1
|
Wei PW, Wang X, Wang C, Chen M, Liu MZ, Liu WX, He YL, Xu GB, Zheng XH, Zhang H, Liu HM, Wang B. Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp petroleum ether extract inhibits methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by modulating ion transport, virulence, and biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:117957. [PMID: 38493904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As reported in the Ancient Chinese Medicinal Books, Ginkgo biloba L. fruit has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment asthma and cough or as a disinfectant. Our previous study demonstrated that G. biloba exocarp extract (GBEE), an extract of a traditional Chinese herb, inhibits the formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. However, GBEE is a crude extract that contains many components, and the underlying mechanisms of purified GBEE fractions extracted with solvents of different polarities are unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the different components in GBEE fractions extracted with solvents of different polarities and their antibacterial effects and mechanisms against MRSA and Staphylococcus haemolyticus biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The components in different fractions were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). Microbroth dilution assays and time growth curves were used to determine the antibacterial effects of the fractions on 15 clinical bacterial isolates. Crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to identify the fractions that affected bacterial biofilm formation. The potential MRSA targets of the GBEE fraction obtained with petroleum ether (PE), denoted GBEE-PE, were screened by transcriptome sequencing, and the gene expression profile was verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS HPLC-HRMS analysis revealed that the four GBEE fractions (extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) contained different ginkgo components, and the antibacterial effects decreased as the polarity of the extraction solvent increased. The antibacterial activity of GBEE-PE was greater than that of the GBEE fraction extracted with ethyl acetate (EA). GBEE-PE improved H. illucens survival and reduced MRSA colonization in model mouse organs. Crystal violet staining and SEM and TEM analyses revealed that GBEE-PE inhibited MRSA and S. haemolyticus biofilm formation. Transcriptional analysis revealed that GBEE-PE inhibits MRSA biofilms by altering ion transport, cell wall metabolism and virulence-related gene expression. In addition, the LO2 cell viability and H. illucens toxicity assay data showed that GBEE-PE at 20 mg/kg was nontoxic. CONCLUSION The GBEE fractions contained different components, and their antibacterial effects decreased with increases in the polarity of the extraction solvent. GBEE-PE limited MRSA growth and biofilm formation by affecting ion transport, cell wall synthesis, and virulence-related pathways. This research provides a more detailed overview of the mechanism by which GBEE-PE inhibits MRSA both in vitro and in vivo and suggests that GBEE-PE is a new prospective antimicrobial with the potential to be used in MRSA therapeutics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wei Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formulation (R&D) Department, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Wen-Xia Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling He
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, 561113, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiao-He Zheng
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, Guizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Xia Y, Wang F, Yang D, Liang Z. Induction of ferroptosis by natural products in non-small cell lung cancer: a comprehensive systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1385565. [PMID: 38751790 PMCID: PMC11094314 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1385565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide that presents a substantial peril to human health. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a main subtype of lung cancer with heightened metastasis and invasion ability. The predominant treatment approaches currently comprise surgical interventions, chemotherapy regimens, and radiotherapeutic procedures. However, it poses significant clinical challenges due to its tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance, resulting in diminished patient survival rates. Therefore, the development of novel treatment strategies for NSCLC is necessary. Ferroptosis was characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage of cells and eventually cell death. An increasing number of studies have found that exploiting the induction of ferroptosis may be a potential therapeutic approach in NSCLC. Recent investigations have underscored the remarkable potential of natural products in the cancer treatment, owing to their potent activity and high safety profiles. Notably, accumulating evidences have shown that targeting ferroptosis through natural compounds as a novel strategy for combating NSCLC holds considerable promise. Nevertheless, the existing literature on comprehensive reviews elucidating the role of natural products inducing the ferroptosis for NSCLC therapy remains relatively sparse. In order to furnish a valuable reference and support for the identification of natural products inducing ferroptosis in anti-NSCLC therapeutics, this article provided a comprehensive review explaining the mechanisms by which natural products selectively target ferroptosis and modulate the pathogenesis of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang FR, Li HL, Hu XW, Fu R, Li XR, Li HJ. Chinese Herbal Compound Xiaoliu Pingyi Recipe Inhibits the Growth of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Regulating the Tumor Vascular Microenvironment. Integr Cancer Ther 2024; 23:15347354241273962. [PMID: 39223822 PMCID: PMC11369880 DOI: 10.1177/15347354241273962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Xiaoliu Pingyi recipe (XLPYR) has been clinically used for several decades, demonstrating favorable therapeutic effects. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-tumor effects of XLPYR and its regulatory role in the vascular microenvironment through in vivo and in vitro experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the in vivo study, a C57BL/6J mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) allografts was established, and various interventions were administered for 14 days (Model group: administered normal saline via oral gavage; Pemetrexed (PEM) group: intraperitoneally injected with a solution of pemetrexed, once every 3d; XLPYR group: administered XLPYR via oral gavage; Combination (COMBI) group: received XLPYR via oral gavage simultaneously with intraperitoneal injection of pemetrexed solution). Tumor volume and weight were then compared among the groups. The impact of XLPYR on the tumor vascular microenvironment was assessed using immunohistochemistry staining. In the in vitro study, XLPYR-containing serum was prepared by oral administration to SD rats. The CCK-8 assay evaluated the effect of the serum on the proliferation of normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells and LUAD A549 cells, determining the optimal intervention concentrations. The cell migration and invasion abilities were evaluated using the wound-healing assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Finally, ELISA assay measured VEGF secretion levels in the LUAD cell supernatant, and RT-qPCR and Western Blot were employed to detect differences in HIF-1α, VEGFA, Ang-2, and PI3K/Akt mRNA and protein expression levels in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS In the in vivo study, XLPYR significantly inhibited the growth of mice LUAD allografts, with enhanced anti-tumor effects observed with prolonged drug intervention. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed reduced MVD and increased pericyte coverage in all intervention groups. Regarding vascular function, FITC-Dextran extravasation in the tumor tissues of the Model group was significantly higher than in the intervention groups, particularly with lower extravasation in the COMBI group compared to the PEM group. In the in vitro study, XLPYR demonstrated a time- and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on LUAD cells, and with greater sensitivity in inhibiting LUAD cells compared to BEAS-2B cells. The wound-healing assay and Transwell assay confirmed that XLPYR significantly suppressed the migration and invasion abilities of LUAD cells. ELISA experiments further revealed a significant decrease in VEGF expression in the supernatant of each intervention group. RT-qPCR and Western Blot results showed consistent findings between the in vivo and in vitro experiments. HIF-1α, VEGFA, and Ang-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly downregulated in the PEM group, XLPYR group, and COMBI group. There were no significant differences in the expression of PI3K and Akt mRNA and total protein, but the expression levels of phosphorylated p-PI3K and p-Akt were notably downregulated. CONCLUSION XLPYR significantly inhibited C57BL/6J mouse LUAD allograft growth and improved the vascular microenvironment, thereby intervening in tumor angiogenesis and inducing vascular normalization. It suppressed LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while reducing VEGF concentration in the cell supernatant. The regulatory mechanism may involve inhibiting PI3K/Akt protein phosphorylation and downregulating angiogenesis-related factors, such as HIF-1α, VEGF, and Ang-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-ran Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-lin Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-wen Hu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Fu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-rong Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-jie Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peri SS, Narayanaa Y K, Hubert TD, Rajaraman R, Arfuso F, Sundaram S, Archana B, Warrier S, Dharmarajan A, Perumalsamy LR. Navigating Tumour Microenvironment and Wnt Signalling Crosstalk: Implications for Advanced Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5847. [PMID: 38136392 PMCID: PMC10741643 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutics face significant challenges due to drug resistance and tumour recurrence. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a crucial contributor and essential hallmark of cancer. It encompasses various components surrounding the tumour, including intercellular elements, immune system cells, the vascular system, stem cells, and extracellular matrices, all of which play critical roles in tumour progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, drug resistance, and relapse. These components interact with multiple signalling pathways, positively or negatively influencing cell growth. Abnormal regulation of the Wnt signalling pathway has been observed in tumorigenesis and contributes to tumour growth. A comprehensive understanding and characterisation of how different cells within the TME communicate through signalling pathways is vital. This review aims to explore the intricate and dynamic interactions, expressions, and alterations of TME components and the Wnt signalling pathway, offering valuable insights into the development of therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Shravani Peri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.P.); (K.N.Y.); (T.D.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Krithicaa Narayanaa Y
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.P.); (K.N.Y.); (T.D.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Therese Deebiga Hubert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.P.); (K.N.Y.); (T.D.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Roshini Rajaraman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.P.); (K.N.Y.); (T.D.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Frank Arfuso
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Sandhya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.); (B.A.)
| | - B. Archana
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.); (B.A.)
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India;
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.P.); (K.N.Y.); (T.D.H.); (R.R.)
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lakshmi R. Perumalsamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India; (S.S.P.); (K.N.Y.); (T.D.H.); (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen X, Gao C, Li H, Liu C, Wang L, Li Y, Liu R, Sun C, Zhuang J. Natural compounds: Wnt pathway inhibitors with therapeutic potential in lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1250893. [PMID: 37841927 PMCID: PMC10568034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1250893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is abnormally activated in most lung cancer tissues and considered to be an accelerator of carcinogenesis and lung cancer progression, which is closely related to increased morbidity rates, malignant progression, and treatment resistance. Although targeting the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway shows significant potential for lung cancer therapy, it still faces challenges owing to its complexity, tumor heterogeneity and wide physiological activity. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the role of the abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in lung cancer progression. Moreover, Wnt inhibitors used in lung cancer clinical trials are expected to break existing therapeutic patterns, although their adverse effects limit the treatment window. This is the first study to summarize the research progress on various compounds, including natural products and derivatives, that target the canonical Wnt pathway in lung cancer to develop safer and more targeted drugs or alternatives. Various natural products have been found to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin in various ways, such as through upstream and downstream intervention pathways, and have shown encouraging preclinical anti-tumor efficacy. Their diversity and low toxicity make them a popular research topic, laying the foundation for further combination therapies and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Shen
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chundi Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Longyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thakral S, Yadav A, Singh V, Kumar M, Kumar P, Narang R, Sudhakar K, Verma A, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Alzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101960. [PMID: 37224884 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called senile dementia, is the most common neurological disorder. Around 50 million people, mostly of advanced age, are suffering from dementia worldwide and this is expected to reach 100-130 million between 2040 and 2050. AD is characterized by impaired glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, which is associated with clinical and pathological symptoms. AD is characterized clinically by loss of cognition and memory impairment and pathologically by senile plaques formed by Amyloid β deposits or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisting of aggregated tau proteins. Amyloid β deposits are responsible for glutamatergic dysfunction that develops NMDA dependent Ca2+ influx into postsynaptic neurons generating slow excitotoxicity process leading to oxidative stress and finally impaired cognition and neuronal loss. Amyloid decreases acetylcholine release, synthesis and neuronal transport. The decreased levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, neuronal loss, tau aggregation, amyloid β plaques, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, bio-metal dyshomeostasis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction are the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. Acetylcholinesterase, NMDA, Glutamate, BACE1, 5HT6, and RAGE (Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products) are receptors targeted in treatment of AD. The FDA approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil, Galantamine and Rivastigmine and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist Memantine provide symptomatic relief. Different therapies such as amyloid β therapies, tau-based therapies, neurotransmitter-based therapies, autophagy-based therapies, multi-target therapeutic strategies, and gene therapy modify the natural course of the disease. Herbal and food intake is also important as preventive strategy and recently focus has also been placed on herbal drugs for treatment. This review focuses on the molecular aspects, pathogenesis and recent studies that signifies the potential of medicinal plants and their extracts or chemical constituents for the treatment of degenerative symptoms related to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Alka Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Narang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Kalvatala Sudhakar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India.
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu F, Chang J, Li J, Li Z, Li Z, Zhang H, Liu Q. Protective effects of oridonin against osteoporosis by regulating immunity and activating the Wnt3a/β-catenin/VEGF pathway in ovariectomized mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110011. [PMID: 36924567 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of oridonin (ORI) on estrogen deprivation-induced osteoporosis in mice and its mechanism. Animal experiments were used in this work to validate the anti-osteoporotic efficacy of ORI. Morphometric analysis was performed by micro-CT. A special protein meter was used to detect the content of immunoglobulin lgM, immunoglobulin lgG, complement C3 and C4 in the serum of mice. The expression of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cell and CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subsets in mice was detected by flow cytometry. ELISA was used to detect the content of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, key signaling molecules in the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that compared with the model group, the contents of calcium and phosphorus in the femurs of mice in the ORI groups were increased, and the spleen coefficient was decreased. The ALP activity in the serum of mice in the high and medium dose ORI groups was decreased, and the uterine coefficient was increased. ORI significantly increased the maximum bending load and the maximum bending stress of the femurs of mice, increased the number of trabeculae, and repaired the bone microstructure. At the same time, ORI could significantly increase the levels of immunoglobulin (lgG and lgM) and complement (C3 and C4), increase the activity of peritoneal macrophages in mice, increase the expression of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and CD4+/CD8+ in the spleen, increase the content of IGF-1, reduce the content of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 and increase the expression levels of VEGF, Wnt3a, p-GSK3β/GSK3β and β-catenin/Lamin in the femoral tissue. These results indicated that ORI might regulate the expression of VEGF through the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway, improve the immunity of mice, maintain the balance of the immune system, and promote angiogenesis, thereby improving the bone mineral density and bone tissue morphology of mice and playing an anti-osteoporotic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiu Yu
- Basic Medical College, Shandong First Medical University & Shangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Jin Chang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366, Taishan Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Jinglei Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taian Disabled Soldiers' Hospital of Shandong Province, No. 123, Taishan Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366, Taishan Road, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366, Taishan Road, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366, Taishan Road, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366, Taishan Road, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang C, Wei PW, Song CR, Wang X, Zhu GF, Yang YX, Xu GB, Hu ZQ, Tang L, Liu HM, Wang B. Evaluation of the antimicrobial function of Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract against clinical bacteria and its effect on Staphylococcus haemolyticus by disrupting biofilms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115602. [PMID: 36030030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruit of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo nuts) has been used for a long time as a critical Chinese medicine material to treat cough and asthma, as well as a disinfectant. Similar records were written in the Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu, pinyin in Chinese) and Sheng Nong's herbal classic (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, pinyin in Chinese). Recent research has shown that Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract (GBEE) has the functions of unblocking blood vessels and improving brain function, as well as antitumour activity and antibacterial activity. GBEE was shown to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm formation as a traditional Chinese herb in our previous report in this journal. AIM OF THE STUD: yThe antibiotic resistance of clinical bacteria has recently become increasingly serious. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract (GBEE) antibacterial lineage, as well as its effect and mechanism on S. haemolyticus biofilms. This study will provide a new perspective on clinical multidrug resistant (MDR) treatment with ethnopharmacology herbs. METHODS The microbroth dilution assay was carried out to measure the antibacterial effect of GBEE on 13 types of clinical bacteria. Bacterial growth curves with or without GBEE treatment were drawn at different time points. The potential targets of GBEE against S. haemolyticus were screened by transcriptome sequencing. The effects of GBEE on bacterial biofilm formation and mature biofilm disruption were determined by crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy. The metabolic activity of bacteria inside the biofilm was assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting and (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2HY-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure the gene expression profile of GBEE on S. haemolyticus biofilm-related factors. RESULTS The results showed that GBEE has bacteriostatic effects on 3 g-positive (G+) and 2 g-negative (G-) bacteria among 13 species of clinical bacteria. The antibacterial effect of GBEE supernatant liquid was stronger than the antibacterial effect of GBEE supernviaould-like liquid. GBEE supernatant liquid inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and E. faecium at shallow concentrations with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2 μg/ml, 4 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively. Genes involved in quorum sensing, two-component systems, folate biosynthesis, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were differentially expressed in GBEE-treated groups compared with controls. Crystal violet, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and MTT assays showed that GBEE suppressed S. haemolyticus biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GBEE supernatant liquid downregulated cidA, cidB and atl, which are involved in cell lysis and extracellular DNA (eDNA) release, as well as downregulated the cbp, ebp and fbp participation in encoding cell-surface binding proteins. CONCLUSIONS GBEE has an excellent antibacterial effect on gram-positive bacteria and also inhibits the growth of gram-negative bacteria, such as A. baumannii (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii) CRABA and S. maltophilia. GBEE inhibits the biofilm formation of S. haemolyticus by altering the regulation and biofilm material-related genes, including the release of eDNA and cell-surface binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R & D, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Peng-Wei Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao-Rong Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Gao-Feng Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R & D, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong-Xin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R & D, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zu-Quan Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R & D, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou J, Qian M, Li C, Zhou W, Yao L, Chen Y, Abliz Z. Metabolomics and integrated network pharmacology analysis reveal that ginkgolides act as potential active anticancer components by regulating one-carbon metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115609. [PMID: 35952968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. is a rare tree species unique to China. Ginkgo biloba is a traditional Chinese medicinal with a long history, acting on the heart and lung meridians, and has been reported to have a significant effect on non-small cell lung cancer. However, the mechanism underlying this metabolic effect is poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify the active components of Ginkgo biloba extract that may have effects on non-small cell lung cancer and their mechanisms of metabolic regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, LC-MS/MS was used to investigate the chemical constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract. Network pharmacology was used to identify the active components potentially valuable in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Antitumor activity was evaluated using CCK-8 and apoptosis assays. The mechanisms of metabolic regulation by the active components were further explored using untargeted metabolomics, targeted metabolomics, and western blot experiments. RESULTS Network pharmacology and component analysis of Ginkgo biloba extract identified four ginkgolides that significantly affect non-small cell lung cancer. Their antiproliferative activity in A549 cells was evaluated using CCK-8 and apoptosis assays. The metabolomics results indicated that the ginkgolides had a significant regulatory effect on metabolic pathways related to one-carbon metabolisms, such as purine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the methionine cycle. Further targeted metabolomics analysis on one-carbon metabolism found that the ginkgolides may significantly affect the content of multiple metabolites in A549 cells, including purine, S-adenyl methionine, S-adenylyl homocysteine, and glutathione upregulated, and adenosine, tetrahydrofolate, and 10-Formyl-tetrahydrofolate significantly decreased. Notably, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases (MTHFR) were found to be altered after the treatment of ginkgolides. CONCLUSION This in vitro study indicated that ginkgolides might inhibit the growth of A549 cells by targeting one-carbon metabolism. This study also demonstrated that metabolomics combined with network pharmacology is a powerful tool for identifying traditional Chinese medicines' active components and metabolic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mingmin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Zeper Abliz
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao F, Qin KR, Kang K, Zheng G, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhao D. Ginkgo biloba L. extract prevents steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head by rescuing apoptosis and dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells via the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115476. [PMID: 35724747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. extract (EGb) is one of the world's most extensively used herbal medicines. Due to the diverse pharmacological properties of EGb, it has been used in the treatment of neurological illnesses, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ailments. However, the effect and pharmacological mechanism of EGb on steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head (SINFH) are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY SINFH remains a challenging problem in orthopedics. Previous investigations have shown that EGb has the potential to reduce the occurrence of SINFH. The goal was to determine the effect and mechanism of EGb in preventing SINFH by inhibiting apoptosis and improving vascular endothelial cells (VECs) functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCK-8, nitric oxide (NO) production and flow cytometry were used to determine the cell apoptosis and function. The scratch and angiogenesis tests assessed migration and tube formation. Western blot analysis detected the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins and PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway-related proteins. Apoptosis and angiogenesis were also detected treated with the inhibitors. A mouse model of SINFH was established. Paraffin section was used to determine the necrotic pathology and apoptosis. Vessels in the femoral heads were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS When stimulated by methylprednisolone (MPS), cell viability, NO generation and tube formation were decreased, the apoptotic rate increased. Simultaneously, MPS decreased the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-eNOS. EGb increased the expression levels of these proteins, restrained apoptosis, and restored cell functions. The addition of the inhibitors decreased anti-apoptotic effect and angiogenesis. In addition, when compared to the model mice, there were fewer empty lacunae and normal trabecular arrangement after taking different doses of EGb. The protective effect was also confirmed by the vascular quantitative analysis in vivo. CONCLUSION This study established that EGb increased endothelial cell activity and inhibited apoptosis and function loss induced by MPS, elucidating the effect and molecular mechanism of EGb on early SINFH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electronical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
| | - Guoshuang Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
| | - Weidan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiuzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang H, Shi M, Cao F, Su E. Ginkgo biloba seed exocarp: A waste resource with abundant active substances and other components for potential applications. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Zimmermann-Klemd AM, Reinhardt JK, Winker M, Gründemann C. Phytotherapy in Integrative Oncology-An Update of Promising Treatment Options. Molecules 2022; 27:3209. [PMID: 35630688 PMCID: PMC9143079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern phytotherapy is part of today's conventional evidence-based medicine and the use of phytopharmaceuticals in integrative oncology is becoming increasingly popular. Approximately 40% of users of such phytopharmaceuticals are tumour patients. The present review provides an overview of the most important plants and nature-based compounds used in integrative oncology and illustrates their pharmacological potential in preclinical and clinical settings. A selection of promising anti-tumour plants and ingredients was made on the basis of scientific evidence and therapeutic practical relevance and included Boswellia, gingko, ginseng, ginger, and curcumin. In addition to these nominees, there is a large number of other interesting plants and plant ingredients that can be considered for the treatment of cancer diseases or for the treatment of tumour or tumour therapy-associated symptoms. Side effects and interactions are included in the discussion. However, with the regular and intended use of phytopharmaceuticals, the occurrence of adverse side effects is rather rare. Overall, the use of defined phytopharmaceuticals is recommended in the context of a rational integrative oncology approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Zimmermann-Klemd
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.Z.-K.); (M.W.)
| | - Jakob K. Reinhardt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Moritz Winker
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.Z.-K.); (M.W.)
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.Z.-K.); (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Noor-E-Tabassum, Das R, Lami MS, Chakraborty AJ, Mitra S, Tallei TE, Idroes R, Mohamed AAR, Hossain MJ, Dhama K, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Emran TB. Ginkgo biloba: A Treasure of Functional Phytochemicals with Multimedicinal Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:8288818. [PMID: 35265150 PMCID: PMC8901348 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8288818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species that is thought to provide a variety of health benefits to living organisms and contains plenty of bioactive components, making it a chemically diversified plant. G. biloba has been shown to have a variety of medicinal and pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antidementia, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antilipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antiaging, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective effects and is frequently used to treat neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, such as tardive dyskinesia. Therefore, this review described the therapeutic applications of G. biloba. In addition to describing the therapeutic potential, this review also evaluates the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequences. The capacity of G. biloba components to act as free radical scavengers is critical, and combining its extract with other plant extracts has been shown to synergistically boost antioxidant properties. G. biloba used long-term or at high doses that resulted in some adverse effects. Severe drug interactions have also been reported in both animals and humans when combined with other medications. The available data established from both preclinical and clinical studies confirm the potential of G. biloba plant extract in various diseases. Besides, the safety and efficacy of G. biloba continue to require verification through additional experimentation to guide medicinal use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor-E-Tabassum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mashia Subha Lami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Arka Jyoti Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department, Health Sciences Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li C, Peng C, Jiang Z, Hu H, Lin C, Gao Y, Liu D, Sun B, Wang D. Ginkgo biloba Extract Inhibited Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Stimulating TET2 Expression Through miR-29a in Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:169-178. [PMID: 34962153 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has antitumor and antioxidant properties, which play a role in regulating gene and protein expression. The ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins have the ability to regulate epigenetic modifications. However, the abnormal expression of TET2 protein has also been demonstrated in cancer development. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of GBE administration on TET2 expression in human colorectal cancer (CRC). The Cancer Genome Atlas database suggested that the expression of TET2 was lost in CRC. To investigate the expression profiles of TET2, GBE was used to treat CRC cells. The results showed that GBE could increase the expression of TET2 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). In addition, GBE inhibited cell growth and invasion in SW480 cells. Moreover, to confirm whether TET2 expression affected cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, TET2 was knocked down and a TET2-overexpressing vector was constructed in human CRC cells. The results showed that overexpression of TET2 induced cell proliferation and invasion. Bioinformatic analyses showed that TET2 is a target gene of microRNA-29a (miR-29a). Moreover, reduced expression of miR-29a and increased TET2 expression in CRC cells. GBE was also used to treat a tumor model in nude mice. Compared to the control group, tumor growth was inhibited, and there was increased expression of TET2 in the GBE-treatment group in vivo. In conclusion, these results indicated that GBE inhibited cell proliferation and invasion through TET2 protein expression regulated by miR-29a in the development of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengshun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanni Peng
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haobo Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjian Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Baozhen Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hsieh SL, Li JH, Dong CD, Chen CW, Wu CC. Carnosine suppresses human colorectal cancer cell proliferation by inducing necroptosis and autophagy and reducing angiogenesis. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:44. [PMID: 34976156 PMCID: PMC8674876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is found in beef and fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of carnosine on the cell proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells. After human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells were treated carnosine for 72 or 96 h, the cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, angiogenesis and the expression of related regulatory molecules were detected using MTT assays, fluorescence image analysis and RT-qPCR in this study. Treatment of HCT-116 cells with 5, 10 or 15 mM carnosine for 72 or 96 h significantly decreased cell viability (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of β-catenin and transcription factor 4 (Tcf-4) was significantly reduced by 15–23% and 11–80%, respectively (P<0.05). When HCT-116 cells were treated with 15 mM carnosine, the mRNA levels of 1A/1B-light chain 3 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were significantly increased by 235% and 249%, respectively (P<0.05). The mRNA level of Beclin-1 and autophagy levels were significantly increased by 137–141% in HCT-116 cells treated with 5, 10 or 15 mM carnosine (P<0.05). Carnosine (15 mM) also increased reactive oxygen species levels and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mRNA expression and depleted ATP levels (P<0.05). The angiogenesis-regulating molecules vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α were all significantly decreased by 10 or 15 mM carnosine treatment. These results showed that carnosine could suppress human colorectal cell proliferation by reducing β-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling, inducing autophagy and necroptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. It was demonstrated that carnosine is a potential compound from dietary food for the future clinical treatment and/or prevention of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Huei Li
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jit BP, Pradhan B, Dash R, Bhuyan PP, Behera C, Behera RK, Sharma A, Alcaraz M, Jena M. Phytochemicals: Potential Therapeutic Modulators of Radiation Induced Signaling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010049. [PMID: 35052553 PMCID: PMC8773162 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation results in extensive damage to biological systems. The massive amount of ionizing radiation from nuclear accidents, radiation therapy (RT), space exploration, and the nuclear battlefield leads to damage to biological systems. Radiation injuries, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy, are characterized by genomic instability, apoptosis, necrosis, and oncogenic transformation, mediated by the activation or inhibition of specific signaling pathways. Exposure of tumors or normal cells to different doses of ionizing radiation could lead to the generation of free radical species, which can release signal mediators and lead to harmful effects. Although previous FDA-approved agents effectively mitigate radiation-associated toxicities, their use is limited due to their high cellular toxicities. Preclinical and clinical findings reveal that phytochemicals derived from plants that exhibit potent antioxidant activities efficiently target several signaling pathways. This review examined the prospective roles played by some phytochemicals in altering signal pathways associated with radiation response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bimal Prasad Jit
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768019, India; (B.P.J.); (R.D.); (R.K.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Biswajita Pradhan
- Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, India; (B.P.); (C.B.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Rutumbara Dash
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768019, India; (B.P.J.); (R.D.); (R.K.B.)
| | - Prajna Paramita Bhuyan
- Department of Botany, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada 757003, India;
| | - Chhandashree Behera
- Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, India; (B.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Rajendra Kumar Behera
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768019, India; (B.P.J.); (R.D.); (R.K.B.)
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Miguel Alcaraz
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR)-Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +34-868883601 (M.A.); +91-7978478950 (M.J.)
| | - Mrutyunjay Jena
- Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, India; (B.P.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +34-868883601 (M.A.); +91-7978478950 (M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginkgolic Acids in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma CNE-2Z Cells via Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216575. [PMID: 34770993 PMCID: PMC8588116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. However, the anti-cancer properties of ginkgolic acids (GAS) isolated from G. biloba have not been investigated in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. In this study, GAS exhibited an inhibitory effect on the ATPase activity of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and anti-proliferative activities against four human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 14.91 to 23.81 μg·mL−1. In vivo experiments confirmed that GAS inhibited tumor growth in CNE-2Z cell-xenografted nude mice with low hepatotoxicity. We further demonstrated that GAS suppressed migration and invasion and induced the apoptosis of CNE-2Z cells by inducing the degradation of Hsp90 client proteins (MMP-2, MMP-9, Her-2, c-Raf, Akt, and Bcl-2). Together, GAS are new Hsp90 inhibitors by binding to Hsp90 (hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction). Thus, GAS from G. biloba might represent promising Hsp90 inhibitors for the development of anti-nasopharyngeal carcinoma agents.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Y, Li N, Wang TM, Di L. Natural Products with Activity against Lung Cancer: A Review Focusing on the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910827. [PMID: 34639167 PMCID: PMC8509218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Despite the undeniable progress in lung cancer research made over the past decade, it is still the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and continues to challenge scientists and researchers engaged in searching for therapeutics and drugs. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is recognized as one of the major hallmarks of epithelial cancers, including the majority of lung cancers, and is associated with tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Targeting of the TME has received increasing attention in recent years. Natural products have historically made substantial contributions to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer. In this review, we emphasize the role of the TME and summarize the experimental proof demonstrating the antitumor effects and underlying mechanisms of natural products that target the TME. We also review the effects of natural products used in combination with anticancer agents. Moreover, we highlight nanotechnology and other materials used to enhance the effects of natural products. Overall, our hope is that this review of these natural products will encourage more thoughts and ideas on therapeutic development to benefit lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ning Li
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (L.D.); Tel.: +86-551-6516-1115 (N.L.)
| | | | - Lei Di
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (L.D.); Tel.: +86-551-6516-1115 (N.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang B, Wei PW, Wan S, Yao Y, Song CR, Song PP, Xu GB, Hu ZQ, Zeng Z, Wang C, Liu HM. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts inhibit S. aureus and MRSA by disrupting biofilms and affecting gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113895. [PMID: 33524512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. fruit, also known as Bai Guo, Ya Jiao Zi (in pinyin Chinese), and ginkgo nut (in English), has been used for many years as an important material in Chinese traditional medicine to treat coughs and asthma and as a disinfectant, as described in the Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu, pinyin in Chinese), an old herbal book. Ginkgo nuts are used to treat phlegm-associated asthma, astringent gasp, frequent urination, gonorrhoea and turgidity; consumed raw to reduce phlegm and treat hangovers; and used as a disinfectant and insecticide. A similar record was also found in Sheng Nong's herbal classic (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, pinyin in Chinese). Recent research has shown that Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) can unblock blood vessels and improve brain function and exhibits antitumour and antibacterial activities. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) biofilms and assess its associated molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial effects of GBEE on S. aureus and MRSA were determined using the broth microdilution method. The growth curves of bacteria treated with or without GBEE were generated by measuring the CFU (colony forming unit) of cultures at different time points. The effects of GBEE on bacterial biofilm formation and mature biofilm disruption were determined by crystal violet staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure the effects of GBEE on the gene expression profiles of MRSA biofilm-related factors at 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GBEE on S. aureus and MRSA was 4 μg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 8 μg/ml. Moreover, GBEE (4-12 μg/mL) inhibited S. aureus and MRSA biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, GBEE also destroyed mature biofilms of S. aureus and MRSA at 12 μg/ml. The expression of the MRSA biofilm-associated factor icaA and sarA were downregulated after 6 h of treatment with GBEE, while sigB was downregulated after 12 h. MeanwhileMeanwhile, icaR was upregulated at 12 h. In addition, GBEE also downregulated the virulence gene hld and inhibited the synthesis of staphyloxanthin. CONCLUSIONS GBEE has excellent antibacterial effects against S. aureus and MRSA and inhibits their biofilm-forming ability by altering related gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Peng-Wei Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Wan
- Department of Microbial Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao-Rong Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ping-Ping Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zu-Quan Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui N, Zhang L, Quan M, Xu J. Profile of the main bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activity of different solvent extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp. RSC Adv 2020; 10:45105-45111. [PMID: 35516276 PMCID: PMC9058656 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09490k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to make good use of Ginkgo biloba exocarps as agricultural residues, the present work was conducted aiming to evaluate the main bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activities of different solvent (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, and methanol) Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts. The methanol extracts with the highest content of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. n-Hexane extracts had the lowest total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activities, however, it exhibited moderately high antibacterial activities compared to other extracts. More interestingly, the n-hexane extracts with the highest ginkgolic acid content had the strongest inhibitory ability on HepG2 cell viability, and then ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts. The results showed that bioactive compounds and biological activities of extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp were greatly affected by the extraction solvents. Therefore, the selective extraction from Ginkgo biloba exocarp is very important for processing and comprehensive utilization of Ginkgo biloba exocarp. The extraction solvents had significant effects on total phenolics and flavonoids content in extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Cui
- School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University Linfen 041004 China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University Linfen 041004 China
| | - Meiping Quan
- College of Environment and Life Science, Weinan Normal University Weinan 714000 China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University Linfen 041004 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alternative Options for Skin Cancer Therapy via Regulation of AKT and Related Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186869. [PMID: 32962182 PMCID: PMC7560163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Global environmental pollution has led to human exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to the damaged ozone layer, thereby increasing the incidence and death rate of skin cancer including both melanoma and non-melanoma. Overexpression and activation of V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT, also known as protein kinase B) and related signaling pathways are major factors contributing to many cancers including lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and skin cancer. Although BRAF inhibitors are used to treat melanoma, further options are needed due to treatment resistance and poor efficacy. Depletion of AKT expression and activation, and related signaling cascades by its inhibitors, decreases the growth of skin cancer and metastasis. Here we have focused the effects of AKT and related signaling (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathways by regulators derived from plants and suggest the need for efficient treatment in skin cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cheng C, Shou Q, Lang J, Jin L, Liu X, Tang D, Yang Z, Fu H. Gehua Jiecheng Decoction Inhibits Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice by Improving Tumor Immunosuppression Microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:809. [PMID: 32547401 PMCID: PMC7272686 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gehua Jiecheng Decoction (GHJCD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in the prevention and treatment of precancerous lesion of liver cancer, but its active mechanism has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GHJCD on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice and the mechanism of this effect. We found that GHJCD effectively inhibited the occurrence of liver cancer and reduced the tumor area. The ratio of regulatory cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in HCC microenvironment was down-regulated, whereas that of CD8 T and effective CD8 T cells was up-regulated. In addition, the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in the liver were inhibited, whereas those of the angiogenesis related molecules CD31 and VEGF were decreased. Moreover, WNT1, β-catenin, NF-kB, p-MAPK, p-AKT, and p-SRC content in the liver decreased, whereas APC content increased. These results suggested that GHJCD exerted a good inhibitory effect on liver cancer induced by DEN and thus may have a multi-target effect; GHJCD not only antagonized the immunosuppressive effect of the microenvironment of liver cancer but also exerted strong anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changpei Cheng
- Affiliated First Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.,Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Lang
- Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongxin Tang
- Affiliated First Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Affiliated First Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Huiying Fu
- Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li S, Ren Q. Effects of Arsenic on wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1458-1467. [PMID: 32307979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to systematically evaluate the regulatory effect of arsenic on wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and to provide theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of the relationship between arsenic and cell proliferation. The meta-analysis was carried out using Revman5.2 and Stata13.0 to describe the differences between groups with standard mean difference. We found in normal cells that the levels of wnt3a, β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylated at serine 9 (p-GSK-3β(Ser9)), cyclinD1, proto-oncogene c-myc, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the arsenic intervention group were higher than those in the control group, and the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that for a long time period (>24 h), the level of β-catenin in the arsenic intervention group was higher than that in the control group, and the level of GSK-3β of the same long-time period (>24 h) with low-dose (≤5 μM) intervention was lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). In cancer cells, the levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1, c-myc, and VEGF in the arsenic intervention group were lower than those in the control group, while the level of GSK-3β in the arsenic intervention group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that the levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1, and c-myc in the high-dose (>5 μM) arsenic intervention group were lower than those in the control group, and the levels of β-catenin and cyclinD1 in the high-dose (>5 μM) arsenic intervention group were lower than those in the low-dose (≤5 μM) arsenic intervention group (P < 0.05, respectively). In addition, the regulation of arsenic on β-catenin was dose-dependent in the range of arsenic concentration from 0 to 7.5 μM. This study revealed that arsenic could upregulate wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in normal cells and downregulate it in cancer cells, and its effect was affected by time and dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shugang Li
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qingxin Ren
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Labkovich M, Jacobs EB, Bhargava S, Pasquale LR, Ritch R. Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Ophthalmic and Systemic Disease, With a Focus on Normal-Tension Glaucoma. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:215-225. [PMID: 32282348 PMCID: PMC7299225 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease that results in retinal ganglion cell loss and ultimately loss of vision. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most common known risk factor for retinal ganglion cell damage and visual field loss, and the only modifiable risk factor proven to reduce the development and progression of glaucoma. This has greatly influenced our approach and assessment in terms of diagnosis and treatment. However, as many as ≥50% of patients with progressive vision loss from primary open angle glaucoma without IOP elevation (≤22 mm Hg) have been reported in the United States and Canada; 90% in Japan and 80% in Korea. Extensive research is currently underway to identify the etiology of risk factors for glaucoma other than or in addition to elevated IOP (so-called "normal-tension" glaucoma; NTG) and use this knowledge to expand available treatment options. Currently, Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for glaucoma exclusively target elevated IOP, suggesting the need for additional approaches to treatment options beyond the current scope as the definition of glaucoma changes to encompass cellular and molecular mechanisms. This review focuses on alternative medical approaches, specifically Ginkgo Biloba extract, as a potential treatment option for normal-tension glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Labkovich
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Erica B. Jacobs
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Siddharth Bhargava
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shakeel F, Fang F, Kidwell KM, Marcath LA, Hertz DL. Comparison of eight screening tools to detect interactions between herbal supplements and oncology agents. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2020; 26:1843-1849. [PMID: 32075508 DOI: 10.1177/1078155220905009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cancer are increasingly using herbal supplements, unaware that supplements can interact with oncology treatment. Herb-drug interaction management is critical to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. Several screening tools exist to detect drug-drug interactions, but their performance to detect herb-drug interactions is not known. This study compared the performance of eight drug-drug interaction screening tools to detect herb-drug interaction with anti-cancer agents. METHODS The herb-drug interaction detection performance of four subscription (Micromedex, Lexicomp, PEPID, Facts & Comparisons) and free (Drugs.com, Medscape, WebMD, RxList) drug-drug interaction tools was assessed. Clinical relevance of each herb-drug interaction was determined using Natural Medicine and each drug-drug interaction tool. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Linear regression was used to compare performance between subscription and free tools. RESULTS All tools had poor sensitivity (<0.20) for detecting herb-drug interaction. Lexicomp had the highest positive predictive value (0.98) and best overall performance score (0.54), while Medscape was the best performing free tool (0.52). The worst subscription tools were as good as or better than the best free tools, and as a group subscription tools outperformed free tools on all metrics. Using an average subscription tool would detect one additional herb-drug interaction for every 10 herb-drug interactions screened by a free tool. CONCLUSION Lexicomp is the best available tool for screening herb-drug interaction, and Medscape is the best free alternative; however, the sensitivity and performance for detecting herb-drug interaction was far lower than for drug-drug interactions, and overall quite poor. Further research is needed to improve herb-drug interaction screening performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Shakeel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Lauren A Marcath
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, USA
| | - Daniel L Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Long J, Ji Z, Yuan P, Long T, Liu K, Li J, Cheng L. Nut Consumption and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:565-573. [PMID: 32041895 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between nut intake and risk for multiple cancers. However, current findings are inconsistent and no definite conclusion has been drawn from prospective studies. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between nut consumption and risk of cancer. METHODS Prospective studies reporting associations between nut intake and risk for all types of cancer were identified by searching Web of Science and PubMed databases up to June 2019. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and then pooled across the studies using a random-effect model. A dose-response analysis was modeled by performing restricted cubic splines when data were available. RESULTS Thirty-three studies that included more than 50,000 cancer cases were eligible for the analysis. When comparing the highest with the lowest category of nut intake, high consumption of nuts was significantly associated with decreased risk of overall cancer (RR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.95). The protective effect of nut consumption was especially apparent against cancers from the digestive system (RR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77-0.89). Among different nut classes, significant association was only obtained for intake of tree nuts. We also observed a linear dose-response relationship between nut consumption and cancer: Per 20 g/day increase in nut consumption was related to a 10% (RR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99) decrease in cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrated an inverse association of dietary nut consumption with cancer risk, especially for cancers from the digestive system. IMPACT This study highlights the protective effect of nuts against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peihong Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oyenihi AB, Smith C. Are polyphenol antioxidants at the root of medicinal plant anti-cancer success? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:54-72. [PMID: 30287197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Given the severe side effects associated with most of the conventional cancer medications, as well as the expanding body of evidence indicating secondary toxicity of these drugs, individuals with cancer are increasingly turning to natural alternatives. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry is in search of natural products to treat cancer. An understanding of the specific active components in plant products with which anti-cancer efficacy is achieved is required for this research to move forward. AIM OF THE STUDY To integrate data from cancer-relatestudies on plant-derived products or extracts, to elucidate whether these products may have similar active ingredients and/or mechanisms of action, that can explain their efficacy. This review also includes a discussion of the methodological complexities and important considerations involved in accurate isolation and characterisation of active substances from plant material. CONCLUSIONS From the literature reviewed, most plant products with consistently reported anti-cancer efficacy contains high levels of polyphenols or other potent antioxidants and their mechanisms of action correlate to that reported for isolated antioxidants in the context of cancer. This suggests that natural products may indeed become the panacea against this chronic disease - either as therapeutic medicine strategy or to serve as templates for the design of novel synthetic drugs. The recommendation is made that antioxidant activity of plant actives and especially polyphenols, should be the focus of anti-cancer drug discovery initiatives. Lastly, researchers are advised to exploit current techniques of chemical compound characterisation when investigating polyphenol-rich plants to enable the easy consolidation of research findings from different laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Oyenihi
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - C Smith
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cao CJ, Su Y, Sun J, Wang GY, Jia XQ, Chen HS, Xu AH. Anti-tumor Effect of Ginkgo biloba Exocarp Extracts on B16 Melanoma Bearing Mice Involving P I3K/Akt/HIF-1α/VEGF Signaling Pathways. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:803-811. [PMID: 31531063 PMCID: PMC6706712 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-tumor effect of Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts (GBEE) on B16 melanoma bearing mice and its related molecular mechanisms. The B16-F10 melanoma solid tumor model was established in C57BL/6J mice. The tumor-bearing mice were treated with GBEE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), taking cis-Dichlorodiamineplatinum (Ⅱ) (DDP, 3 mg/kg) as positive control and normal saline (NS) as model control. After 17 days of administration, the transplanted tumors was stripped and weighed, and the inhibition rate was calculated. Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were applied to detect mRNA and protein levels of related factors in B16 transplanted tumor tissues. The results indicated that GBEE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) inhibited the growth of B16 transplanted solid tumor in C57BL/6J mice. Meanwhile, it inhibited the expression of CD34 and reduced microvessel density (MVD) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GBEE dose-dependently down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) proteins were not changed obviously, but the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt were down-regulated. Overall, the inhibitory effect of GBEE on the growth of B16 melanoma transplant tumor in mice is related to inhibiting angiogenesis, and the mechanism involves the regulation of PI3K/Akt/ HIF-lα/VEGF signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-jie Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
- CJ. C. and Y. S. contributed equally to this work
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
- CJ. C. and Y. S. contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China.
| | - Gui-yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
| | - Xiao-qin Jia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China.
| | - Hua-sheng Chen
- Department of Combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China.
| | - Ai-hua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang C, Wang N, Tan HY, Guo W, Li S, Feng Y. Targeting VEGF/VEGFRs Pathway in the Antiangiogenic Treatment of Human Cancers by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Integr Cancer Ther 2018; 17:582-601. [PMID: 29807443 PMCID: PMC6142106 DOI: 10.1177/1534735418775828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bearing in mind the doctrine of tumor angiogenesis hypothesized by Folkman
several decades ago, the fundamental strategy for alleviating numerous cancer
indications may be the strengthening application of notable antiangiogenic
therapies to inhibit metastasis-related tumor growth. Under physiological
conditions, vascular sprouting is a relatively infrequent event unless when
specifically stimulated by pathogenic factors that contribute to the
accumulation of angiogenic activators such as the vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF) family and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Since VEGFs have
been identified as the principal cytokine to initiate angiogenesis in tumor
growth, synthetic VEGF-targeting medicines containing bevacizumab and sorafenib
have been extensively used, but prominent side effects have concomitantly
emerged. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM)–derived agents with distinctive
safety profiles have shown their multitarget curative potential by impairing
angiogenic stimulatory signaling pathways directly or eliciting synergistically
therapeutic effects with anti-angiogenic drugs mainly targeting VEGF-dependent
pathways. This review aims to summarize (a) the up-to-date
understanding of the role of VEGF/VEGFR in correlation with proangiogenic
mechanisms in various tissues and cells; (b) the elaboration of
antitumor angiogenesis mechanisms of 4 representative TCMs, including
Salvia miltiorrhiza, Curcuma longa, ginsenosides, and
Scutellaria baicalensis; and (c)
circumstantial clarification of TCM-driven therapeutic actions of suppressing
tumor angiogenesis by targeting VEGF/VEGFRs pathway in recent years, based on
network pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ning Wang
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wei Guo
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sha Li
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yibin Feng
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Martins N, Chirumbolo S, Goh BH, Smetanina K, Lysiuk R. Brief Challenges on Medicinal Plants: An Eye-Opening Look at Ageing-Related Disorders. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:539-558. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine; Mo i Rana Norway
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Karaj Iran
| | - Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia; Bragança Portugal
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population; Implementation and Clinical Outcomes; Health and Well-Being Cluster; Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Kateryna Smetanina
- Department of Management and Economy of Pharmacy; Postgraduate Faculty; Drug Technology and Pharmacoeconomics; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zuo W, Yan F, Zhang B, Li J, Mei D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:812-826. [PMID: 29344418 PMCID: PMC5758353 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of degenerative disorders in public health has promoted in-depth investigations of the underlying pathogenesis and the development of new treatment drugs. Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves and has been used for thousands of years. In recent decades, both basic and clinical studies have established the effects of EGb. It is widely used in various degenerative diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, macroangiopathy and more. Here, we reviewed several pharmacological mechanisms of EGb, including its antioxidant properties, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and effect on apoptosis. We also described some clinical applications of EGb, such as its effect on neuro and cardiovascular protection, and anticancer properties. The above biological functions of EGb are mainly focused on aging-related disorders, but its effect on other diseases remains unclear. Thus, through this review, we aim to encourage further studies on EGb and discover more potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zuo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ahmed HH, El-Abhar HS, Hassanin EAK, Abdelkader NF, Shalaby MB. Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract offers multiple mechanisms in bridling N-methylnitrosourea – mediated experimental colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:387-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
33
|
Zhao D, Wang C, Zhao Y, Shu B, Jia Y, Liu S, Wang H, Chang J, Dai W, Lu S, Shi Q, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Cyclophosphamide causes osteoporosis in C57BL/6 male mice: suppressive effects of cyclophosphamide on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98163-98183. [PMID: 29228681 PMCID: PMC5716721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical evidence indicated that cyclophosphamide (CPD), one of the chemotherapy drugs, caused severe deteriorations in bones of cancer patients. However, the exact mechanisms by which CPD exerts effects on bone remodeling is not yet fully elucidated. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the role and potential mechanism of CPD in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Here it was found that CPD treatment (100mg/kg/day) for 7 days led to osteoporosis phenotype in male mice. CPD inhibited osteoblastogenesis as shown by decreasing the number and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and reducing the formation and activity of osteoblasts. Moreover, CPD suppressed the osteoclastogenesis mediated by receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) as shown by reducing the maturation and activity of osteoclasts. At the molecular level, CPD exerted inhibitory effect on the expression of components (Cyclin D1, β-catenin, Wnt 1, Wnt10b) of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in MSCs and osteoblasts-specific factors (alkaline phosphatase, Runx2, and osteocalcin). CPD also down-regulated the expression of the components (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasm 1, c-Fos and NF-κB) of RANKL signaling pathway and the factors (matrix metalloproteinase 9, cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphates and carbonic anhydrase II) for osteoclastic activity. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the short-term treatment of CPD induced osteoporosis in mice and the underlying mechanism might be attributed to its marked suppression on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, especially the effect of CPD on bone formation might play a dominant role in its detrimental effects on bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhao
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Central Laboratory of Research, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bing Shu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Youji Jia
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Shufen Liu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongshen Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Junli Chang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Research, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Spine Disease Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nardin T, Piasentier E, Barnaba C, Larcher R. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:423-448. [PMID: 28730714 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbal infusions are consumed worldwide thanks to their "natural" beneficial effects, also due to the presence of alkaloids, although these compounds can have poisonous effects. A method combining online solid-phase purification with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to define the alkaloid profiles of 117 herbs and 7 commercial blends. Forty-one alkaloids were quantified in reference to analytical standards, while the presence of a further 116 was confirmed based on accurate mass, retention time, and fragmentation profile. The targeted study showed that 52% of herbs and 42% of commercial blends contained at least one alkaloid. Pyrrolizidines were the most commonly present (26% of samples), with concentrations generally ranging from the quantification limit to roughly 100 μg kg-1 . Moreover, a homemade infusion was studied, finding on average 45% and 6% lower extraction for pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids, respectively. Nevertheless, the migration of pyrrolizidines was confirmed. The study confirmed the frequent presence, natural or accidental, of alkaloids in commercial infusion herbs, highlighting the urgent need for routine and accurate controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Nardin
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dipartimento di scienze agrarie ed ambientali (DISA), Università di Udine, Udine, (UD), Italy
| | - Chiara Barnaba
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cao C, Han D, Su Y, Ge Y, Chen H, Xu A. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts induces autophagy in Lewis lung cancer cells involving AMPK / mTOR / p70S6k signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1128-1135. [PMID: 28738521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ginkgo biloba L. is called a living fossil plant, and could be used for the treatment of cancer thousands of years ago in China. The extracts prepared from the Ginkgo biloba exocarp (Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts, GBEE) has a significant anti-cancer effect. Autophagy plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer as programmed cell death (PCD) type II. Thus it would be interesting to study the effects and mechanisms of GBEE inducing autophagy in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells. METHODS MTT method was used to detect the inhibitory effect of GBEE on LLC cells. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining method was applied to observe the formation of acidic vacuoles in cells. The ultrastructure of LLC cells was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) to confirm the formation of autophagosomes. Quantify reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA levels of Beclin1 and Atg5. Western Blot was used to detect the protein levels of Beclin1, Atg5, LC3I/II, p-AMPK, AMPK, p-mTOR, mTOR, p-p70S6k and p70S6K in LLC cells. RESULTS GBEE (5-160μg/mL) inhibited the proliferation of LLC cells in vitro with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 161.26μg/mL. The formation and activation of acidic vacuoleswere increased by the action of GBEE (10, 20 and 40μg/mL) on LLC cells. The autophagosomes were also increased. Meanwhile, it up-regulated both the mRNA and protein levels of Beclin1 and Atg5. The ratio of LC3-I/LC3-II protein was down-regulated. In addition, the protein level of p-AMPK was increased, and the p-mTOR and p-p70S6K was decreased. But the AMPK, mTOR and p70S6K proteins were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of GBEE on LLC is associate with inducing autophagy in LLC cells, which may be closely relevant to the regulation of AMPK/mTOR/p70S6k signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huasheng Chen
- Department of Combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yun KL, Wang ZY. Target/signalling pathways of natural plant-derived radioprotective agents from treatment to potential candidates: A reverse thought on anti-tumour drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:1122-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
37
|
Cao C, Su Y, Han D, Gao Y, Zhang M, Chen H, Xu A. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts induces apoptosis in Lewis lung cancer cells involving MAPK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:379-388. [PMID: 28115284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A fruit of Ginkgo biloba L. is known as Ginkgo nuts. It is an edible traditional Chinese medicine, and could be used for the treatment of cancer thousands of years ago in China. The extracts prepared from the exocarp of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts, GBEE) has the effects of anti-cancer, immune promotion, anti-aging and etc. AIM OF STUDY To study the effects of GBEE inducing apoptosis in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells and the role of Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathways in it. MATERIALS AND METHODS The LLC solid tumor model was established in C57BL/6J mice. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into 5 groups. A normal control group without tumor cells was established additionally. There were 10 mice in each group, and they were dosed 24h after inoculation. The GBEE (50, 100, 200mg/kg b.w.) groups were dosed by intragastric gavage (i.g.). The mice in positive control group were intraperitoneal (i.p.) injected with cyclophosphamide (CPA) at a dose of 20mg/kg (b.w.). The model control group and the normal control group were both given normal saline (NS) by i.g.. All the groups were dosed at a volume of 0.1mL/10g (b.w.), once a day for 18d. The day after the last administration, the transplanted tumors was stripped and weighed, and the inhibition rate was calculated. In vitro experiments, MTT method was applied to detect the effects of GBEE on LLC cells and primary cultured mouse lung cells. Annexin V-FITC/PI method was used to detect the apoptosis rate of LLC cells. Rhodamine 123 method was used to detect the Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the levels of Fas mRNA. Western Blot was used to detect the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Cyt C, cleaved Caspase-3 and MAPK proteins in the corresponding parts of LLC cells. RESULTS GBEE (50-200mg/kg) inhibited the growth of LLC transplanted tumors with a dose-effect relationship. GBEE (5-160µg/mL) inhibited the proliferation of LLC cells in vitro with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 162.43µg/mL, while it had no significant inhibitory effects on the primary cultured mouse lung cells. After GBEE (10, 20 and 40µg/mL) acted on the LLC cells, the apoptosis rate was increased and the MTP was decreased. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased in the cells. Meanwhile, it also promoted the translocation of Bax/Bcl-2 in mitochondrial membrane and the release of Cyt C from mitochondria to cytosol. In addition, it up-regulated the cleaved-Caspase-3 protein expression. The mRNA levels of Fas and the protein levels of Fas, FasL and p-p38 in the cells were both increased. The levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1/2 protein were down-regulated but the p38, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS GBEE induces apoptosis in LLC cells via mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway and death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathway, which may be closely relevant to the regulation of MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanqi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Menghua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huasheng Chen
- Department of Combination of traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|