and re-epithelialization were evaluated. In vitro, Ab reduced nitric oxide, anion superoxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In vivo, Ab presented lower levels of inflammatory infiltrate, although increased levels of IL-1β and TGF-β1 were observed. The plant extract controlled oxidative damage by antioxidants, which favored angiogenesis, collagenesis, and wound re-epithelialization. Thus, the topical application of the hydroalcoholic extract of 20% A. brasiliana was distinguished by its important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities both in vivo and in vitro. The plant extract also stimulated angiogenesis and tissue formation, accelerating total re-epithelization, which is promising for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Marchete
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Sarah Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bagne
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Jennyffer Ione de Souza Silva
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valverde
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Andrea Aparecida de Aro
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Mariana Moreira Figueira
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Vila Velha-UVV, Comissario Jose Dantas de Melo Ave, 21. Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29102‑920, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fronza
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Vila Velha-UVV, Comissario Jose Dantas de Melo Ave, 21. Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29102‑920, Brazil
| | - Thainá Mikaela Bressam
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Vivian Fernandes Furletti de Goes
- Graduate Program in Odontology, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira de Gaspari de Gaspi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil.,Sao Leopoldo Mandic Faculty, Dona Renata Ave. Centro. 71, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13606-134, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Maria Tech Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Thiago Antônio Moretti Andrade
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto Ave, 500. Jardim Universitario, Araras, Sao Paulo, 13607-339, Brazil.
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Pharmacological Potential and Chemical Characterization of Bridelia ferruginea Benth.-A Native Tropical African Medicinal Plant. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020223. [PMID: 33672329 PMCID: PMC7926895 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To avail the possible pharmacological actions of Brideliaferruginea Benth., the present investigation was designed to quantitatively analyze the total flavonoid and phenolic contents and assess the various antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of leaf and stem bark extracts (ethyl acetate, water and methanolic) of B. ferruginea. Anti-proliferative effect was also investigated against human colon cancer cells (HCT116) as well as the antimicrobial potential against multiple bacterial and fungal (yeasts and dermatophytes) strains. The methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark demonstrated the highest phenolic content (193.58 ± 0.98 and 187.84 ± 1.88 mg/g, respectively), while the leaf extracts showed comparatively higher flavonoid contents (24.37-42.31 mg/g). Overall, the methanolic extracts were found to possess the most significant antioxidant potency. Compared to the other extracts, methanolic extracts of the B. ferruginea were revealed to be most potent inhibitors of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases, tyrosinase α-amylase, except α-glucosidase. Only the ethyl acetate extracts were found to inhibit glucosidase. Additionally, the stem bark methanolic extract also showed potent inhibitory activity against E. coli and gram-positive bacteria (MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration): 2.48-62.99 µg/mL), as well as all the tested fungi (MIC: 4.96-62.99 µg/mL). In conclusion, B. ferruginea can be regarded as a promising source of bioactive compounds displaying multifunctional pharmacological activities and thus is a potential candidate for further investigations in the endeavor to develop botanical formulations for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.
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Lorençoni MF, Figueira MM, Toledo E Silva MV, Pimentel Schmitt EF, Endringer DC, Scherer R, Barth T, Vilela Bertolucci SK, Fronza M. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil and ethanolic extract of Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg.) Landrum leaves. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112562. [PMID: 31954197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Campomanesia species are used in folk medicine for anti-inflammatory, -ulcerogenic, -diabetic, -obesity, and many other purposes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and pharmacotherapeutic potential of the essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EXT) of the leaves of Campomanesia phaea in relation to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using chemical methods and in vitro bioassays in cell culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas and liquid chromatography techniques coupled to mass spectrometry were used to identify the main secondary metabolites. The antioxidant activity was determined by the chemical methods of radical sequestration of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); in addition to the protective effect against cellular oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in macrophage culture. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity was evaluated for the influence on the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O2•-), and by the quantification of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL- 6) through Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) through chemiluminescence. RESULTS A total of 41 compounds were identified in the essential oil (EO), being (E)-caryophyllene (14%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.9%) the major compounds. In the ethanolic extract (EXT), three flavonoids from the flavanones group were identified: alpinetin O-dideoxy-hexoside, 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone and alpinetin. The EO and EXT inhibited the production of O2•- (99.0% and 52.9%) at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, intracellular NO•- (50.0% and 51.9%) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (41.0% and 82.9%) and TNF-α (74.7% and 87.9%) at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (EO 36.2% and EXT 40.9%) was observed at 20 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results indicated that EO and EXT possess potent anti-inflammatory activities and it may hold therapeutic promise in the management of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Fioroti Lorençoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Mariana Moreira Figueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Toledo E Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Bioativos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Coutinho Endringer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barth
- Laboratório de Produtos Bioativos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Fronza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
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Csepregi R, Temesfői V, Das S, Alberti Á, Tóth CA, Herczeg R, Papp N, Kőszegi T. Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Properties and Effects on Cell Migration of Phenolic Compounds of Selected Transylvanian Medicinal Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020166. [PMID: 32085594 PMCID: PMC7070992 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are widely used in folk medicine but quite often their composition and biological effects are hardly known. Our study aimed to analyze the composition, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cellular migration effects of Anthyllis vulneraria, Fuchsia magellanica, Fuchsia triphylla and Lysimachia nummularia used in the Romanian ethnomedicine for wounds. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze 50% (v/v) ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plants’ leaves. Antimicrobial activities were estimated with a standard microdilution method. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by validated chemical cell-free and biological cell-based assays. Cytotoxic effects were performed on mouse fibroblasts and human keratinocytes with a plate reader-based method assessing intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nucleic acid and protein contents and also by a flow cytometer-based assay detecting apoptotic–necrotic cell populations. Cell migration to cover cell-free areas was visualized by time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy using standard culture inserts. Fuchsia species showed the strongest cytotoxicity and the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. However, their ethanolic extracts facilitated cell migration, most probably due to their various phenolic acid, flavonoid and anthocyanin derivatives. Our data might serve as a basis for further animal experiments to explore the complex action of Fuchsia species in wound healing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Csepregi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság u. 13, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.C.); (V.T.); (S.D.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Viktória Temesfői
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság u. 13, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.C.); (V.T.); (S.D.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság u. 13, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.C.); (V.T.); (S.D.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Alberti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.A.); (C.A.T.)
| | - Csenge Anna Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.A.); (C.A.T.)
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Nóra Papp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rókus u. 2, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Ifjúság u. 13, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.C.); (V.T.); (S.D.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-491-7719; Fax: +36-72-536-121
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10
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Said A, Wahid F, Bashir K, Rasheed HM, Khan T, Hussain Z, Siraj S. Sauromatum guttatum extract promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration in a burn mouse model via up-regulation of growth factors. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:736-743. [PMID: 31652081 PMCID: PMC6830190 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1676266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Contexts: Sauromatum guttatum (Wall.) Schott (Araceae) has been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds. Objectives: This study evaluates the healing and tissue regeneration potential of S. guttatum extract in burn wounds. Materials and methods: S. guttatum extract was analysed using various chemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the extract was tested against burn associated bacteria and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also calculated. Wound healing and tissue regeneration potential was assessed using a thermally induced burn BALBc mouse model. S. guttatum extract (2% w/w) prepared in petroleum jelly, vehicle and positive control [silver sulfadiazine (SD)] groups was applied three times a day. The treatment was continued for 15 d and wound closure was measured and photographed on day 5, 10 and 15. The burnt tissues excised from wounds were subjected to histological and comparative gene expression analysis. Results: The results of the chemical tests indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, phytosterols, tannins, and flavonoids, while TLC and HPLC analysis indicated the presence of various compounds. The extract showed excellent activity against the tested pathogens. The lowest MIC (125 µg/mL) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus. A considerable decrease in wound area (72%) was observed in extract-treated group. Histological examination of extract-treated group showed good signs of wound healing with complete re-epithelialization and better tissue regeneration. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed the up-regulation of wound healing related PDGF, EGF and FGF genes. Conclusions: S. guttatum extract may be used to isolate bioactive constituents for the treatment of burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Said
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Fazli Wahid Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Siraj
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- CONTACT Sami Siraj Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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11
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Genc Y, Harput US, Saracoglu I. Active compounds isolated from Plantago subulata L. via wound healing and antiinflammatory activity guided studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:112030. [PMID: 31220597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Genc
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Iclal Saracoglu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Kithiyon M, Pannerselvam B, Balasaubramaniyam Madhukumar SS, Sridharan J, Alagumuthu TS. Efficacy of mycosynthesised AgNPs from Earliella scabrosa as an in vitro antibacterial and wound healing agent. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:339-344. [PMID: 31053699 PMCID: PMC8676610 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with their unique chemical and physical properties are proving as a new therapeutical agent. In the present study, the AgNPs synthesised from an aqueous extract of a macrofungus, Earliella scabrosa, were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and further evaluate for its in vitro antibacterial and wound healing efficacy. The mycosynthesised AgNPs exhibited the surface plasmon resonance peak at 410 nm with good stability over a period of a month. The FESEM and EDX analyses revealed the spherical-shaped AgNPs of an average size of 20 nm and the presence of elemental Ag, respectively. The XRD pattern showed the crystalline nature of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of Ag+ ions to AgNPs due to reduction by biomolecules of macrofungus extract. The mycosynthesised AgNPs showed effective antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, namely Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pathogens were highly sensitive to AgNPs, whereas less sensitive to AgNO3. The mycosynthesised AgNPs showed significant wound healing potential with 68.58% of wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balashanmugam Pannerselvam
- Centre for Human & Organisational Resources Development (CHORD), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | | | - Tamil Selvi Alagumuthu
- Centre for Human & Organisational Resources Development (CHORD), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Ganaie HA. Fungal Diseases of Animals: Symptoms and Their Cure by Natural Products. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18586-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Gulumian M, Yahaya ES, Steenkamp V. African Herbal Remedies with Antioxidant Activity: A Potential Resource Base for Wound Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4089541. [PMID: 30595712 PMCID: PMC6282146 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4089541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of traditional herbal remedies as alternative medicine plays an important role in Africa since it forms part of primary health care for treatment of various medical conditions, including wounds. Although physiological levels of free radicals are essential to the healing process, they are known to partly contribute to wound chronicity when in excess. Consequently, antioxidant therapy has been shown to facilitate healing of such wounds. Also, a growing body of evidence suggests that, at least, part of the therapeutic value of herbals may be explained by their antioxidant activity. This paper reviews African herbal remedies with antioxidant activity with the aim of indicating potential resources for wound treatment. Firstly, herbals with identified antioxidant compounds and, secondly, herbals with proven antioxidant activity, but where the compound(s) responsible for the activity has not yet been identified, are listed. In the latter case it has been attempted to ascribe the activity to a compound known to be present in the plant family and/or species, where related activity has previously been documented for another genus of the species. Also, the tests employed to assess antioxidant activity and the potential caveats thereof during assessment are briefly commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ewura Seidu Yahaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Vanessa Steenkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Marques FM, Figueira MM, Schmitt EFP, Kondratyuk TP, Endringer DC, Scherer R, Fronza M. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of terpenes via suppression of superoxide and nitric oxide generation and the NF-κB signalling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:281-289. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Amini-Nik S, Yousuf Y, Jeschke MG. Scar management in burn injuries using drug delivery and molecular signaling: Current treatments and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:135-154. [PMID: 28757325 PMCID: PMC5742037 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, there have been tremendous improvements in burn care that have allowed patients to survive severe burn injuries that were once fatal. However, a major limitation of burn care currently is the development of hypertrophic scars in approximately 70% of patients. This significantly decreases the quality of life for patients due to the physical and psychosocial symptoms associated with scarring. Current approaches to manage scarring include surgical techniques and non-surgical methods such as laser therapy, steroid injections, and compression therapy. These treatments are limited in their effectiveness and regularly fail to manage symptoms. As a result, the development of novel treatments that aim to improve outcomes and quality of life is imperative. Drug delivery that targets the molecular cascades of wound healing to attenuate or prevent hypertrophic scarring is a promising approach that has therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss current treatments for scar management after burn injury, and how drug delivery targeting molecular signaling can lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Amini-Nik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yusef Yousuf
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Ross-Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Coutinho PN, Pereira BP, Hertel Pereira AC, Porto ML, Monteiro de Assis ALE, Côgo Destefani A, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC, Nogueira BV, de Andrade TU, Endringer DC, Fronza M, Costa Pereira TM. Chronic administration of antioxidant resin from Virola oleifera attenuates atherogenesis in LDLr -/- mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:65-72. [PMID: 28502908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Virola oleifera (Schott) A. C. Smith, Myristicaceae has been largely used in traditional folk medicine in Brazil as an anti-inflammatory agent and our previous data indicated the antioxidant properties in other oxidative stress-related models. However, its effects on atherosclerosis (AT) are not yet investigated. AIMS OF THE STUDY To evaluate the influence of resin from Virola oleifera (RV) on progression of AT in LDLr-/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS LDLr-/- mice were divided into 4 groups: 1) The ND group received a normal diet without treatment. 2) The HD group received a high-fat diet without treatment. 3) The HD-V50 received a high-fat diet and was orally treated with RV at 50mg/Kg. 4) The HD-V300 received a high-fat diet and was orally treated with RV at 300mg/Kg. After 4 weeks, blood was collected to quantify biochemical parameters and ROS total and the aorta was removed to measure the lipid deposition by en face analysis. The liver was also collected to determine total lipids and lipid and protein oxidation. In order to investigate in more detail the contributions of RV in the vascular structure, we carried out the in vitro tests using four cellular types: macrophages, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. RESULTS We showed that the chronic treatment of RV at both doses reduced vascular lipid accumulation (~50%, p<0.05), probably through systemic and hepatic antioxidant effects, independent of dyslipidemia. Moreover, the in vitro assay results demonstrated that RV develops antioxidant properties on the vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, reinforcing the protective role of RV in progression of AT. LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with RV resulted in a significant reduction of NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Chronic treatment with RV diminishes lipid deposition in atherosclerotic mice, which may be justified, at least in part, by antioxidant systemic and local mechanisms, reinforcing the protective role this resin in the setting of vascular lipid deposition, independent of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nogueira Coutinho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Peters Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcella Leite Porto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Arícia Leone Evangelista Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR), Department of Morphology, UFES, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
| | - Afrânio Côgo Destefani
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR), Department of Morphology, UFES, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Santos Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
| | - Elisardo Corral Vasquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
| | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR), Department of Morphology, UFES, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
| | - Tadeu Uggere de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Denise Coutinho Endringer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Fronza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
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18
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Shah A, Amini-Nik S. The Role of Phytochemicals in the Inflammatory Phase of Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051068. [PMID: 28509885 PMCID: PMC5454978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, plant-based products have been the basis of medicine since before the advent of modern Western medicine. Wound dressings made of honey, curcumin and other phytochemical-rich compounds have been traditionally used. Recently, the mechanisms behind many of these traditional therapies have come to light. In this review, we show that in the context of wound healing, there is a global theme of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals in traditional medicine. Although promising, we discuss the limitations of using some of these phytochemicals in order to warrant more research, ideally in randomized clinical trial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shah
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Saeid Amini-Nik
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (LMP), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Das U, Behera SS, Pramanik K. Ethno-Herbal-Medico in Wound Repair: An Incisive Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:579-590. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urmimala Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
| | | | - Krishna Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
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20
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Baliano AP, Pimentel EF, Buzin AR, Vieira TZ, Romão W, Tose LV, Lenz D, Andrade TUD, Fronza M, Kondratyuk TP, Endringer DC. Brown seaweed Padina gymnospora is a prominent natural wound-care product. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Geller FC, Teixeira MR, Pereira ABD, Dourado LPA, Souza DG, Braga FC, Simões CMO. Evaluation of the Wound Healing Properties ofHancornia speciosaLeaves. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1887-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cristina Geller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Trindade Florianópolis SC 88.040-900 Brazil
| | - Marina Rodrigues Teixeira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Trindade Florianópolis SC 88.040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Bárbara Dias Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Antunes Dourado
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Campus Pampulha Belo Horizonte MG 31.270-901 Brazil
| | - Danielle G. Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Campus Pampulha Belo Horizonte MG 31.270-901 Brazil
| | - Fernão Castro Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Trindade Florianópolis SC 88.040-900 Brazil
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22
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Vittorazzi C, Endringer DC, Andrade TUD, Scherer R, Fronza M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties of Struthanthus vulgaris. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:331-337. [PMID: 25915104 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Struthanthus vulgaris (Vell.) Mart. (Loranthaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine in Brazil to bathe wounds. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro wound healing effects, together with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of S. vulgaris leaf and branch extracts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ethanol leaf and branch extracts of S. vulgaris were investigated at 1-100 µg/ml concentrations in the scratch assay after 14 h. Antioxidant activity was investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay, and the antibacterial activity was tested at concentrations up to 1000 µg/ml against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the microdilution test after 24 h. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by colorimetric methods. RESULTS Struthanthus vulgaris leaf and branch extracts at 100 µg/ml concentration stimulated migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and enhanced cell numbers by 56.2% and 18.6%, respectively. Antioxidant activity exhibited IC50 values of 24.3 and 18.9 µg/ml for the leaf and branch extracts, respectively. The ethanol leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentration values of 125 and 500 µg/ml, respectively. An appreciable total phenolic content in the leaves (813.6 ± 2.7 mg/g) and branches (462.8 ± 9.6 mg/g), and relatively low concentration of flavonoids in the leaves (13.3 ± 4.3 mg/g) and branches (1.9 ± 0.2 mg/g), was detected. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The antioxidant and antibacterial activities, together with the strong ability to stimulate proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, provide some support for the traditional use of S. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vittorazzi
- a Department of Pharmacy , University Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Scherer
- a Department of Pharmacy , University Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Marcio Fronza
- a Department of Pharmacy , University Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil
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23
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Dinda M, Dasgupta U, Singh N, Bhattacharyya D, Karmakar P. PI3K-Mediated Proliferation of Fibroblasts by Calendula officinalis
Tincture: Implication in Wound Healing. Phytother Res 2015; 29:607-16. [PMID: 25641010 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Jadavpur University; 188, Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
| | - Uma Dasgupta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Jadavpur University; 188, Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Division of Structural Biology and Bio-Informatics; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bio-Informatics; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Jadavpur University; 188, Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
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24
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Ab Rahman MR, Abdul Razak F, Mohd Bakri M. Evaluation of Wound Closure Activity of Nigella sativa, Melastoma malabathricum, Pluchea indica, and Piper sarmentosum Extracts on Scratched Monolayer of Human Gingival Fibroblasts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:190342. [PMID: 25371695 PMCID: PMC4211176 DOI: 10.1155/2014/190342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Nigella sativa, Melastoma malabathricum, Pluchea indica, and Piper sarmentosum are common Asian traditional medicines to treat minor wounds. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro wound healing properties of aqueous extracts of these plants using human gingival fibroblast (HGF) monolayer as study model. DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts was evaluated and effect on HGF proliferation was determined. Their effect on HGF's function to synthesize collagen was indicated by the level of hydroxyproline produced and effect on wound healing activity was assessed using an in vitro scratch assay. The influence of the extracts on expression of bFGF and TGF-β was also determined. Results revealed all four extracts to exhibit low free radical scavenging activity. The extract from N. sativa (NSSE) compared to the others showed favourable enhancement of HGF proliferation with EC50 of 22.67 ± 3.06 µg/mL (P < 0.05) with accelerated wound closure activity despite its nonsignificant effect on collagen synthesis. In addition to the elevated level of bFGF by up to 15% at 100 µg/mL of NSSE, a slightly better effect was observed on the expression of TGF-β. NSSE thus showed that promising wound healing properties and data obtained may contribute towards validation of its traditional use for the healing of oral wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mas Rizal Ab Rahman
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fathilah Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marina Mohd Bakri
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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25
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Upadhyay A, Chattopadhyay P, Goyary D, Mazumder PM, Veer V. Euphorbia hirta accelerates fibroblast proliferation and Smad-mediated collagen production in rat excision wound. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S534-42. [PMID: 25298671 PMCID: PMC4189269 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a traditional herbal medicine used for treatment of various diseases. Objective: E. hirta was investigated for in vitro/in vivo wound healing activity using human dermal fibroblast cell line and Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water successive extracts of E. hirta leaves were evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial and fibroblast proliferation activities. Among different extracts, the promising methanol extract was screened for wound healing activity in Wistar rats, using gentamicin sulfate (0.01% w/w) as a reference. Wound contraction, hydroxyproline content and the protein expression of COL3A1, bFGF, Smad-2,-3,-4 and -7 were measured. Results: The E. hirta methanol extract showed a potent antimicrobial (MIC 0.250 mg/ml against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, both), antioxidant activities (IC50 = 10.57 μg/ml, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; 850.23 μg/ml, superoxide-anion radical scavenging activity and 23.63 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram extract) with significant fibroblast proliferating activity (112% at 12.5 μg/ml) as compared to other extracts. In vivo study also supported the wound healing potential of methanol extract, as evidenced by faster wound contraction, higher hydroxyproline (4.240 mg/100 mg tissue) and improved histopathology of granulation tissue as compared to control groups and gentamicin sulfate-treated ones. Western blot also revealed a significantly altered expression of Smad-mediated proteins resulting in collagen production. Conclusion: The study suggested that E. hirta accelerates the wound healing by augmenting the fibroblast proliferation and Smad-mediated collagen production in wound tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadesh Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Papiya M Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Upadhyay A, Chattopadhyay P, Goyary D, Mazumder PM, Veer V. In vitro fibroblast growth stimulatory and in vivo wound healing activity of Cleome viscosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-014-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Upadhyay A, Chattopadhyay P, Goyary D, Mitra Mazumder P, Veer V. Ixora coccinea Enhances Cutaneous Wound Healing by Upregulating the Expression of Collagen and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 2014:751824. [PMID: 24624303 PMCID: PMC3928818 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae) has been documented for traditional use in hypertension, menstrual irregularities, sprain, chronic ulcer, and skin diseases. In the present study, I. coccinea was subjected to in vitro and in vivo wound healing investigation. Methods. Petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water sequential I. coccinea leaves extracts were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and fibroblast proliferation activities. The promising I. coccinea methanol extract (IxME) was screened for in vivo wound healing activity in Wistar rat using circular excision model. Wound contraction measurement, hydroxyproline quantification, and western blot for collagen type III (COL3A1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and Smad-2, -3, -4, and -7 was performed with 7-day postoperative wound granulation tissue. Gentamicin sulfate (0.01% w/w) hydrogel was used as reference standard. Results. IxME showed the potent antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, with significant fibroblast proliferation inducing activity, as compared to all other extracts. In vivo study confirmed the wound healing accelerating potential of IxME, as evidenced by faster wound contraction, higher hydroxyproline content, and improved histopathology of granulation tissue. Western blot analysis revealed that the topical application of I. coccinea methanol extract stimulates the fibroblast growth factor and Smad mediated collagen production in wound tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadesh Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Papiya Mitra Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
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Bridelia ferruginea Produces Antineuroinflammatory Activity through Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-kappa B and p38 MAPK Signalling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:546873. [PMID: 23320030 PMCID: PMC3536297 DOI: 10.1155/2012/546873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bridelia ferruginea is commonly used in traditional African medicine (TAM) for treating various inflammatory conditions. Extracts from the plant have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory property in a number of in vivo models. In this study the influence of B. ferruginea (BFE) on the production of PGE2, nitrite, and proinflammatory cytokines from LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia was investigated. The effects of BFE on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expressions were evaluated in LPS-activated rat primary microglia. The roles of NF-κB and MAPK signalling in the actions of BFE were also investigated. BFE (25–200 μg) inhibited the production of PGE2, nitrite, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as COX-2 and iNOS protein expressions in LPS-activated microglial cells. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of BFE revealed interference with nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 through mechanisms involving inhibition of IκB degradation. BFE prevented phosphorylation of p38, but not p42/44 or JNK MAPK. It is suggested that Bridelia ferruginea produces anti-inflammatory action through mechanisms involving p38 MAPK and NF-κB signalling.
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Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Tchibozo MAD, Anani K, Ouattara L, Simpore J, de Souza C. Screening Togolese medicinal plants for few pharmacological properties. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:116-22. [PMID: 22518084 PMCID: PMC3326758 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.94737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Terminalia macroptera Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae), Sida alba L. (Malvaceae), Prosopis africana Guill et Perr. Taub. (Mimosaceae), Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), and Vetiveria nigritana Stapf. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used in Togolese folk medicine to treat several diseases including microbial infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic properties of the crude extracts of the above-mentioned plants. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were assayed using the NCCLS microdilution method and the DPPH free radical scavenging, respectively. Human A+ red blood cells were used to perform the hemolytic assay. Phenolics were further quantified in the extracts using spectrophotometric methods. Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 230-1800 μg/ml were recorded in the NCCLS broth microdilution for both bacterial and fungal strains with methanol extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay yielded interesting antioxidant activities of the extracts of P. africana and T. macroptera (IC50 values of 0.003 ± 0.00 μg/ml and 0.05 ± 0.03 μg/ml, respectively). These activities were positively correlated with the total phenolic contents and negatively correlated with the proanthocyanidin content of the extracts. The hemolytic assay revealed that great hemolysis occurred with the methanol extracts of T. macroptera, S. longepedunculata, and B. ferruginea. Conclusion: These results support in part the use of the selected plants in the treatment of microbial infections. In addition, the plant showed an interesting antioxidant activity that could be useful in the management of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice D Karou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
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Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Formation by Traditional Thai Herbal Recipes Used for Wound Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:159797. [PMID: 22919409 PMCID: PMC3420317 DOI: 10.1155/2012/159797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of biofilm is a key mechanism involved in Staphylococcus epidermidis virulence during device-associated infections. We aimed to investigate antibiofilm formation and mature biofilm eradication ability of ethanol and water extracts of Thai traditional herbal recipes including THR-SK004, THR-SK010, and THR-SK011 against S. epidermidis. A biofilm forming reference strain, S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 was employed as a model for searching anti-biofilm agents by MTT reduction assay. The results revealed that the ethanol extract of THR-SK004 (THR-SK004E) could inhibit the formation of S. epidermidis biofilm on polystyrene surfaces. Furthermore, treatments with the extract efficiently inhibit the biofilm formation of the pathogen on glass surfaces determined by scanning electron microscopy and crystal violet staining. In addition, THR-SK010 ethanol extract (THR-SK010E; 0.63–5 μg/mL) could decrease 30 to 40% of the biofilm development. Almost 90% of a 7-day-old staphylococcal biofilm was destroyed after treatment with THR-SK004E (250 and 500 μg/mL) and THR-SK010E (10 and 20 μg/mL) for 24 h. Therefore, our results clearly demonstrated THR-SK004E could prevent the staphylococcal biofilm development, whereas both THR-SK004E and THR-SK010E possessed remarkable eradication ability on the mature staphylococcal biofilm.
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Süntar I, Akkol EK, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Wound healing and antioxidant properties: do they coexist in plants? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2012.2.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nenaah EG, Ahmed ME. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts and Latex of Calotropis procera (Ait.) and Synergistic Effect with Reference Antimicrobials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.706.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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