1
|
Wang Q, Yang Z, Guo L, Li Z, Liu Y, Feng S, Wang Y. Chemical composition, pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies of GuHong injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1261326. [PMID: 37745083 PMCID: PMC10512552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1261326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
GuHong injection is composed of safflower and N-acetyl-L-glutamine. It is widely used in clinical for cerebrovascular diseases, such as ischemic stroke and related diseases. The objective of this review is to comprehensively summarize the most recent information related to GuHong in the treatment of stroke, including chemical composition, clinical studies, potential pharmacological mechanisms and pharmacokinetics. Additionally, it examines possible scientific gaps in current study and aims to provide a reliable reference for future GuHong studies. The systematic review reveals that the chemical composition of safflower in GuHong is more than 300 chemical components in five categories. GuHong injection is primarily used in clinical applications for acute ischemic stroke and related diseases. Pharmacological investigations have indicated that GuHong acts in the early and recovery stages of ischemic stroke by anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-coagulation, neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic mechanisms simultaneously. Pharmacokinetic studies found that the main exposed substances in rat plasma after GuHong administration are hydroxysafflor yellow A and N-acetyl-L-glutamine, and N-acetyl-L-glutamine could exert its pharmacological effect across the blood-brain barrier. As a combination of Chinese herb and chemical drug, GuHong injection has great value in drug research and clinical treatment, especially for ischemic stroke disease. This article represents a comprehensive and systematic review of existing studies on GuHong injection, including chemical composition, pharmacological mechanism, and pharmacokinetics, which provides reference significance for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke with GuHong, as well as provides guidance for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liuli Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangxi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoling Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Tianjin Beichen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu L, Jin Z, Li M, Liu H, Tao J, Xu C, Wang L, Zhang Q. Protective potential of hydroxysafflor yellow A in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury: An overview of evidence from experimental studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1063035. [PMID: 36588739 PMCID: PMC9797593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1063035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, mostly caused by thromboembolic or thrombotic arterial occlusions, is a primary leading cause of death worldwide with high morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, no specific medicine is available for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury due to its limitation of therapeutic window. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, a natural product extracted from Carthamus tinctorius, has been extensively investigated on its pharmacological properties in cerebrovascular diseases. However, review focusing on the beneficial role of HSYA against cerebral I/R injury is still lacking. In this paper, we reviewed the neuroprotective effect of HSYA in preclinical studies and the underlying mechanisms involved, as well as clinical data that support the pharmacological activities. Additionally, the sources, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, safety and limitations of HSYA were also reviewed. As a result, HSYA possesses a wide range of beneficial effects against cerebral I/R injury, and its action mechanisms include anti-excitotoxicity, anti-oxidant stress, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, attenuating BBB leakage and regulating autophagy. Collectively, HSYA might be applied as one of the promising alternatives in ischemic stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Department of Integration, Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Lu Yu, ; Qiujuan Zhang, ; Liwei Wang,
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital Baoshan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mincheng Li
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Department of Integration, Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jinshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Department of Integration, Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Department of Integration, Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Lu Yu, ; Qiujuan Zhang, ; Liwei Wang,
| | - Qiujuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Lu Yu, ; Qiujuan Zhang, ; Liwei Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou H, Chen T, Xu Z, Yu Z, Wang C, Liu R, Peng B, Yang W, Li F, Che X, Li B, Wang Y, Song L, Gao Y, Ye Z, Zhang G. Study and exploration of the pharmacokinetics of traditional Tibetan medicine Ruyi Zhenbao tablets after single and long-term administration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948693. [PMID: 36249816 PMCID: PMC9559938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan medicine is one of the oldest traditional medicine systems in the world. Taking the Ruyi Zhenbao tablet (RYZB) as an example, which is a widely used classic oral Tibetan medicine, this article discusses the pharmacokinetics of single administration and long-term treatment and analyzed its metabolic properties and tissue distribution in vivo. After single administration, blood samples were collected before administration and at different time points after administration in different groups of rats. In the study of long-term treatment effects, blood samples were collected from the animals in each group on days 1, 15, and 30 and on day 15 after withdrawal. The results showed that after a single administration, the dose change had no significant effect on the T1/2 and Tmax of agarotetrol, isoliquiritigenin, and piperine (p > 0.05). There was a certain correlation between the increase in AUC0-t and the Cmax of agarotetrol, isoliquiritigenin, piperine, and the increase in dosage, with a dose range of 0.225–0.900 g/kg. There were no significant differences in Cmax and AUC0-t of ferulic acid at different doses (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant sex-based difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of these four components in rats. After long-term administration, the distribution agarotetrol in various tissues of rats was kidney > liver > heart > brain; the tissue distribution in low- and medium-dose groups of isoliquiritigenin was liver > kidney > heart > brain, and in the high-dose group, kidney > liver > heart > brain. The tissue distribution of piperine in each dose group was liver > kidney > heart > brain, and that of ferulic acid in each dose group was kidney > liver > heart > brain. Through the establishment of the previously developed methodology, the pharmacokinetic properties of RYZB were analyzed after a single administration and long-term administration. Our findings confirmed this approach for the exploration and establishment of a pharmacokinetic evaluation of Tibetan medicine, to support its guiding role in clinical application, but also to accelerate research into Tibetan medicine theory and medicine and to provide a solid foundation for the translation of Tibetan medicine throughout the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Hou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Yu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Gansu Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Che
- Gansu Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Yantai Saipute Analyzing Service Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Yantai Saipute Analyzing Service Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Ling Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuguang Ye
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Zhang, ; Zuguang Ye,
| | - Guangping Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Zhang, ; Zuguang Ye,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Preventive effects of a standardized flavonoid extract of safflower in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rat model. Neuropharmacology 2022; 217:109209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Pharmacological Activities of Safflower Yellow and Its Clinical Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2108557. [PMID: 35795285 PMCID: PMC9252638 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2108557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. Safflower is an annual herb used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. It consists of the dried flowers of the Compositae plant safflower. It is found in the central inland areas of Asia and is widely cultivated throughout the country. Its resistance to cold weather and droughts and its tolerance and adaptability to salts and alkalis are strong. Safflower has the effect of activating blood circulation, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving pain. A natural pigment named safflower yellow (SY) can be extracted from safflower petals. Chemically, SY is a water-soluble flavonoid and the main active ingredient of safflower. The main chemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and clinical applications of SY are reviewed in this paper, thereby providing a reference for the use of safflower in preventing and treating human diseases. Methods. The literature published in recent years was reviewed, and the main chemical components of SY were identified based on chemical formula and structure. The pharmacological properties of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), SYA, SYB, and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) were reviewed. Results. The main chemical constituents of SY included HSYA, SYA, SYB, and AHSYB. These ingredients have a wide range of pharmacological activities. SY has protective effects on the heart, kidneys, liver, nerves, lungs, and brain. Moreover, its effects include, but are not limited to, improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, abirritation, regulating lipids, and treating cancer and diabetic complications. HSYA is widely recognised as an effective ingredient to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Conclusion. SY has a wide range of pharmacological activities, among which improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the most significant.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruyvaran M, Zamani A, Mohamadian A, Zarshenas MM, Eftekhari MH, Pourahmad S, Abarghooei EF, Akbari A, Nimrouzi M. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil could improve abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114590. [PMID: 34487844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) has been widely recommended to treat metabolic disorders in traditional herbal medicine in Persia, China, Korea, Japan, and other East-Asian countries. The anti-hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of this plant have been well documented, but its protective effects against Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) have not been fully illustrated. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of safflower oil on MetS risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 67 patients with MetS were administered either divided 8 g safflower oil or placebo daily for 12 weeks. All patients were advised to follow their previous diets and physical activities. RESULTS Safflower oil resulted in a significant reduction in waist circumference (-2.42 ± 3.24 vs. 0.97 ± 2.53, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (-8.80 ± 9.77 vs. -2.26 ± 8.56, p = 0.021), diastolic blood pressure (-3.53 ± 7.52 vs. -0.70 ± 6.21, p = 0.041), fasting blood sugar (-5.03 ± 10.62 vs. 2.94 ± 7.57, p = 0.003), and insulin resistance (-0.59 ± 1.43 vs. 0.50 ± 1, p = 0.012), but an increase in adiponectin level (0.38 ± 0.99 vs. -0.09 ± 0.81, p = 0.042) in the treatment group in comparison to the placebo group. The results revealed a direct relationship between leptin level and Body Mass Index (BMI) in both groups (p<0.001). In addition, increase in BMI resulted in a non-significant decrease in adiponectin level in both groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding lipid profiles, leptin serum level, serum creatinine concentration, and other outcomes. CONCLUSION Safflower oil without lifestyle modification improved abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance in patients with MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maede Ruyvaran
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Zamani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mohamadian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad M Zarshenas
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Saeedeh Pourahmad
- Department of Biostatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Fallahzadeh Abarghooei
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Majid Nimrouzi
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pharmacological Actions, Molecular Mechanisms, Pharmacokinetic Progressions, and Clinical Applications of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in Antidiabetic Research. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:4560012. [PMID: 34938814 PMCID: PMC8687819 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4560012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a nutraceutical compound derived from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), has been shown as an effective therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Our previous study showed that the effect of HSYA on high-glucose-induced podocyte injury is related to its anti-inflammatory activities via macrophage polarization. Based on the information provided on PubMed, Scopus and Wanfang database, we currently aim to provide an updated overview of the role of HSYA in antidiabetic research from the following points: pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetic progressions, and clinical applications. The pharmacokinetic research of HSYA has laid foundations for the clinical applications of HSYA injection in diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic neuropathy. The application of HSYA as an antidiabetic oral medicament has been investigated based on its recent oral delivery system research. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological research indicated that the antidiabetic activities of HSYA were based mainly on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms via JNK/c-jun pathway, NOX4 pathway, and macrophage differentiation. Further anti-inflammatory exploration related to NF-κB signaling, MAPK pathway, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway might deserve attention in the future. The anti-inflammatory activities of HSYA related to diabetes and diabetic complications will be a highlight in our following research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xue X, Deng Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Liao L, Wang C, Peng C, Li Y. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, a natural compound from Carthamus tinctorius L with good effect of alleviating atherosclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153694. [PMID: 34403879 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease with complex pathogenesis. Its serious consequence is insufficient blood supply to heart and brain, which eventually leads to myocardial ischemia, infarction and stroke. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a single chalcone glycoside compound with a variety of pharmacological effects, which has shown a potential biological activity for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. PURPOSE The main purpose of this review is to comprehensively elucidate the mechanism of HSYA on atherosclerosis and its risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus). METHOD The literatures on HSYA in the treatment of atherosclerosis and its risk factors were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, including in vitro (cell), in vivo (animal) and clinical (human) studies, and summarized reasonably. RESULTS HSYA is a promising natural product for treating atherosclerosis. It can suppress foam cell formation, vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and platelet activation. The mechanisms are achieved by regulating the reverse cholesterol transport process, fatty acid synthesis, oxidative stress, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NLRP3 inflammasome, TNFR1/NF-κB, NO-cGMP, Bax/Bcl-2, MAPKs, CDK/CyclinD and TLR4/Rac1/Akt signaling pathways. Besides, HSYA is devoted to lowering blood lipids, regulating ion channels, reducing vascular inflammation, and protecting pancreatic beta cells, which is conducive to reducing the harm of independent risk factors of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS HSYA exhibits the preventive and therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis and its risk factors in vivo and in vitro, which is relevant to multiple mechanisms. The clinical trials of HSYA need to be further investigated to provide a solid foundation for its clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Mengting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bioactive Substances in Safflower Flowers and Their Applicability in Medicine and Health-Promoting Foods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:6657639. [PMID: 34136564 PMCID: PMC8175185 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6657639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Safflower flowers (Carthamus tinctorius) contain many natural substances with a wide range of economic uses. The most famous dye isolated from flower petals is hydroxysafflor A (HSYA), which has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review is aimed at updating the state of knowledge about their applicability in oncology, pulmonology, cardiology, gynecology, dermatology, gastrology, immunology, and suitability in the treatment of obesity and diabetes and its consequences with information published mainly in 2018-2020. They were also effective in treating obesity and diabetes and its consequences. The issues related to the possibilities of using HSYA in the production of health-promoting food were also analyzed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Anti-Adipogenic Polyacetylene Glycosides from the Florets of Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius). Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010091. [PMID: 33477919 PMCID: PMC7833391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is an annual herb belonging to the Compositae family; it has a history of use as a food colorant, dye, and medicine in oriental countries. LC-MS-UV-based chemical analysis of extract of the florets of C. tinctorius led to the isolation of two new C10-polyacetylene glycosides, (8Z)-decaene-4,6-diyne-1,10-diol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1) and (8S)-deca-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), together with five known analogs (3–7). The structures of the new compounds were determined by using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and HR-MS data, as well as chemical transformations. Of compounds 1–7, compounds 2, 3, and 4 inhibited the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, whereas compounds 1 and 6 promoted adipogenesis. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 also prevented lipid accumulation through the suppression of the expression of lipogenic genes and the increase of the expression of lipolytic genes. Moreover, compounds 3 and 4 activated AMPK, which is known to facilitate lipid metabolism. Our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the use of safflower-derived polyacetylene glycosides as potential therapeutic agents against obesity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang T, Hou J, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Yuan L, Yin X, Chen X, Hu Y. Chinese medicinal plants for the potential management of high-altitude pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hypertension. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:815-827. [PMID: 32883127 PMCID: PMC8641673 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1804407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the abundance of knowledge regarding high-altitude pulmonary edoema (HAPE) and high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), their prevalence continues to be on the rise. Thus, there is an urgent need for newer safe, effective, and relatively economic drug candidates. China is particularly known for the use of medicinal plants. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the medicinal plants used for HAPE and HAPH in the past 30 years, as well as some potential plants. METHODS Publications on HAPE and HAPH from 1990 to 2020 were identified using Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Springer Link, Google Scholar databases, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and CNKI with the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'hypoxia,' 'high altitude pulmonary edema,' 'high altitude pulmonary hypertension,' 'pathophysiology,' 'mechanisms,' 'prevention,' 'treatment,' 'human,' 'clinical,' 'safety,' and 'pharmacokinetics.' RESULTS We found 26 species (from 20 families) out of 5000 plants which are used for HAPE and HAPH prevention or treatment. Rhodiola rosea Linn. (Crassulaceae) is the most widely utilized. The most involved family is Lamiaceae, which contains 5 species. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We mainly reviewed the medicinal plants and mechanisms for the treatment of HAPE and HAPH, and we also assessed related toxicology experiments, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Potential medicinal plants were also identified. Further research is needed to determine the pharmacological effects and active ingredients of these potential medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Faculty of Medical, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Longfu Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- Faculty of Medical, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest, Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Protective Effects of Two Safflower Derived Compounds, Kaempferol and Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, on Hyperglycaemic Stress-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis via Modulating of Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2462039. [PMID: 33102606 PMCID: PMC7569436 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary initiating mechanism in diabetes nephropathy (DN) is hyperglycemia-induced inflammation in which macrophage and podocyte play important roles. The present research is aimed at exploring the effects of kaempferol (Ka) and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on classically activated (M1)/alternatively activated (M2) macrophage polarization and podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycaemic conditions in vitro. Methods (1) RAW264.7 cells were treated with 11.1 mM glucose (NG), 33.3 mM glucose (HG), Ka 4-8 μM, and HSYA 100-200 μM separately. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, mannose receptor (CD206), and arginase- (Arg-) 1 were quantified by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR. The collected supernatants from macrophage were named as (NG) MS, (HG) MS, (Ka) MS, and (HSYA) MS. (2) The podocyte survival rate was assessed by Bromodeoxyuridine assay, while TNF-α and interleukin- (IL-) 1β levels were evaluated by Elisa. Results (1) Compared to the HG group, the Ka and HSYA 100 μM groups decreased iNOS and TNF-α levels and increased Arg-1 and CD206 expressions significantly (protein and mRNA: p < 0.05, respectively). (2) The podocyte survival rate of Ka 8 μM was higher than that of HG, and the rates of (Ka) MS and (HSYA 100 μM) MS were higher than that of (HG) MS significantly (all: p < 0.05). (3) TNF-α and IL-1β levels of Ka and HSYA 100 μM were significantly lower than those of the HG group, and both levels in the (Ka) MS and (HSYA) MS were lower than those in the (HG) MS group significantly (p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion The protective effects of Ka and HSYA on podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycemic stress are related to their modulation on M1/M2 polarization and the lowering effects on TNF-α and IL-1β levels.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hepatoprotective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A in D-galactose-treated aging mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173214. [PMID: 32454116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is an effective chemical component isolated from Chinese herb Carthamus tinctorius L. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of HSYA on D-galactose- (D-gal-) induced aging in mice, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneal injection of D-gal and HSYA for 8 weeks. The body weight gain, spleen and thymus coefficients were determined. Levels of super dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and liver were measured using commercial kits. Pathological changes and the SA-β-Gal activity in liver tissues were detected by hematoxylin and eosin and SA-β-Gal staining. The expression levels of p16, CDK4, CDK6 and phosphorylation levels of Retinoblastoma (Rb) were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. mRNA levels of genes regulated by p16-Rb pathway were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In vivo, HSYA improved the aging changes including body weight, organ index and antioxidant status such as activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and MDA in D-gal treated aging mice. HSYA also dramatically attenuated pathologic changes of aging liver tissues induced by D-gal. Furthermore, HSYA significantly decreased the mRNA and protein level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, followed by increasing CDK4/6 protein expression and decreasing the phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (pRb) which up-regulated the expression of downstream genes CCNE1, CCNA2, P107 and MCM4. Collectively, these data indicated that HSYA could ameliorate aging, especially hepatic replicative senescence resulting from D-gal, the mechanism could be associated with the suppression of p16-Rb pathway.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu MZ, Zhou ZY, Zhou ZY, Lu H, Gao M, Liu LM, Song HQ, Lin AJ, Wu QM, Zhou HF, Li L, Wang X, Cai YF. Effect and Safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke of Blood Stasis Syndrome: A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multiple-Dose, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26:420-427. [PMID: 32361934 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect and safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection (HSYAI) in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and blood stasis syndrome (BSS). METHODS A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, multiple-dose, active-controlled phase II trial was conducted at 9 centers in China from July 2013 to September 2015. Patients with moderate or severe AIS and BSS were randomly assigned to low-, medium-, high-dose HSYAI groups (25, 50 and 70 mg/d HSYAI by intravenous infusion, respectively), and a control group (Dengzhan Xixin Injection (, DZXXI) 30 mL/d by intravenous infusion), for 14 consecutive days. The primary outcome was the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ⩽1 at days 90 after treatment. The secondary outcomes included the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ⩽1, Barthel Index (BI) score ⩾95, and BSS score reduced ⩾30% from baseline at days 14, 30, 60, and 90 after treatment. The safety outcomes included any adverse events during 90 days after treatment. RESULTS Of the 266 patients included in the effectiveness analysis, 66, 67, 65 and 68 cases were in the low-, medium-, and high-dose HSYAI and control groups, respectively. The proportions of patients in the medium- and high-dose HSYAI groups with mRS score ⩽1 at days 90 after treatment were significantly larger than the control group (P<0.05). The incidences of favorable outcomes of NIHSS and BI at days 90 after treatment as well as satisfactory improvement of BSS at days 30 and 60 after treatment in the medium- and high-dose HSYAI groups were all significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). No significant difference was reported among the 4 groups in any specific adverse events (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS HSYAI was safe and well-tolerated at all doses for treating AIS patients with BSS. The medium (50 mg/d) or high dose (75 mg/d) might be the optimal dose for a phase III trial. (Registration No. ChiCTR-2000029608).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Hu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Long-Min Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hai-Qing Song
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - An-Ji Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361001, China
| | - Qing-Ming Wu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Hong-Fei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Youcare Pharmaceutical Group Dingcheng Branch, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hao DC, Xiao PG. Impact of Drug Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics and their Relevance Upon Traditional Medicine-based Cardiovascular Drug Research. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:556-574. [PMID: 31237211 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190618101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The representative cardiovascular herbs, i.e. Panax, Ligusticum, Carthamus, and Pueraria plants, are traditionally and globally used in the prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. Modern phytochemical studies have found many medicinal compounds from these plants, and their unique pharmacological activities are being revealed. However, there are few reviews that systematically summarize the current trends of Drug Metabolism/Pharmacokinetic (DMPK) investigations of cardiovascular herbs. METHODS Here, the latest understanding, as well as the knowledge gaps of the DMPK issues in drug development and clinical usage of cardiovascular herbal compounds, was highlighted. RESULTS The complicated herb-herb interactions of cardiovascular Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb pair/formula significantly impact the PK/pharmacodynamic performance of compounds thereof, which may inspire researchers to develop a novel herbal formula for the optimized outcome of different cardiovascular diseases. While the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADME/T) of some compounds has been deciphered, DMPK studies should be extended to more cardiovascular compounds of different medicinal parts, species (including animals), and formulations, and could be streamlined by versatile omics platforms and computational analyses. CONCLUSION In the context of systems pharmacology, the DMPK knowledge base is expected to translate bench findings to clinical applications, as well as foster cardiovascular drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Cheng Hao
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Pei-Gen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Zhang R, Li Z, Zhou J, Yang T, Yang C, Huang X, Zhang Y, Shi S. Lack of effect of Imrecoxib, an innovative and moderate COX-2 inhibitor, on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15774. [PMID: 31673051 PMCID: PMC6823368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Imrecoxib is a registered treatment for osteoarthritis pain symptoms in China. This study aims to assess the effect of imrecoxib on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin. 12 healthy male volunteers with CYP2C9*3 AA and VKORC1 AA genotypes took a 5 mg dose of warfarin both alone and concomitantly with steady-state imrecoxib. Both warfarin alone and concomitantly with imrecoxib have safey and good tolerance across the trial. Following warfarin and imrecoxib co-administration, neither Cmax, AUC0-t and t1/2 of warfarin enantiomers nor AUC of international normalized ratio (INR) were markedly different from those of warfarin alone. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (warfarin + imrecoxib: warfarin alone) of INR(AUC) was 1 (0.99, 1.01). The GMRs of warfarin AUC0-∞ (90% confidence interval, CIs) for warfarin + imrecoxib: warfarin alone were 1.12 (1.08, 1.16) for R-warfarin and 1.13 (1.07, 1.18) for S- warfarin. The 90% CIs of the GMRs of AUC0-∞, Cmax and INR (AUC) were all within a 0.8–1.25 interval. The combination of warfarin and imrecoxib did not impact the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single-dose warfarin; therefore, when treating a patient with imrecoxib and warfarin, it is not required to adjust the dosage of warfarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhongfang Li
- Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiali Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xixi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shaojun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Clinical Research Organization for Pharmaceutical Products, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Qiao Y, Xu X, Ding X, Li W, Yuan B, Xu H. Simultaneous determination of major components of Huangqi-Honghua extract in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4546. [PMID: 30937924 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of the major components of Huangqi-Honghua extact in rat plasma, including hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), astragaloside IV (ASIV), calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (CAG), calycosin, calycosin-3'-O-glucuronide (C-3'-G) and calycosin-3'-O-sulfate (C-3'-S). After extraction by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and methanol from plasma, the analytes were separated on a Hypersil BDS C18 column by gradient elution with acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium acetate. The detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source switched between negative and positive modes. HSYA was monitored in negative ionization mode from 0 to 4.9 min, and ASIV, CAG, calycosin, C-3'-G and C-3'-S were determined in positive ionization mode from 4.9 to 10 min. The lower limits of quantification of the analytes were 6.25 ng/mL for HSYA, 0.781 ng/mL for CAG and 1.56 ng/mL for ASIV and calycosin. The intra- and inter-assay precision (RSD) values were within 13.43%, and accuracy (RE) ranged from -8.75 to 9.92%. The validated method was then applied to the pharmacokinetic study of HSYA, ASIV, CAG, calycosin, C-3'-G and C-3'-S in rat after an oral administration of Huangqi-Honghua extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Ding
- Drug Research and Development Center, Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College, Weihai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen S, Sun M, Zhao X, Yang Z, Liu W, Cao J, Qiao Y, Luo X, Wen A. Neuroprotection of hydroxysafflor yellow A in experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via metabolic inhibition of phenylalanine and mitochondrial biogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3009-3020. [PMID: 30816517 PMCID: PMC6423596 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most frequent cause of mortality, resulting in a huge societal burden worldwide. Timely reperfusion is the most effective therapy; however, it is difficult to prevent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In traditional Chinese medicine, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease and as a protective therapy against I/R injury. Evidence has demonstrated that HSYA could reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and suppress cellular apoptosis; however, whether HSYA alters the metabolic profile as its underlying mechanism for neuroprotection remains unknown. In the present study, using a metabolomic screening, phenylalanine was identified to significantly increase in an experimental model of mouse cerebral I/R injury. Notably, western blotting and qPCR analysis were conducted to test the expression level of apoptosis-associated factors, and HSYA was identified to be able to protect neuronal cells by reducing phenylalanine level associated with I/R injury. Additionally, these findings were confirmed in primary mouse neurons and PC12 cells exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) stress. Of note, HSYA was observed to regulate the mRNA expression of key metabolic enzymes, phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, which are responsible for phenylalanine metabolism. Furthermore, by performing mitochondrial labeling and JC-1 fluorescence assay, HSYA was identified to promote mitochondrial function and biogenesis suppressed by OGD/R. The findings of the present study demonstrated that I/R injury could increase the levels of phenylalanine, and HSYA may inhibit phenylalanine synthesis to enhance mitochondrial function and biogenesis for neuroprotection. The present study proposed a novel metabolite biomarker for cerebral I/R injury and the evaluated the efficacy of HSYA as a potential therapeutic treatment I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suning Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Mao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for DNA Typing, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhifu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jinyi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu L, Wan HF, Li C, Yang JH, Zhou HF, Wan HT, He Y. Pharmacokinetics of Active Components From Guhong Injection in Normal and Pathological Rat Models of Cerebral Ischemia: A Comparative Study. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:493. [PMID: 29867497 PMCID: PMC5962683 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Guhong Injection (GHI) is usually administered for the treatment of stroke in clinics. Aceglutamide and hydroxyl safflower yellow A (HSYA) are its key ingredients for brain protective effect. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of aceglutamide and HSYA under pathological and normal conditions, the pharmacokinetic parameters and characteristics of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and normal rats given the same dosage of GHI were studied compared. Methods: 12 SD rats were divided into two groups, namely, MCAO and normal groups. Both groups were treated with GHI in the same dosage. Plasma samples were collected from the jaw vein at different time points and subsequently tested by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: After administration of GHI, both aceglutamide and HSYA were immediately detected in the plasma. Ninety percent of aceglutamide and HSYA was eliminated within 3 h. For aceglutamide, statistically significant differences in the parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞), AUMC(0-t), AUMC(0-∞), Cmax (P < 0.01), and Vz (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the MCAO group, in the normal group, the values of AUC(0-t), AUMC(0-t), VRT(0-t), and Cmax (P < 0.01) for HSYA were significantly higher, whereas the value of MRT(0-t) was significantly lower in the normal group. Conclusions: The in vivo trials based on the different models showed that, the pharmacokinetic behaviors and parameters of aceglutamide and HSYA in GHI were completely different. These results suggest that the pathological damage of ischemia-reperfusion has a significant impact on the pharmacokinetic traits of aceglutamide and HSYA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Fang Wan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Hong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang QL, Wang W, Jiang Y, A-tuya, Dongmei, Li LL, Lu ZJ, Chang H, Zhang TZ. GRGM-13 comprising 13 plant and animal products, inhibited oxidative stress induced apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting P2RX7/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
21
|
Wu L, Tang Y, Shan C, Chai C, Zhou Z, Shi X, Ding N, Wang J, Lin L, Tan R. A comprehensive in vitro and in vivo metabolism study of hydroxysafflor yellow A. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:99-108. [PMID: 29076598 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the most important marker component in Carthamus tinctorius L., hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) was widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, due to its effect of improving blood supply, suppressing oxidative stress, and protecting against ischemia/reperfusion. In this paper, both an in vitro microsomal incubation and an in vivo animal experiment were conducted, along with an LC-Q-TOF/MS instrument and a 3-step protocol, to further explore the metabolism of HSYA. As a result, a total of 10 metabolites were searched and tentatively identified in plasma, urine, and feces after intravenous administration of HSYA to male rats, although no obvious biotransformation was found in the simulated rat liver microsomal system. The metabolites detected involving both phase I and phase II metabolism including dehydration, deglycosylation, methylation, and glucuronic acid conjugation. A few of the metabolites underwent more than one-step metabolic reactions, and some have not been reported before. The study would contribute to a further understanding of the metabolism of HSYA and provide scientific evidence for its pharmacodynamic mechanism research and clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenxiao Shan
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuan Chai
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Xuqin Shi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liping Lin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cheng BF, Gao YX, Lian JJ, Guo DD, Wang L, Wang M, Yang HJ, Feng ZW. Hydroxysafflor yellow A inhibits IL-1β-induced release of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-1 via suppression of ERK, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling in SW982 human synovial cells. Food Funct 2018; 7:4516-4522. [PMID: 27713966 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), the main active ingredient in medical and edible dual purpose plant safflower, is reported to have multiple bioactivities. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of HSYA and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced SW982 human synovial cells. The cells were pretreated with HSYA at various concentrations (2.5, 10 and 40 μM) followed by IL-1β (10 ng mL-1) stimulation. HSYA significantly inhibited the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in IL-1β-stimulated SW982 cells. HSYA also inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p65 and c-Jun. It also suppressed the degradation of IκBα and blocked p65 translocation into the nucleus. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of HSYA on IL-1β-induced IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-1 release might be mediated via suppression of ERK, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathways. The present data support the potential role of HSYA as an effective therapeutic agent in osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Feng Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Yao-Xin Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Jun-Jiang Lian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Hai-Jie Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang J, Wang P, Gui S, Li Y, Chen R, Zeng R, Zhao P, Wu H, Huang Z, Wu J. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Attenuates the Apoptosis of Peripheral Blood CD4 + T Lymphocytes in a Murine Model of Sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:613. [PMID: 28932195 PMCID: PMC5592278 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is generally considered as a severe condition of inflammation that leads to lymphocyte apoptosis and multiple organ dysfunction. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in infectious diseases. However, the therapeutic effect of HSYA on polymicrobial sepsis remains unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate the therapeutic effects and the mechanisms of action of HSYA on immunosuppression in a murine model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). NIH mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, sham group, CLP group, and CLP+HSYA group. HSYA (120 mg/kg) was intravenously injected into experimental mice at 12 h before CLP, concurrent with CLP and 12 h after CLP. The levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines, the apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and protein expression of cytochrome C (Cytc), Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 were examined. Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha as well as the apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes were increased compared with sham group. These changes were accompanied by increases of pro-apoptotic proteins including Cytc, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 and decreases of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in CD4+ T lymphocytes from mice undergoing CLP. In contrast, we fail to observe significant effect of HSYA on the apoptosis of CD8+ T lymphocytes in CLP-treated group. Of note, HSYA treatment reversed all above changes observed in CD4+ T lymphocytes, and significantly increased the ratio of CD4+:CD8+ T lymphocytes in CLP-treated mice. In conclusion, HSYA was an effective therapeutic agent in ameliorating sepsis-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes probably through its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shenzhen Institute for Drug ControlShenzhen, China
| | - Shuiqing Gui
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Yun Li
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Runhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shenzhen Institute for Drug ControlShenzhen, China
| | - Renqing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Peiyan Zhao
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Hanwei Wu
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Zheyu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shenzhen Institute for Drug ControlShenzhen, China
| | - Jianlong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan R, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Zang B, Jin M. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Suppresses MRC-5 Cell Activation Induced by TGF-β1 by Blocking TGF-β1 Binding to TβRII. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:264. [PMID: 28553231 PMCID: PMC5425600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is an active ingredient of Carthamus tinctorius L.. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HSYA on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced changes in proliferation, migration, differentiation, and extracellular matrix accumulation and degradation in human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), to explore the mechanisms whereby HSYA may alleviate pulmonary fibrosis. MRC-5 cells were incubated with various doses of HSYA and/or the TGF-β receptor type I kinase inhibitor SB431542 and then stimulated with TGF-β1. Cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt assay. Cell migration was detected by wound-healing assay. Protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I α 1 (COL1A1), and fibronectin (FN) were measured by immunofluorescence. Protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2, TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII), and TGF-β type I receptor were detected by western blotting. TβRII knockdown with siRNA interfered with the inhibitory effect of HSYA on α-SMA, COL1A1, and FN expression, and TGF-β1-induced Sma and Mad protein (Smad), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway activation. The antagonistic effect of HSYA on the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-TGF-β1 to MRC-5 cell cytoplasmic receptors was measured by flow cytometry. HSYA significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation and migration. HSYA could antagonize the binding of FITC-TGF-β1 to MRC-5 cell cytoplasmic receptors. Also HSYA inhibited TGF-β1-activated cell expression of α-SMA, COL1A1, and FN and phosphorylation level of Smad2, Smad3, and ERK by targeting TβRII in MRC-5 cells. These findings suggest that TβRII might be the target responsible for the inhibitory effects of HSYA on TGF-β1-induced pathological changes in pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Baoxia Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ablat N, Lv D, Ren R, Xiaokaiti Y, Ma X, Zhao X, Sun Y, Lei H, Xu J, Ma Y, Qi X, Ye M, Xu F, Han H, Pu X. Neuroprotective Effects of a Standardized Flavonoid Extract from Safflower against a Rotenone-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091107. [PMID: 27563865 PMCID: PMC6274364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a major age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra par compacta (SNpc). Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is routinely used to model PD to aid in understanding the mechanisms of neuronal death. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius. L.) has long been used to treat cerebrovascular diseases in China. This plant contains flavonoids, which have been reported to be effective in models of neurodegenerative disease. We previously reported that kaempferol derivatives from safflower could bind DJ-1, a protein associated with PD, and that a flavonoid extract from safflower exhibited neuroprotective effects in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of PD. In this study, a standardized safflower flavonoid extract (SAFE) was isolated from safflower and found to primarily contain flavonoids. The aim of the current study was to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SAFE in rotenone-induced Parkinson rats. The results showed that SAFE treatment increased body weight and improved rearing behavior and grip strength. SAFE (35 or 70 mg/kg/day) treatment reversed the decreased protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter and DJ-1 and increased the levels of dopamine and its metabolite. In contrast, acetylcholine levels were decreased. SAFE treatment also led to partial inhibition of PD-associated changes in extracellular space diffusion parameters. These changes were detected using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracer-based method, which provides novel information regarding neuronal loss and astrocyte activation. Thus, our results indicate that SAFE represents a potential therapeutic herbal treatment for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuramatjan Ablat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Deyong Lv
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing100191, China.
- Department of Radiology, Dongying People's Hospital of Shandong, Dongying 257091, China.
| | - Rutong Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yilixiati Xiaokaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100191, China.
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hui Lei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yingcong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xianrong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hongbin Han
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing100191, China.
- Beijing Key Lab of MRI Device and Technique, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang LL, Tian K, Tang ZH, Chen XJ, Bian ZX, Wang YT, Lu JJ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carthamus tinctorius L. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:197-226. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carthamus tinctorius L. is a multifunctional cash crop. Its flowers and seeds are extensively used in traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, Japan, and other Asian countries, for treating various ailments such as gynecological, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases as well as blood stasis and osteoporosis. More than 100 compounds have been isolated and identified from C. tinctorius. Flavonoids and alkaloids, especially the quinochalcone c-glycoside hydroxysafflor yellow A, N-(p-Coumaroyl)serotonin, and N-feruloylserotonin, are responsible for most of the pharmacological activities of C. tinctorius. In this paper, comprehensive and up-to-date information on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of C. tinctorius is presented. This information will be helpful for further explorations of the therapeutic potential of C. tinctorius and may provide future research opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ke Tian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yue S, Wu L, Wang J, Tang Y, Qu C, Shi X, Zhang P, Ge Y, Cao Y, Pang H, Shan C, Cui X, Qian L, Duan JA. Metabolic profile of anhydrosafflor yellow B in rats by ultra-fast liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1014:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|