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Ito H, Ito M. Recent trends in ginseng research. J Nat Med 2024; 78:455-466. [PMID: 38512649 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng, the dried root of Panax ginseng, contains ginsenosides and has long been used in Korea, China, and Japan to treat various symptoms. Many studies on the utility of ginseng have been conducted and in this paper we investigate recent trends in ginseng research. P. ginseng studies were collected from scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SciFindern) using the keywords "Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer", "ginsenosides", "genetic diversity", "biosynthesis", "cultivation", and "pharmacology". We identified 1208 studies up to and including September 2023: 549 studies on pharmacology, 262 studies on chemical components, 131 studies on molecular biology, 58 studies on cultivation, 71 studies on tissue culture, 28 studies on clinical trials, 123 reviews, and 49 studies in other fields. Many researchers focused on the characteristic ginseng component ginsenoside to elucidate the mechanism of ginseng's pharmacological action, the relationship between component patterns and cultivation areas and conditions, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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Yan ZP, Zhou FY, Liang J, Kuang HX, Xia YG. Distinction and quantification of Panax polysaccharide extracts via attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with first-order derivative processing. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124124. [PMID: 38460230 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Derivative spectroscopy is used to separate the small absorption peaks superimposed on the main absorption band, which is widely adopted in modern spectral analysis to increase both the valid spectral information and the identification accuracy. In this study, a method based on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) with first-order derivative (FD) processing combined with chemometrics is proposed for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of Panax ginseng polysaccharides (PGP), Panax notoginseng polysaccharides (PNP), and Panax quinquefolius polysaccharides (PQP). First, ATR-FTIR with FD processing was used to establish the discriminant model combined with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). After that, two-dimensional ATR-FTIR based on single-characteristic temperature as external interference (2D-sATR-FTIR) was established using ATR-FTIR with FD processing. Then, ATR-FTIR with FD processing was combined with PLS to establish and optimize the quantitative regression model. Finally, the established discriminant model and 2D-sATR-FTIR successfully distinguished PGP, PNP and PQP, and the optimal PLS regression model had a good prediction ability for the Panax polysaccharide extracts content. This strategy provides an efficient, economical and nondestructive method for the distinction and quantification of PGP, PNP and PQP in a short detection time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Fang-Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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Liu S, Hong L, Zhang S, Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhao D, Lv J, Zhuang J, Xu H, Xia G. Sporisorium reilianum polysaccharides improve DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating intestinal barrier function and metabolites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130863. [PMID: 38490380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the regulatory effects of Sporisorium reilianum polysaccharides (SRPS) on metabolism and the intestinal barrier in mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). SRPS were resistant to the digestion of saliva, gastric juices, and intestinal fluid. SRPS significantly reduced the disease activity index and inhibited DSS-induced colon shortening. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the colon was normal (P < 0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid contents increased. Moreover, 64 biomarker metabolites were affected, including 42 abnormal decreases and 22 abnormal increases caused by DSS, which targeted amino acid biosynthesis; tryptophan metabolism; protein digestion and absorption; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. In addition, SRPS reduced goblet cell loss and increased mucin secretion. The short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 was activated, and zonula occludens-1 and occludin expression levels were upregulated. Epithelial cell apoptosis was inhibited by increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax expression NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 protein levels decreased. Intestinal barrier damage improved, and colon inflammation was reduced. Thus, our preliminary findings reveal that SRPS regulates metabolism and has the potential to protect the intestinal barrier in ulcerative colitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichen Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Duanduan Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Jingheng Lv
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjing Zhuang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China.
| | - Guangjun Xia
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China.
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Ye D, Zhao Q, Ding D, Ma BL. Preclinical pharmacokinetics-related pharmacological effects of orally administered polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicines: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126484. [PMID: 37625759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides (TCMPs) derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), such as Ganoderma lucidum, Astragalus membranaceus, Lycium barbarum, and Panax ginseng, are considered to be the main active constituents in TCMs. However, the significant pharmacological effects of orally administered TCMPs do not align well with their poor pharmacokinetics. This article aims to review the literature published mainly from 2010 to 2022, focusing on the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects. It has been found that unabsorbed TCMPs can exert local pharmacological effects in the gut, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, regulation of intestinal flora, modulation of intestinal immunity, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Unabsorbed TCMPs can also produce systemic pharmacological effects, such as anti-tumor activity and immune system modulation, by regulating intestinal flora and immunity. Conversely, some TCMPs can be absorbed and distributed to various tissues, especially the liver, where they exhibit tissue-protecting effects against inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage and improve glucose and lipid metabolism. In future studies, it is important to improve quality control and experimental design. Furthermore, research on enhancing the oral bioavailability of TCMPs, exploring the activity of TCMP metabolites, investigating pharmacokinetic interactions between TCMPs and oral drugs, and developing oral drug delivery systems using TCMPs holds great significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingan District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Li S, Yuan R, Fan Q, Zhang C, Han S, Li J, Xu Z, Sun K, Xu Q, Yao C, Yang S, Gao H. Ginsenoside Rb1 exerts therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis through regulating the Nrf2/PIP2/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Li S, Huo X, Qi Y, Ren D, Li Z, Qu D, Sun Y. The Protective Effects of Ginseng Polysaccharides and Their Effective Subfraction against Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060890. [PMID: 35327312 PMCID: PMC8949837 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng are natural carbohydrates with multiple activities. However, little was known about its functions on colitis. In this study, we aim to investigate the protective effects of ginseng polysaccharides and its effective subfraction on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Water soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) were obtained from dry ginseng root, then purified to neutral fraction (WGPN) and acidic fraction (WGPA) by ion exchange chromatography. An animal model was constructed with male Wistar rats, which were treated with a normal diet (con group), DSS (DSS group), WGP (WGP group), WGPN (WGPN group), and WGPA (WGPA group), respectively. Both WGP and WGPA alleviated the colitis symptoms and colon structure changes of colitis rats. They decreased the disease activity index (DAI) scores and improved colon health; reduced colon damage and recovered the intestinal barrier via regulating the tight-junction-related proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin); downregulated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17) and inhibited the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB-signaling pathway in the colon; regulated the diversity and composition of gut microbiota, especially the relative abundance of Ruminococcus; enhanced the production of SCFAs. In conclusion, WGP exerted a protective effect against colitis with its acidic fraction (WGPA) as an effective fraction. The results support the utilization and investigation of ginseng polysaccharides as a potential intervention strategy for the prevention of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
- Department of Biology, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Xiaohui Huo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Yuli Qi
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Duoduo Ren
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Zhiman Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Di Qu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Yinshi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.); (D.R.); (Z.L.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-81919580
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