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El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Korma SA, Salem HM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Alkafaas SS, Elsalahaty MI, Elkafas SS, Mosa WFA, Ahmed AE, Mathew BT, Albastaki NA, Alkuwaiti AA, El-Tarabily MK, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA, Ibrahim SA. Garlic bioactive substances and their therapeutic applications for improving human health: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1277074. [PMID: 38915405 PMCID: PMC11194342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1277074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely abundant spice, known for its aroma and pungent flavor. It contains several bioactive compounds and offers a wide range of health benefits to humans, including those pertaining to nutrition, physiology, and medicine. Therefore, garlic is considered as one of the most effective disease-preventive diets. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the sulfur-containing compounds, allicin and ajoene, for their effective anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune-boosting, and cardioprotective properties. As a rich natural source of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, saponins, tannins, linalool, geraniol, phellandrene, β-phellandrene, ajoene, alliin, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine, and β-phellandrene, garlic has many therapeutic applications and may play a role in drug development against various human diseases. In the current review, garlic and its major bioactive components along with their biological function and mechanisms of action for their role in disease prevention and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sameh A. Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heba M. Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Taia A. Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Elsalahaty
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
- Faculty of Control System and Robotics, Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Walid F. A. Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Betty T. Mathew
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor A. Albastaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aysha A. Alkuwaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Synan F. AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A. El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Salam A. Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Food and Nutritional Science Program, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Kuang DD, Li XY, Qian XP, Zhang T, Deng YY, Li QM, Luo JP, Zha XQ. Tea Polysaccharide Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Renal Tubular Ectopic Lipid Deposition via Regulating the Dynamic Balance of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12582-12595. [PMID: 38788215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Renal tubular ectopic lipid deposition (ELD) plays a significant role in the development of chronic kidney disease, posing a great threat to human health. The present work aimed to explore the intervention effect and potential molecular mechanism of a purified tea polysaccharide (TPS3A) on renal tubular ELD. The results demonstrated that TPS3A effectively improved kidney function and slowed the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in high-fat-diet (HFD)-exposed ApoE-/- mice. Additionally, TPS3A notably suppressed lipogenesis and enhanced lipolysis, as shown by the downregulation of lipogenesis markers (SREBP-1 and FAS) and the upregulation of lipolysis markers (HSL and ATGL), thereby reducing renal tubular ELD in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice and palmitic-acid-stimulated HK-2 cells. The AMPK-SIRT1-FoxO1 axis is a core signal pathway in regulating lipid deposition. Consistently, TPS3A significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated-AMPK, SIRT1, and deacetylation of Ac-FoxO1. However, these effects of TPS3A on lipogenesis and lipolysis were abolished by AMPK siRNA, SIRT1 siRNA, and FoxO1 inhibitor, resulting in exacerbated lipid deposition. Taken together, TPS3A shows promise in ameliorating renal tubular ELD by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis through the AMPK-SIRT1-FoxO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Kuang
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Qian
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Deng
- Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Ming Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
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Shojaei-Zarghani S, Najafi N, Fattahi MR, Safarpour AR. Influence of Garlic on the Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Animals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1125-1137. [PMID: 37385425 DOI: 10.1055/a-2112-6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the hepatic sign of metabolic syndrome. Here, we aimed to assess the effects of garlic and its major components on fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid profile levels in animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science was performed. After the screening process and data extraction, the pooled effect sizes were estimated using a random-effect model and stated as standardized mean differences and a 95% confidence interval. Out of 839 reports, 22 articles were included in the present study. The pooled results revealed that garlic and its components significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (standardized mean difference: - 0.77, 95% confidence interval: - 1.42 to - 0.12, I2 : 58.85%), fasting insulin (standardized mean difference: - 1.88, 95% confidence interval: - 3.07 to - 0.69, I2 : 70.42%), serum triglyceride (standardized mean difference: - 1.01, 95% confidence interval: - 1.43 to - 0.59, I2 : 61.41%), cholesterol (standardized mean difference: - 1.00, 95% confidence interval: - 1.39 to - 0.60, I2 : 52.12%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (standardized mean difference: - 0.98, 95% CI: - 1.63 to - 0.32, I2 : 71.58%) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (standardized mean difference: 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.52 to 1.58, I2 : 59.39%) levels. The type of animal, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induction model, kind and duration of intervention, study model, and risk of bias were detected as possible sources of heterogeneity across studies. We conclude that garlic and its major components have a favorable impact on glycemic control and lipid profile in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shojaei-Zarghani
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Najafi
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fattahi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Evaluation of Expression of Cytochrome P450 Aromatase and Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Markers in Testicular Tissue of Obese Rats (Pre)Treated with Garlic Powder. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:4858274. [PMID: 36644444 PMCID: PMC9833927 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4858274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, adolescent obesity is recognized as an epidemic and a cause of reproductive disorders. Decreased testosterone levels occur due to functional defects in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, excessive activity of cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme, and testicular dysfunction in these people. Oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis are also the main mechanisms of testicular damage during obesity. The use of herbal products such as garlic can improve this disorder due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pretreatment and treatment of garlic powder on the expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme and the expression of genes involved in testosterone synthesis, inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis in testicular tissue, and metabolic function of liver tissue in young male obese rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into the controlled and treated groups. Serum levels of lipid, glucose, and insulin as metabolic factors were measured along with the testicular antioxidant and inflammation markers. The expression of Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3 along with NF-κB, SREBP-1c, CPT-1beta, Nrf-2, CD36, FAS, CYP19A1, P450scc, StAR, 17βHSD, PPARα, and aromatase (CYP19, P450arom) was also measured. Testicular histological evaluation and spermatogenic process was also performed. The results showed that oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic factors significantly increased in obese rats. The testicular expression of aromatase, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase 3 increased and Nrf2 expression decreased in obese rats, while (pre) treatment with garlic powder significantly decreased the expression of these genes in obese rats. These results were also confirmed by the findings of the histological evaluation and sperm analysis. It can be concluded that garlic powder could improve reproductive dysfunction in obese rats.
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Ali U, Wabitsch M, Tews D, Colitti M. Effects of allicin on human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome cells in mediating browning phenotype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1141303. [PMID: 36936145 PMCID: PMC10014806 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1141303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major health problem because it is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and some cancers. Strategies to prevent or reduce obesity focus mainly on the possible effects of natural compounds that can induce a phenotype of browning adipocytes capable of releasing energy in the form of heat. Allicin, a bioactive component of garlic with numerous pharmacological functions, is known to stimulate energy metabolism. METHODS In the present study, the effects of allicin on human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) cells were investigated by quantifying the dynamics of lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria, as well as transcriptomic changes after six days of differentiation. RESULTS Allicin significantly promoted the reduction in the surface area and size of LDs, leading to the formation of multilocular adipocytes, which was confirmed by the upregulation of genes related to lipolysis. The increase in the number and decrease in the mean aspect ratio of mitochondria in allicin-treated cells indicate a shift in mitochondrial dynamics toward fission. The structural results are confirmed by transcriptomic analysis showing a significant arrangement of gene expression associated with beige adipocytes, in particular increased expression of T-box transcription factor 1 (TBX1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), and OXPHOS-related genes. The most promising targets are nuclear genes such as retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA), retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRG), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4 (NR1H4), PPARA, and oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). DISCUSSION Transcriptomic data and the network pharmacology-based approach revealed that genes and potential targets of allicin are involved in ligand-activated transcription factor activity, intracellular receptor signalling, regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis, and positive regulation of lipid metabolism. The present study highlights the potential role of allicin in triggering browning in human SGBS cells by affecting the LD dynamics, mitochondrial morphology, and expression of brown marker genes. Understanding the potential targets through which allicin promotes this effect may reveal the underlying signalling pathways and support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Ali
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Tews
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monica Colitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- *Correspondence: Monica Colitti,
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Effect of chlorogenic acid on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells induced by oxidative stress. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Elegbeleye JA, Krishnamoorthy S, Bamidele OP, Adeyanju AA, Adebowale OJ, Agbemavor WSK. Health-promoting foods and food crops of West-Africa origin: The bioactive compounds and immunomodulating potential. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14331. [PMID: 36448596 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The rural communities of the sub-Sahara regions in Africa are rich in diverse indigenous culinary knowledge and foods, food crops, and condiments such as roots/tubers, cereal, legumes/pulses, locust beans, and green leafy vegetables. These food crops are rich in micronutrients and phytochemicals, which have the potentials to address hidden hunger as well as promote health when consumed. Some examples of these are fermented foods such as ogi and plants such as Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Zingiber officinales (garlic), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle), and condiments. Food crops from West Africa contain numerous bioactive substances such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, and monoterpenoid chemicals among others. These bioresources have proven biological and pharmacological activities due to diverse mechanisms of action such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities which made them suitable as candidates for nutraceuticals and pharma foods. This review seeks to explore the different processes such as fermentation applied during food preparation and food crops of West-African origin with health-promoting benefits. The different bioactive compounds present in such food or food crops are discussed extensively as well as the diverse application, especially regarding respiratory diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The plants and herbs summarized here are more easily accessible and affordable by therapists and others having a passion for promising medicinal properties of African-origin plants.The mechanisms and unique metabolic potentials of African food crops discussed in this article will promote their applicability as a template molecule for novel drug discoveries in treatment strategies for emerging diseases. This compilation of antiviral plants will help clinicians and researchers bring new preventive strategies in combating COVID-19 like viral diseases, ultimately saving millions of affected people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Technology Dissemination, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Adeyemi A Adeyanju
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | | | - Wisdom Selorm Kofi Agbemavor
- Radiation Technology Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon Accra, Ghana
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Ettehad-Marvasti F, Ejtahed HS, Siadat SD, Soroush AR, Hoseini-Tavassol Z, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B. Effect of garlic extract on weight loss and gut microbiota composition in obese women: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1007506. [PMID: 36352899 PMCID: PMC9638143 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1007506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective From a nutritional perspective, garlic extract could be a prebiotic product, which is useful for obese subjects, and one of its health-promoting underlying mechanisms is modulating gut microbiota composition. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, the goal was to determine the effect of Allium (garlic extract) on anthropometric indices and gut microbiota composition in obese women following a low-calorie diet. Materials and methods Forty-three obese women were randomly divided into garlic extract (400 mg Allium sativum powder containing 1,100 mcg allicin/tablet) or placebo groups. During the 2 months of the study, each participant took two tablets per day. At the beginning and at the end of the clinical trial, anthropometric measurements were done and blood and fecal samples were collected. We evaluated the gut microbiota composition using quantitative real-time PCR. Results In total, 16 subjects in each group completed the 2-month trial. Allium and placebo groups’ participants had mean ages of 37.8 ± 7.4 and 34.2 ± 6.8 years, respectively (P > 0.05). Baseline body mass index (BMI) was significantly different between groups, subjects in the placebo group had lower BMI compared with the Allium group (P < 0.05). Allium and placebo caused a 1.7% and 2.7% decrease in BMI from the baseline values, respectively (P < 0.01). Fasting insulin level significantly decreased in the both groups (P < 0.01). Level of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) has decreased significantly in the Allium group (P = 0.007). The frequency of Akkermansia had decreasing trend while the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium showed increasing trend in the Allium group. Conclusion In the both groups, a decrease in BMI and other anthropometric indices has been observed. Despite weight loss after following a low-calorie diet and taking Allium, slight changes have been shown in the composition of gut microbiota in obese women. Trial registration This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (code: IRCT090420001825N2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Ettehad-Marvasti
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed,
| | | | - Ahmad-Reza Soroush
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hoseini-Tavassol
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar,
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shojaei-Zarghani S, Fattahi MR, Kazemi A, Safarpour AR. Effects of garlic and its major bioactive components on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Ozma MA, Abbasi A, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hosseini H, Hosseinzadeh N, Sabahi S, Noori SMA, Sepordeh S, Khodadadi E, Lahouty M, Kafil HS. A Critical Review on the Nutritional and Medicinal Profiles of Garlic’s ( Allium sativum L.) Bioactive Compounds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Asghari Ozma
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabahi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sama Sepordeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Material Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas—Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Masoud Lahouty
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sabir U, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Umer I, Niazi ZR, Asjad HMM. Phytochemicals targeting NAFLD through modulating the dual function of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor signaling pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:741-755. [PMID: 35357518 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Literature evidence reveals that natural compounds are potential candidates for ameliorating obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by targeting forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor. FOXO1 has a dual and complex role in regulating both increase and decrease in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and adipose tissues (AT) at different stages of NAFLD. In insulin resistance (IR), it is constitutively expressed, resulting in increased hepatic glucose output and lipid metabolism irregularity. The studies on different phytochemicals indicate that dysregulation of FOXO1 causes disturbance in cellular nutrients homeostasis, and the natural entities have an enduring impact on the mitigation of these abnormalities. The current review communicates and evaluates certain phytochemicals through different search engines, targeting FOXO1 and its downstream cellular pathways to find lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents for treating NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. The findings of this review confirm that polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins are capable of modulating FOXO1 and associated signaling pathways, and they are potential therapeutic agents for NAFLD and related complications. HIGHLIGHTS: • FOXO1 has the potential to be targeted by novel drugs from natural sources for the treatment of NAFLD and obesity. • FOXO1 regulates cellular autophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipogenesis through alternative mechanisms. • Phytochemicals treat NAFLD by acting on FOXO1 or SREBP1c and PPARγ transcription factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Sabir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Umer
- Pharmacy Department, Comsat International University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Verma P, Joshi BC, Bairy PS. A Comprehensive Review on Anti-obesity Potential of Medicinal Plants and their Bioactive Compounds. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083808666220211162540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Obesity is a complex health and global epidemic issue. It is an increasing global health challenge covering significant social and economic costs. Abnormal accumulation of fat in the body may increase the health risks including diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, cardiovascular diseases, stroke and cancer. Synthetic drugs available on the market reported to have several side effects. Therefore, the management of obesity got to involve the traditional use of medicinal plants which helps to search the new therapeutic targets and supports the research and development of anti-obesity drugs.
Objective:
This review aim to update the data and provide a comprehensive report of currently available knowledge of medicinal plants and phyto-chemical constituents reported for their anti-obesity activity.
Methodology:
An electronic search of the periodical databases like Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, Niscair, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, Wiley, SciFinder and Google Scholar with information reported the period 1991-2019, was used to retrieve published data.
Results:
A comprehensive report of the present review manuscript is an attempt to list the medicinal plants with anti-obesity activity. The review focused on plant extracts, isolated chemical compounds with their mechanism of action and their preclinical experimental model, clinical studies for further scientific research.
Conclusion:
This review is the compilation of the medicinal plants and their constituents reported for the managements of obesity. The data will fascinate the researcher to initiate further research that may lead to the drug for the management of obesity and their associated secondary complications. Several herbal plants and their respective lead constituents were also screened by preclinical In-vitro and In-vivo, clinical trials and are effective in the treatment of obesity. Therefore, there is a need to develop and screen large number of plant extracts and this approach can surely be a driving force for the discovery of anti-obesity drugs from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Verma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand (India)
| | - Bhuwan Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, Uttarakhand (India)
| | - Partha Sarathi Bairy
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Clement Town, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand (India)
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13
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Vinayagam R, Eun Lee K, Ambati RR, Gundamaraju R, Fawzy Ramadan M, Gu Kang S. Recent development in black garlic: Nutraceutical applications and health-promoting phytoconstituents. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2012797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
- Stemforce, Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research Deemed to be University, Guntur, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
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14
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Ohmic heating pretreatment accelerates black garlic processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Van Pamel E, Cnops G, Van Droogenbroeck B, Delezie EC, Van Royen G, Vlaemynck GM, Aper J, Muylle H, Bekaert KM, Cooreman K, Robbens J, Delbare D, Roldan-Ruiz I, Crivits M, De Ruyck H, Herman L. Opportunities within the Agri-food System to Encourage a Nutritionally Balanced Diet – Part I. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1719504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Pamel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Gerda Cnops
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Droogenbroeck
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Evelyne C. Delezie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Royen
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Mml Vlaemynck
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Jonas Aper
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Karen Mm Bekaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Kris Cooreman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Johan Robbens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Daan Delbare
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldan-Ruiz
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Maarten Crivits
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Social Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hendrik De Ruyck
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
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16
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Natural Dietary and Medicinal Plants with Anti-Obesity Therapeutics Activities for Treatment and Prevention of Obesity during Lock Down and in Post-COVID-19 Era. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have become global epidemics, especially during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The potential of medicinal plants as a better and safe option in treating obesity and overweight has gained attention in recent years. Obesity and overweight has become a major public health concern, and its incidence rising at an alarming rate. Obesity is one of the major types of metabolic syndrome, resulting in various types of problems such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and excess fat accumulation. The current searching was done by the keywords in main indexing systems including Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, the search engine of Google Scholar, and Institute for Scientific Web of Science. The keywords were traditional medicine, health benefits, pharmaceutical science, pomegranate, punicalin, punicalagin, and ellagitannins. Google Scholar was searched manually for possible missing manuscripts, and there was no language restriction in the search. This review was carried out to highlight the importance of medicinal plants which are common in traditional medicinal sciences of different countries, especially Asia to prevent and treatment of obesity and overweight during the global pandemic and the post-COVID-19 era.
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Ahmed T, Wang CK. Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5028. [PMID: 34443625 PMCID: PMC8401630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is a form of aged garlic obtained from raw garlic (Allium sativum) via Millard reaction under high temperature (60-90 °C) and humidity (70-90%) for a period of time. Several studies reported higher contents of water-soluble antioxidants compounds (S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, organosulfur compounds, polyphenol, volatile compounds, and products of other Millard reactions compared to fresh garlic after the thermal processing. Recent studies have demonstrated that BG and its bioactive compounds possess a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological properties that preserve and show better efficacy in preventing different types of diseases. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, hepatoprotection, hypolipidemia, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, immunomodulation, nephroprotection, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection. Substantial studies have been conducted on BG and its components against different common human diseases in the last few decades. Still, a lot of research is ongoing to find out the therapeutic effects of BG. Thus, in this review, we summarized the pre-clinical and clinical studies of BG and its bioactive compounds on human health along with diverse bioactivity, a related mode of action, and also future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
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18
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Sharifi S, Talebi S, Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Amiri Y, Askari G. The Effect of Garlic ( Allium sativum L) Supplementation on Circulating Adiponectin: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr Res 2021; 10:257-267. [PMID: 34386444 PMCID: PMC8331287 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2021.10.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of garlic on serum adiponectin levels. We searched Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library to databases up to January 2021. RCTs investigating the effects of garlic on serum adiponectin levels in adult participants were included. The change in serum adiponectin levels was estimated using weighted mean differences (WMD) and standard deviations (SD). The random effects model was used to provide a summary of mean estimates and their SDs. Out of 386 records, 6 trials with 8 arms treatment which enrolled 266 subjects were included. Garlic supplementation resulted in a non-significant increase in adiponectin concentrations when compared to placebo, according to the pooled data (WMD, 0.27 Hedges' g; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.07, 0.62; p = 0.124). Greater effects on adiponectin were observed in trials with supplementation dose less than 1.5 gram per day (WMD, 0.71 Hedges' g; 95% CI, -0.01, 1.43; p = 0.600) and in trials with female subset (WMD, 0.62 Hedges' g; 95% CI, -0.96, 2.21; p = 0.441). Garlic boosts adiponectin levels in general. However, due to different target population, various units for reporting adiponectin level and few eligible studies in final analysis, more research is needed to get a firm conclusion about the influence of garlic on adiponectin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Sepide Talebi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6117, Iran
| | - Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-48564, Iran
| | - Yasaman Amiri
- Medical school, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
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Murugan DD, Balan D, Wong PF. Adipogenesis and therapeutic potentials of antiobesogenic phytochemicals: Insights from preclinical studies. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5936-5960. [PMID: 34219306 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in both developed and developing countries in recent years. While lifestyle and diet modifications are the most important management strategies of obesity, these may be insufficient to ensure long-term weight reduction in certain individuals and alternative strategies including pharmacotherapy need to be considered. However, drugs option remains limited due to low efficacy and adverse effects associated with their use. Hence, identification of safe and effective alternative therapeutic agents remains warranted to combat obesity. In recent years, bioactive phytochemicals are considered as valuable sources for the discovery of new pharmacological agents for the treatment of obesity. Adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia increases with obesity and undergo molecular and cellular alterations that can affect systemic metabolism giving rise to metabolic syndrome and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Many phytochemicals have been reported to target adipocytes by inhibiting adipogenesis, inducing lipolysis, suppressing the differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, reducing energy intake, and boosting energy expenditure mainly in vitro and in animal studies. Nevertheless, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals. This review outlines common pathways involved in adipogenesis and phytochemicals targeting effector molecules of these pathways, the challenges faced and the way forward for the development of phytochemicals as antiobesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmani Devi Murugan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharvind Balan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Wu J, Liu Y, Dou Z, Wu T, Liu R, Sui W, Jin Y, Zhang M. Black garlic melanoidins prevent obesity, reduce serum LPS levels and modulate the gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:9585-9598. [PMID: 33151233 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the potential anti-obesity effects of black garlic melanoidins (MLDs) and gut microbiota changes in an animal model, hypothesizing that the effects of oral administration of MLDs can be partially mediated by the modulation of intestinal microbiota via inhibiting the formation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The effects of MLDs in C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity were investigated for 12 weeks with low (50 mg kg-1 day-1), medium (100 mg kg-1 day-1) and high (200 mg kg-1 day-1) doses. The results indicated that oral administration of MLDs markedly reduced high fat diet-induced weight gain and white adipose tissue weights and reversed glucose tolerance, especially at high doses. Besides, MLDs could alleviate dyslipidaemia, significantly suppress hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis and effectively ameliorate lipid metabolism. The plasma LPS reduced significantly and the SCFAs increased in a dose-dependent manner. The MLDs could down-regulate the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and up-regulate the expression of adipose triacylglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissues and livers at mRNA levels. Moreover, after the oral administration of MLDs, the intestinal microbial environment improved in the sense that bacterial diversity and richness increased. Intervention with MLDs modified the gut microbiota in mice with HFD-induced obesity, increasing the number of SCFA-producing bacteria (Bacteroidaceae) and reducing opportunistic pathogens (Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae). An increased abundance of other probiotics including Lactobacillaceae and Akkermansiaceae was also observed. In conclusion, MLDs could improve glucose tolerance, induce the production of SCFAs and inhibit the production of endotoxin LPS, most likely mediated by modulating the gut microbiota. Therefore, it seems that MLDs exhibit anti-obesity effects and might be used as potential agents against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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21
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Nurmawati L, Sulchan M, Fatimah-Muis S, Djagat Purnomo H, Djamiatun K, Ardiaria M, Karlowee V. The effect of single clove Black garlic on the hemostasis status and lipid profile in male Sprague Dawley rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have alteration in hemostasis components. Thus, including excess expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), causing fibrinolysis disorders; the majority of these patients are hypercoagulable state prone to thrombosis. Some evidence suggests that garlic and garlic supplements have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, garlic stimulates fibrinolytic activity and normalizes plasma lipid imbalances. Black garlic is processed garlic that is produced through natural aging at a controlled temperature (70 °C) and high humidity (90%) for several days, without other additives. This study aimed to prove the effect of single clove black garlic (SCBG) (Allium sativum Linn) on PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles of NAFLD rats induced by a high-fat fructose diet (HFFD) containing 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid.The rats were then divided into healthy control group (K1+); NAFLD control group without treatment (K2+); 0.9 mg simvastatin treatment group (K1-); 45 mg metformin treatment group (K2-); SCBG 450 mg per 200g BW (X1); 900 mg per 200 g BW (X2); and 1350 mg per 200 g BW (X3). All treatments were administered for 4 weeks via oral gavage. As a result, significant differences in PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles between groups after the administration (p = 0.001) were noted and also by simvastatin and metformin, respectively. There was a correlation between PAI-1 and lipid profile of SCBG treatment. In conclusion, the administration of SCBG (1350 mg per 200 g BB per day) for 4 weeks had a significant effect on PAI-1 levels, and the lipid profiles in Sprague Dawley rats modeled NAFLD (p = 0.001). SCBG has provided benefits that can be useful in the management of NAFLD but it’s not equivalent to medicine.
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Ahmad B, Friar EP, Vohra MS, Garrett MD, Serpell CJ, Fong IL, Wong EH. Mechanisms of action for the anti-obesogenic activities of phytochemicals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 180:112513. [PMID: 33010536 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly globally and has recently reached pandemic proportions. It is a multifactorial disorder linked to a number of non-communicable diseases such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Over-nutrition and a sedentary lifestyle are considered the most significant causes of obesity; a healthy lifestyle and behavioural interventions are the most powerful ways to achieve successful weight loss, but to maintain this in the long term can prove difficult for many individuals, without medical intervention. Various pharmacological anti-obesogenic drugs have been tested and marketed in the past and have been moderately successful in the management of obesity, but their adverse effects on human health often outweigh the benefits. Natural products from plants, either in the form of crude extracts or purified phytochemicals, have been shown to have anti-obesogenic properties and are generally considered as nontoxic and cost-effective compared to synthetic alternatives. These plant products combat obesity by targeting the various pathways and/or regulatory functions intricately linked to obesity. Their mechanisms of action include inhibition of pancreatic lipase activities, an increase in energy expenditure, appetite regulation, lipolytic effects, and inhibition of white adipose tissue development. In this review, we discuss the distinct anti-obesogenic properties of recently reported plant extracts and specific bioactive compounds, along with their molecular mechanisms of action. This review will provide a common platform for understanding the different causes of obesity and the possible approaches to using plant products in tackling this worldwide health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Emily P Friar
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Michelle D Garrett
- School of Biosciences, Stacey Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Lim Fong
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
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23
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Qiu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Qiao X. Formation, nutritional value, and enhancement of characteristic components in black garlic: A review for maximizing the goodness to humans. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:801-834. [PMID: 33325167 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is essentially a processed food and obtained through the transformation of fresh garlic (FG) (Allium sativum L.) via a range of chemical reactions (including the Maillard reaction) and microbial fermentation. This review provides the up-to-date knowledge of the dynamic and complicated changes in major components during the conversion of FG to BG, including moisture, lipids, carbohydrates (such as sugars), proteins, organic acids, organic sulfur compounds, alkaloids, polyphenols, melanoidins, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and garlic endophytes. The obtained evidence confirms that BG has several advantages over FG in certain product attributes and biological properties (especially antioxidant activity), and the factors affecting the quality of BG include the type and characteristics of FG and processing technologies and methods (especially pretreatments, and processing temperature and humidity). The interactions among garlic components, and between garlic nutrients and microbes, as well as the interplay between pretreatment and main manufacturing process, all determine the sensory and nutritional qualities of BG. Before BG is marketed as a novel snack or functional food, more research is required to fill the knowledge gaps related to quantitative monitoring of the changes in metabolites (especially those taste-active and/or biological-active substances) during BG manufacturing to maximize BG's antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and oxidative stress-/hangover syndrome-reducing functions, and beneficial effects on memory/nervous systems. Assessments of the quality, efficacy, and safety of BG should be performed considering the impacts of BG production conditions, postproduction handling, and intake methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China.,The School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
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24
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Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB. Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Foods 2019. [PMID: 31284512 DOI: 10.3390/foods807024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice in the world. Garlic contains diverse bioactive compounds, such as allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine. Substantial studies have shown that garlic and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and renal protective properties. In this review, the main bioactive compounds and important biological functions of garlic are summarized, highlighting and discussing the relevant mechanisms of actions. Overall, garlic is an excellent natural source of bioactive sulfur-containing compounds and has promising applications in the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Yu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Vuyo Mavumengwana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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25
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Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB. Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Foods 2019; 8:E246. [PMID: 31284512 PMCID: PMC6678835 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice in the world. Garlic contains diverse bioactive compounds, such as allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine. Substantial studies have shown that garlic and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and renal protective properties. In this review, the main bioactive compounds and important biological functions of garlic are summarized, highlighting and discussing the relevant mechanisms of actions. Overall, garlic is an excellent natural source of bioactive sulfur-containing compounds and has promising applications in the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Yu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Vuyo Mavumengwana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Fan L, Xu H, Yang R, Zang Y, Chen J, Qin H. Combination of Capsaicin and Capsiate Induces Browning in 3T3-L1 White Adipocytes via Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ/β 3-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6232-6240. [PMID: 31075194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects and molecular mechanism of a combination of capsaicin and capsiate on promoting lipid metabolism and inducing browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. The combination significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in adipocytes ( p = 0.019) and robustly improved lipid metabolic profiles, including decreased triacylglycerol (0.6703 ± 0.0385 versus 0.2849 ± 0.0188 mmol/g of protein; p < 0.001), total cholesterol (0.1282 ± 0.0241 versus 0.0651 ± 0.0178 mmol/g of protein; p = 0.003), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.0021 ± 0.0017 versus 0.0005 ± 0.0002 mmol/g of protein; p = 0.024) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.0162 ± 0.0141 versus 0.1002 ± 0.0167 mmol/g of protein; p = 0.012). Furthermore, this combination markedly upgraded the protein levels of cluster of differentiation 36 ( p = 0.007) and adipose triglyceride lipase ( p = 0.013) and phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase at Ser660, Ser565, and Ser563 ( p < 0.001, p = 0.027, and p = 0.002, respectively), indicating increases of fatty acid transport and lipolysis. The levels of lipid metabolism regulators, phosphorylation of adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinases α and β ( p = 0.011, and p < 0.001, respectively), sirtuin 1 ( p = 0.004), and vanilloid transient receptor subtype I ( p = 0.014) were also increased by the combination. Moreover, the combination greatly activated the browning program in adipocytes, as demonstrated by increases in beige-specific gene and protein. Further research found that the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; p = 0.001) and β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR; p = 0.026) were elevated by the combination, and most of the beige-specific markers were abolished by pretreatment of antagonists of PPARγ or β3-AR. In conclusion, these results indicated that a combination of capsaicin and capsiate could induce browning in white adipocytes via activation of the PPARγ/β3-AR signaling pathway, and this combination might be worth investigating as a potential cure for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , 110 Xiangya Road , Changsha , Hunan 410078 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , 110 Xiangya Road , Changsha , Hunan 410078 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rengui Yang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yufan Zang
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , 110 Xiangya Road , Changsha , Hunan 410078 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , 110 Xiangya Road , Changsha , Hunan 410078 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Physicochemical changes and sensorial properties during black garlic elaboration: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Eyupoglu OE. Antioxidant Activities, Phenolic Contents and Electronic Nose Analysis of Black Garlic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2019. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.564813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Extracts from Fermented Black Garlic Exhibit a Hepatoprotective Effect on Acute Hepatic Injury. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061112. [PMID: 30897831 PMCID: PMC6471182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of hepatoprotective compounds is usually related to its antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects. Black garlic is produced from garlic by heat treatment and its anti-inflammatory activity has been previously reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of five different extracts of black garlic against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatic injury (AHI). In this study, mice in the control, CCl4, silymarin, and black garlic groups were orally administered distilled water, silymarin, and different fraction extracts of black garlic, respectively, after CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally to induce AHI. The results revealed that the n-butanol layer extract (BA) and water layer extract (WS) demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect by reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the BA and WS fractions of black garlic extract increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the interleukin-1 (IL-1β) level in liver. It was concluded that black garlic exhibited significant protective effects on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury.
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30
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Awan KA, Butt MS, Ul Haq I, Suleria HA. Investigating the Antioxidant Potential of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts Through Different Extraction Modes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407213666171024121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Garlic (Allium sativum) possesses health enhancing abilities due to the presence
various phytoceutics moities. The current research was deigned to explore the phytochemicals and
antioxidant capacity of Pakistani garlic.
Methods:
Garlic extracts were obtained using methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate at different time intervals
(35, 50 and 65 min) followed by their polyphenols and flavonoid content determination. Afterwards,
the antioxidant potential was also determined.
Results:
The outcomes revealed that the methanolic extracts obtained at 50 min extraction time showed
maximum total phenolics as 60.38±0.23 mg GAE/100g and flavonoids as 58.45&#177;1.24 mg/100g. Similarly,
the highest DPPH activity (61.59±1.58%) and &#946;-carotene and linoleic acid potential
(64.96&#177;1.72%) were also observed for methanolic extract.
Conclusion:
Inferences were made that Pakistani garlic contains myriad of phenolics and flavonoids but
the extraction of these components depends upon the solvent/time combination. In this study, methanol
proved to be the ideal solvent for the maximum extraction of phytochemicals from garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanza A. Awan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Masood S. Butt
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iahtisham Ul Haq
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz A.R. Suleria
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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31
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Nakanishi T, Motoba I, Anraku M, Suzuki R, Yamaguchi Y, Erickson L, Eto N, Sugamoto K, Matsushita Y, Kawahara S. Naturally occurring 3RS, 7R, 11R-phytanic acid suppresses in vitro T-cell production of interferon-gamma. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:147. [PMID: 29935534 PMCID: PMC6015457 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the eight stereoisomers of phytanic acid (PA), the 3RS, 7R, 11R-isomer is naturally occurring and is present in foods and the human body. PA is considered to have possible health benefits in the immune system. However, it remains undetermined whether these effects are elicited by the 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA isomer, because previous studies used a commercially available PA whose isomer configuration is unknown. In this study, we synthesized a preparation of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, and investigated its in vitro immunomodulatory effects, especially the T-cell production of interferon (IFN)-γ, which is associated with various autoimmune diseases. This study also investigated the effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity in order to address the mechanism of its immunomodulatory effects. METHODS Mouse splenocytes and purified T-cells were stimulated with T-cell mitogens and incubated with 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, followed by evaluation of IFN-γ production. The effect of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity was also investigated using an A549 cell line with stable expression of an NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter gene. RESULTS 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA significantly reduced in vitro IFN-γ production at both the protein and mRNA levels, and was accompanied by decreased expression of T-bet, a key regulator of Th1 cell differentiation. The results indicated that NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activity was significantly decreased by 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA and that GW6471, an antagonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), abrogated the inhibitory effect of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA is a functional and bioactive fatty acid, and has a potentially beneficial effect for amelioration of T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases. This study also indicates that interference in the NF-κB pathway via PPARα activation is a potential mechanism of the immunomodulatory effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ibuki Motoba
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mayuko Anraku
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Laurie Erickson
- Department of Biology, Harold Washington City College of Chicago, 30 E. Lake St, Chicago, IL, 60601, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Blitstein Institute of Hebrew Theological College, 2606 W. Touhy Ave, Chicago, IL, 60645, USA
| | - Nozomu Eto
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yohichi Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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32
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Chen YA, Tsai JC, Cheng KC, Liu KF, Chang CK, Hsieh CW. Extracts of black garlic exhibits gastrointestinal motility effect. Food Res Int 2018; 107:102-109. [PMID: 29580467 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this studied, extracts of black garlic on the improvement of gastrointestinal function, antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total polysaccharides were evaluated. Results showed that the black garlic n-butanol fraction extract (BA) had significantly increased effect within small intestine in vitro, while the ethyl acetate fractions had no significant effect on small intestine in vitro. Increase of 5-HT4 content effectively stimulated the gastrointestinal peristalsis, which enhanced its gastrointestinal tract emptying, and promoted defecation. As for antioxidant activity test, the water extract was more effective in SOD activity test, DPPH radical scavenging rates, ferric reducing antioxidant power and reducing power. In addition, the water fraction was simulated by gastric acid digestion and hydrolysis, and the small intestine was isolated after acid hydrolysis (AW). It was found that the water fraction extract after acid hydrolysis did significantly improve the intestinal contraction rate. In short, extract of black garlic could effectively promote gastrointestinal motility and promote defecation. The active compounds were highly polar ingredients since water extract of black garlic exhibits most significant effect on improving gastrointestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Keng-Fan Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd, South Dist, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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33
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Ting Y, Chang WT, Shiau DK, Chou PH, Wu MF, Hsu CL. Antiobesity Efficacy of Quercetin-Rich Supplement on Diet-Induced Obese Rats: Effects on Body Composition, Serum Lipid Profile, and Gene Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:70-80. [PMID: 29249156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The antiobesity effects of quercetin-rich supplement (QRS), which contain quercetin, lycopene, taurine, and litchi flower extract, on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were investigated. The rats that consume HFD with QRS (185 mg/kg rat) have significantly modulated the final body weights [490 ± 11 (HFD) → 441 ± 11 (HFD+QRS) g], total body fat [112.9 ± 4.5 (HFD) → 86.6 ± 5.7 (HFD+QRS) g], liver weights [14.8 ± 0.4 (HFD) → 12.6 ± 0.4 (HFD+QRS) g/rat], and the serum TG [102.5 ± 7.3 (HFD) → 90.7 ± 6.5 (HFD+QRS) mg/dL] to a level that resembled the regular diet-consumed rats (p < 0.05). The excretion of lipid in the faeces augmented in QRS groups as compared with the nonsupplemented HFD group [faecal total lipid: 62.43 ± 2.80 (HFD) → 73.15 ± 0.88 (HFD+QRS) mg/g dried faeces, p < 0.05]. In the histological analysis, quercetin-rich formulation supplemented groups presented a much less lipid accumulation and smaller size of adipocytes. Moreover, a decreased serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [1.55 ± 0.17 (HFD) → 0.78 ± 0.04 (HFD+QRS) nmol MDA eq/mL serum] increased levels of serum Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [3.89 ± 0.08 (HFD) → 6.46 ± 0.20 (HFD+QRS) μmol/mL serum], and more active hepatic antioxidant enzymes were observed in the supplemented groups (p < 0.05). The result of this work is a good demonstration of how a combination of bioactive compounds could work synergistically and become very effective in disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Ting
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tang Chang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Kai Shiau
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Systems Management, Feng Chia University , Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Wu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Systems Management, Feng Chia University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
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34
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Lu M, Cao Y, Xiao J, Song M, Ho CT. Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive ingredients in common spices: a review. Food Funct 2018; 9:4569-4581. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the anti-obesity effects of bioactive compounds in common spices in adipocytes, animal models and human participants have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwen Lu
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
- Department of Food Science
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Xiao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
- Department of Food Science
| | - Mingyue Song
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
- Department of Food Science
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
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35
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Ríos-Ríos KL, Vázquez-Barrios ME, Gaytán-Martínez M, Olano A, Montilla A, Villamiel M. 2-Furoylmethyl amino acids as indicators of Maillard reaction during the elaboration of black garlic. Food Chem 2017; 240:1106-1112. [PMID: 28946230 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the formation of 2-furomethyl-amino acids (2-FM-AA) as indicators of Maillard reaction (MR) in black garlic elaboration, followed by the determination of furosine by ion-pair RP-HPLC-UV. The method was assessed for accuracy, repeatability and detection and quantitation limits indicating its adequacy. Traditional procedure of black garlic obtainment and the inclusion of convective drying (CDP) and ohmic heating (OHP) were assayed. For comparison purposes, three commercial black garlic samples were used. Together with furosine (2-FM-lysine), 2-furoylmethyl-γ-aminobutyric acid and 2-FM-arginine were detected. Levels of furosine were higher in CDP (46.6-110.1mg/100g protein) than in OHP (13.7-42.0mg/100g protein) samples, probably due to the most severe processing conditions used in the former. These results highlight the suitability of 2-FM-AA as chemical indicators to monitor the process of black garlic elaboration in order to obtain high quality products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Ríos-Ríos
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - M Estela Vázquez-Barrios
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Marcela Gaytán-Martínez
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Lee HS, Lim WC, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Lee JH, Cho HY. Antiobesity Effect of Garlic Extract Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum BL2 in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. J Med Food 2016; 19:823-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seop Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chul Lim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- R&D Center, Bioland, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yon Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
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37
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Yuan H, Sun L, Chen M, Wang J. The Comparison of the Contents of Sugar, Amadori, and Heyns Compounds in Fresh and Black Garlic. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C1662-8. [PMID: 27300762 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Black garlic is produced through thermal processing and is used as a healthy food throughout the world. Compared with fresh garlic, there are obvious changes in the color, taste, and biological functions of black garlic. To analyze and explain these changes, the contents of water-soluble sugars, fructan, and the key intermediate compounds (Heyns and Amadori) of the Maillard reaction in fresh raw garlic and black garlic were investigated, which were important to control and to evaluate the quality of black garlic. The results showed that the fructan contents in the black garlics were decreased by more than 84.6% compared with the fresh raw garlics, which translated into changes in the fructose and glucose contents. The water-soluble sugar content was drastically increased by values ranging from 187.79% to 790.96%. Therefore, the taste of the black garlic became very sweet. The sucrose content in black garlic was almost equivalent to fresh garlic. The Amadori and Heyns compounds were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode using the different characteristic fragment ions of Heyns and Amadori compounds. The total content of the 3 main Amadori and 3 Heyns compounds in black garlic ranged from 762.53 to 280.56 μg/g, which was 40 to 100-fold higher than the values in fresh raw garlic. This result was significant proof that the Maillard reaction in black garlic mainly utilized fructose and glucose, with some amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yuan
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Linjuan Sun
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, 100083, China
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Nakanishi T, Anraku M, Suzuki R, Kono T, Erickson L, Kawahara S. Novel immunomodulatory effects of phytanic acid and its related substances in mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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Organosulphide profile and hydrogen sulphide-releasing capacity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) scape oil: Effects of pH and cooking. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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40
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Xu C, Qiao X, Zhao Y, Sun R, Shang X, Niu W. Resveratrol ameliorates chronic high altitude exposure-induced oxidative stress and suppresses lipid metabolism alteration in rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Xiangjin Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Department of Agriculture and Medicine; The Open University of China, Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Shang
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; P. R. China
| | - Weining Niu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi; P. R. China
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Chang WT, Wu CH, Hsu CL. Diallyl trisulphide inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through lipogenesis, fatty acid transport, and fatty acid oxidation pathways. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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Memudu AE, Akinrinade ID, Ogundele OM. Retention of testicular integrity and testosterone levels upon ingestion of garlic cloves (Allium sativum) in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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43
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McCarthy R, O'Gara F. The impact of phytochemicals present in the diet on microbial signalling in the human gut. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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44
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Liang D, Wang C, Tocmo R, Wu H, Deng LW, Huang D. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) releasing capacity of essential oils isolated from organosulphur rich fruits and vegetables. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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45
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Ha AW, Ying T, Kim WK. The effects of black garlic (Allium satvium) extracts on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:30-6. [PMID: 25671065 PMCID: PMC4317477 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD/OBEJECTIVES The mechanism of how black garlic effects lipid metabolism remains unsolved. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of black garlic on lipid profiles and the expression of related genes in rats fed a high fat diet. MATERIALS/METHODS Thirty-two male Sqrague-Dawley rats aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into four groups (n=8) and fed the following diets for 5 weeks: normal food diet, (NF); a high-fat diet (HF); and a high-fat diet + 0.5% or 1.5% black garlic extract (HFBG0.5 or HFBG1.5). Body weights and blood biochemical parameters, including lipid profiles, and expressions of genes related to lipid metabolism were determined. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in the final weights between the HFBG1.5 and HF groups. All blood biochemical parameters measured in the HFBG1.5 group showed significantly lower values than those in the HF group. Significant improvements of the plasama lipid profiles as well as fecal excretions of total lipids and triglyceride (TG) were also observed in the HFBG1.5 group, when compared to the HF diet group. There were significant differences in the levels of mRNA of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the HFBG1.5 group compared to the HF group. In addition, the hepatic expression of (HMG-CoA) reductase and Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) mRNA was also significantly lower than the HF group. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of black garlic extract lowers SREBP-1C mRNA expression, which causes downregulation of lipid and cholestrol metahbolism. As a result, the blood levels of total lipids, TG, and cholesterol were decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Wha Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-Ro, Suji-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyunggi, 448-701, Korea
| | - Tian Ying
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-Ro, Suji-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyunggi, 448-701, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-Ro, Suji-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyunggi, 448-701, Korea
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46
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Astaxanthin supplementation effects on adipocyte size and lipid profile in OLETF rats with hyperphagia and visceral fat accumulation. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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