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Hong GL, Kim KH, Cho SP, Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Jung JY. Korean red ginseng alleviates benign prostatic hyperplasia by dysregulating androgen receptor signaling and inhibiting DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:599-607. [PMID: 39059829 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Panax ginseng (C.A. Mey.) has been traditionally employed in Korea and China to alleviate fatigue and digestive disorders. In particular, Korean red ginseng (KRG), derived from streamed and dried P. ginseng, is known for its anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a representative aging-related disease, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the therapeutic effects of KRG on BPH, with a particular focus on mitochondrial dynamics, including fission and fusion processes. The effects of KRG on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics and morphology were evaluated in a rat model of testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH and TP-treated LNCaP cells, with mdivi-1 as a control. The results revealed that KRG treatment reduced the levels of androgen receptors (AR) and prostate-specific antigens in the BPH group. KRG inhibited cell proliferation by downregulating cyclin D and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels, and it promoted apoptosis by increasing the ratio of B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax) to Bcl-2 expression. Notably, KRG treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP-1, serine 637) compared with that in the BPH group, which inhibited mitochondrial fission and led to mitochondrial elongation. This modulation of mitochondrial dynamics was associated with decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. By dysregulating AR signaling and inhibiting mitochondrial fission through enhanced DRP-1 (ser637) phosphorylation, KRG effectively reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that KRG's regulation of mitochondrial dynamics offers a promising clinical approach for the treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Lan Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sung-Pil Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yae-Ji Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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Hameed H, Hussain J, Cláudia Paiva-Santos A, Zaman M, Hamza A, Sajjad I, Asad F. Comprehensive insights on treatment modalities with conventional and herbal drugs for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03178-5. [PMID: 38837070 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Areas of the body accessible to gastric secretions, such as the stomach and duodenum, are most commonly damaged by circumscribed lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease is the term for this illness (PUD). About 80% of peptic ulcers are duodenal ulcers, with stomach ulcers accounting for the remaining 20%. Duodenal ulcers are linked to the two primary results about Helicobacter pylori infection and COX inhibitor users. Additional causes might include drinking, smoking, stress, and coffee consumption. The indications and symptoms of a duodenal ulcer depend on the patient's age and the lesion's location. For duodenal ulcers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the usual course of treatment. This comprehensive study included an in-depth literature search in the literature and methods section using electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search method included publications published from the inception of the relevant database to the present. Inclusion criteria included studies investigating different treatment options for duodenal ulcer disease, including traditional pharmacotherapy and naturopathic treatments. Data mining includes information on treatment techniques, treatment outcomes, and possible synergies between conventional and herbal treatments. In addition, this review critically examines the available information on the effectiveness, safety, and possible side effects of different treatments. The inclusion of conventional and herbal treatments is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the many treatment options available for duodenal ulcer disease. A more comprehensive and personalized treatment plan can be achieved by incorporating dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and, if necessary, herbal therapies to complement other treatments normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Hameed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Jahangir Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hamza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Irsa Sajjad
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Faria Asad
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Liu X, Lou K, Zhang Y, Li C, Wei S, Feng S. Unlocking the Medicinal Potential of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: current Progress and Future Perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4877-4892. [PMID: 38828203 PMCID: PMC11141722 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Botanical preparations for herbal medicine have received more and more attention from drug researchers, and the extraction of active ingredients and their successful clinical application have become an important direction of drug research in major pharmaceutical companies, but the complexity of extracts, multiple side effects, and significant individual differences have brought many difficulties to the clinical application of herbal preparations. It is noteworthy that extracellular vesicles as active biomolecules extracted from medicinal plants are believed to be useful for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, inflammation, regenerative-restorative and degenerative diseases, which may provide a new direction for the clinical utilization of herbal preparations. In this review, we sort out recent advances in medicinal plant extracellular vesicles and discuss their potential as disease therapeutics. Finally, future challenges and research directions for the clinical translation of medicinal plant extracellular vesicles are also discussed, and we expect that continued development based on medicinal plant extracellular vesicles will facilitate the clinical application of herbal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kecheng Lou
- Department of Urology, Lanxi People’s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunmeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiujiang College Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanxiao Li
- Department of Urology, Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghong Wei
- Department of Urology, Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangzhi Feng
- Department of Urology, Jiujiang University Clinic College/Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Guo S, Hu Y, Zhao C, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang W, Bai Y, Zhou J, Xue Y, Zou L, Ren G. Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis technology on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of American ginseng beverages. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3674-3687. [PMID: 38726448 PMCID: PMC11077220 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) contains various biological macromolecules, such as polysaccharides, saponins, and proteins, which have various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. Consequently, the utilization of novel processing technologies developed an American ginseng beverage to meet people's health needs and the preferences of young people. This study was the first to use American ginseng as a primary raw material, utilizing a three-step enzymatic hydrolysis approach with cellulase, pectinase, amylase, maltase, and flavor protease enzymes to prepare an American ginseng beverage. The basic nutritional and active ingredient contents of the product were determined. The antioxidant activity of enzymatic beverages was evaluated by calculating the free radical clearance rates of DPPH and ABTS, and the effect of enzymatic beverages on α-glucosidase activity was also tested. The anti-inflammatory activity of RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS was evaluated by measuring the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 during the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The results indicated that the nutritional components of American ginseng beverage products met the beverage industry standards. Moreover, the application of enzymatic hydrolysis technology had improved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of American ginseng beverages. In addition, the enzymatic beverage of American ginseng exhibited certain hypoglycemic activity. Consequently, the established enzymatic hydrolysis technology provided a reference for the production of other beverage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Guo
- College of Food and BioengineeringChengdu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yichen Hu
- College of Food and BioengineeringChengdu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chaofan Zhao
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Food and BioengineeringChengdu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Wenting Wang
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jiankang Zhou
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yajie Xue
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Liang Zou
- College of Food and BioengineeringChengdu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guixing Ren
- College of Food and BioengineeringChengdu UniversityChengduChina
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Wu L, Bai L, Dai W, Wu Y, Xi P, Zhang J, Zheng L. Ginsenoside Rg3: A Review of its Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:869-884. [PMID: 38441023 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266283661240226052054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating various diseases and is increasingly being recognized as a complementary therapy for cancer. A promising natural compound extracted from the Chinese herb ginseng is ginsenoside Rg3, which has demonstrated significant anticancer effects. It has been tested in a variety of cancers and tumors and has proven to be effective in suppressing cancer. OBJECTIVES This work covers various aspects of the role of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment, including its biological functions, key pathways, epigenetics, and potential for combination therapies, all of which have been extensively researched and elucidated. The study aims to provide a reference for future research on ginsenoside Rg3 as an anticancer agent and a support for the potential application of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenshu Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontier Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pengjun Xi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lily Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Ahmed A, Saleem MA, Saeed F, Afzaal M, Imran A, Nadeem M, Ambreen S, Imran M, Hussain M, Al Jbawi E. Gynostemma pentaphyllum an immortal herb with promising therapeutic potential: a comprehensive review on its phytochemistry and pharmacological perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2185566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais Saleem
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, AJ&K, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Ambreen
- University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science andTechnology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
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7
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Valdés-González JA, Sánchez M, Moratilla-Rivera I, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093863. [PMID: 37175273 PMCID: PMC10180039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts a rich historical record of usage that dates back to the Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, in Western countries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a remedy for fatigue and asthenia. This review provides an update on current research pertaining to ginseng and its isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The primary focus is on three crucial pharmacological activities, namely, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The review encompasses studies on both isolated compounds and various ginseng extracts obtained from the root, leaves, and berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Valdés-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moratilla-Rivera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Vajdi M, Karimi A, Karimi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Askari G. Effects of luteolin on sepsis: A comprehensive systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 113:154734. [PMID: 36898254 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and septic shock are the main causes of mortality and complications in intensive care units all over the world. Luteolin is thought to have a significant role as a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent, and an immune system modulator. The object of this review is to conduct a systematic review of the effects of luteolin and its mechanisms of action in the treatment of sepsis and its complications. METHOD The investigation was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42022321023). We searched Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and Scopus databases up to January 2023 by using the relevant keywords. RESULTS Out of 1,395 records screened, 33 articles met the study criteria. In the collected papers, the main reported findings are that luteolin can affect inflammation-initiating pathways such as toll-like receptors and high mobility group box-1 and reduces the expression of genes that produce inflammatory cytokines, such as the Nod receptor protein-3, and nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Luteolin also reduces the overactivity of macrophages, neutrophil extracellular traps and lymphocytes by regulating the immune response. CONCLUSION Most studies revealed luteolin's positive benefits on sepsis through several pathways. Luteolin showed the capacity to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, control immunological response, and prevent organ damage (in vivo studies) during sepsis. Large-scale in vivo experiments are necessary to elucidate its potential impacts on sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mozhdeh Karimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
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Seo K, Yoo JH, Kim J, Min SJ, Heo DN, Kwon IK, Moon HJ. Ginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles extracted by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5798-5808. [PMID: 36857681 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles contain RNA and proteins with unique and diverse pharmacological mechanisms. The extracellular nanovesicles encapsulating plant extracts resemble exosomes as they have a round, lipid bilayer morphology. Ginseng is anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunostimulant, and osteogenic/anti-osteoporotic. Here, we confirmed that ginseng-derived extracellular nanovesicles (GDNs) inhibit osteoclast differentiation and elucidated the associated molecular mechanisms. We isolated GDNs by centrifugation with a sucrose gradient. We measured their dynamic light scattering and zeta potentials and examined their morphology by transmission electron microscopy. We used bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) to determine the potential cytotoxicity of GDNs and establish their ability to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. The GDNs treatment maintained high BMM viability and proliferation whilst impeding osteoclastogenesis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and F-actin staining revealed that GDNs at concentrations >1 μg mL-1 strongly hindered osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, they substantially suppressed the RANKL-induced IκBα, c-JUN n-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways and the genes regulating osteoclast maturation. The GDNs contained elevated proportions of Rb1 and Rg1 ginsenosides and were more effective than either of them alone or in combination at inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. In vivo bone analysis via microcomputerized tomography, bone volume/total volume ratios, and bone mineral density and bone cavity measurements demonstrated the inhibitory effect of GDNs against osteoclast differentiation in lipopolysaccharide-induced bone resorption mouse models. The results of this work suggest that GDNs are anti-osteoporotic by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and are, therefore, promising for use in the clinical prevention and treatment of bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwansung Seo
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sung Jun Min
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Nyoung Heo
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Jin Moon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Cho JH, Song MC, Lee Y, Noh ST, Kim DO, Rha CS. Newly identified maltol derivatives in Korean Red Ginseng and their biological influence as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. J Ginseng Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
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Chloroform Fraction of Prasiola japonica Ethanolic Extract Alleviates UPM 1648a-Induced Lung Injury by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010088. [PMID: 36613305 PMCID: PMC9818875 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prasiola japonica is an edible alga, and the ethanol extract of P. japonica (Pj-EE) possesses various biological activities. Interestingly, in a recent study, we observed the potent anti-inflammatory activity of the chloroform fraction of Pj-EE (Pj-EE-CF). Thus, to extend the application of Pj-EE-CF, we further studied its effects on lung injury. To establish an experimental model of lung injury, we nasally administered urban particulate matter UPM 1648a (50 mg/kg) to mice. In addition, BEAS-2B cells were treated with 300 μg/mL of UPM 1648a for in vitro analysis. Intranasal administration of UPM 1648a increased lung injury score, macrophage infiltration, and upregulation of the inflammatory enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung tissues. On the other hand, oral administration of Pj-EE-CF (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) alleviated these pathological features as assessed by lung wet/dry ratio, lung injury score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein amount in the lung tissues up to 70%, 95%, and 99%, respectively. In addition, Pj-EE-CF down-regulated the release of inflammatory cytokines, interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ elevated by UPM 1648a in the lung tissues and lung BALF up to 95%. According to Western blot and luciferase assay, Pj-EE-CF (100 mg/kg in vivo or 50 and 100 μg/mL in vitro) significantly reduced the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal activated by UPM 1648a. Finally, UPM 1648a increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in BEAS-2B cells, while Pj-EE-CF reduced them. These results suggest that Pj-EE-CF alleviates UPM 1648a-induced lung damage via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and by suppressing NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, these observations imply that Pj-EE-CF could be a practical component of food supplements to mitigate air pollution-derived lung damage.
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Klang V, Schweiger EM, Strohmaier S, Walter VI, Dekic Z, Tahir A. Dermal Delivery of Korean Red Ginseng Extract: Impact on Storage Stability of Different Carrier Systems and Evaluation of Rg1 and Rb1 Skin Permeation Ex Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010056. [PMID: 36678685 PMCID: PMC9864683 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The root extract of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng/KRG extract) is a traditional Asian remedy introduced to dermal products for its antioxidative potential. However, little is known about technological aspects or skin penetration of main ginsenosides. Thus, stable oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) and hydrogels for dermal delivery of KRG extract were developed and characterised using light scattering methods, analysis of flow properties and pH measurements. In addition, Rg1 and Rb1 contents were monitored by UHPLC/MS. Different surfactants (phosphatidylcholine, monoacylphosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 80) and polymers (polyacrylic acid and hydroxyethylcellulose) were tested and compared for their compatibility with KRG extract. The results showed that incorporation of KRG extract led to a significantly reduced formulation pH in hydroxyethylcellulose gels (-22%), NEs (-15%) and carbomer gels (-4-5%). The dynamic viscosity was in the range of 24-28 Pas at 10 s-1 for carbomer gels. The highest storage stability and skin permeation were observed for a hydroalcoholic gel with carbomer 50,000 and TRIS buffer (each of 1% w/w), containing ethanol (20% w/w) and KRG extract (2% w/w). Ex vivo diffusion cell studies confirmed skin permeation of the moderately lipophilic Rg1, but not the more hydrophilic Rb1 with a larger molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1427755403
| | - Eva-Maria Schweiger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Strohmaier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Ina Walter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zorana Dekic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ammar Tahir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kim HG, Jeong SG, Kim JH, Cho JY. Phosphatase inhibition by sodium orthovanadate displays anti-inflammatory action by suppressing AKT-IKKβ signaling in RAW264.7 cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1883-1893. [PMID: 36518371 PMCID: PMC9742970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4) is an inhibitor of phosphatases that acts as a phosphate analog and is being developed as an anti-diabetes drug. Phosphatases play important roles in inflammatory signal pathways by modulating the removal of phosphate moieties of key signaling proteins. However, the role of protein phosphatases on the inflammatory response has not been fully established. In this study, we investigated how phosphatases can control the inflammatory response using Na3VO4 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and explored the molecular mechanisms by NO assay, mRNA analysis, immunoblotting analysis, kinase assay, luciferase reporter gene assay, and mutation strategy. Na3VO4 decreased the release of nitric oxide (NO) and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes at the transcriptional level, without cytotoxicity. The translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits into the nucleus and the level of p-IκBα were reduced by Na3VO4, as was IKKβ activity. Na3VO4 inhibited NF-κB-Luc activity under AKT1/2 and IKKβ overexpression. However, the inhibitory effect of Na3VO4 against NF-κB-Luc was not observed in the group overexpressing both AKT2 and IKKβ-M10, a mutant in which the 10 serine residues in the autophosphorylated region of the C-terminal were replaced with alanine. Na3VO4 directly decreased the activity of protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) and protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) by 95%. Phosphatase inhibition by Na3VO4 also selectively suppressed AKT-IKKβ signaling by directly blocking the phosphatase activity of PP1 and PP2A, consequently down-regulating NF-κB and inflammatory gene expression. Therefore, these results suggest that vanadium compounds including Na3VO4 can be developed as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Park JY, Song MW, Kim KT, Paik HD. Improved Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimelanogenic Effects of Fermented Hydroponic Ginseng with Bacillus Strains. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1848. [PMID: 36290570 PMCID: PMC9598918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with traditionally cultured ginseng, hydroponic ginseng (HG) contains more remarkable bioactive compounds, which are known to exert diverse functional effects. This study aimed to enhance the multifunctional effects, including the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimelanogenic effects, exhibited by fermented HG with Bacillus strains, such as Bacillus subtilis KU43, Bacillus subtilis KU201, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD, and Bacillus polyfermenticus KU3, at 37 °C for 48 h. After fermentation by B. subtilis KU201, the antioxidant activity, determined using ABTS and FRAP assays, increased from 25.30% to 51.34% and from 132.10% to 236.27%, respectively, accompanied by the enhancement of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The inflammation induced in RAW 264.7 cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was ameliorated with fermented HG, which regulated the nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6). The treatment with fermented HG inhibited the melanin accumulation in B16F10 cells induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) by controlling the concentrations of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity. These results indicate that the HG exhibited stronger antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimelanogenic effects after fermentation. Consequently, HG fermented by Bacillus strains can potentially be used as an ingredient in cosmetological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Myung Wook Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Research Laboratory, WithBio Inc., Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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15
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Zhang J, Sayakoummane S, Kim SA, Lee JS, Choung ES, Kim ES, Lee SG, Yum J, Lee BH, Lee S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Hymenocallis littoralis ameliorates inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and HCl/EtOH-induced gastric mucosal injury via targeting the MAPK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115400. [PMID: 35623503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. Also known as Pancratium littorale Jacq. And Hymenocallis panamensis Lindl., is a medicinal plant from the family Amarylideceae used for emetic and wound healing and has manifested anti-neoplastic, anti-oxidant, and anti-viral properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this paper is to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential and molecular mechanism of H. littoralis against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and in vivo HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mucosal injury models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators was evaluated by Griess assay, RT-PCR, and real-time PCR. Moreover, the relevant proteins of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including ERK, JNK, p38, c-Jun, and c-Fos were detected using immunoblotting. RESULTS We demonstrated that H. littoralis prominently dampened production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-, poly I:C-, or pam3CSK-stimulated RAW264.7 cells; down-regulated the expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and markedly attenuated the luciferase activities of AP-1 reporter promoters. Moreover, H. littoralis administration prominently downregulated c-Fos and c-Jun phosphorylation as well as JNK1, ERK2, and MKK7 overexpression in HEK 293T cells. Furthermore, H. littoralis displayed anti-inflammatory effects in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mice model. CONCLUSIONS Cumulatively, these results demonstrated that H. littoralis exerts eminently anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro and in HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mice models in vivo. These activities could be attributed to its modulatory effects on the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sousath Sayakoummane
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane Capital, P.O. Box 2932, Laos.
| | - Soo Ah Kim
- DanjoungBio Co. Ltd, Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Sub Lee
- DanjoungBio Co. Ltd, Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui Su Choung
- DanjoungBio Co. Ltd, Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Sil Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Gyu Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sarah Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Flavonols and Flavones as Potential anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Compounds. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9966750. [PMID: 36111166 PMCID: PMC9470311 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9966750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant preparations have been used to treat various diseases and discussed for centuries. Research has advanced to discover and identify the plant components with beneficial effects and reveal their underlying mechanisms. Flavonoids are phytoconstituents with anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties. Herein, we listed and contextualized various aspects of the protective effects of the flavonols quercetin, isoquercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin and the flavones luteolin, apigenin, 3
,4
-dihydroxyflavone, baicalein, scutellarein, lucenin-2, vicenin-2, diosmetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-O-methyl-scutellarein. We presented their structural characteristics and subclasses, importance, occurrence, and food sources. The bioactive compounds present in our diet, such as fruits and vegetables, may affect the health and disease state. Therefore, we discussed the role of these compounds in inflammation, oxidative mechanisms, and bacterial metabolism; moreover, we discussed their synergism with antibiotics for better disease outcomes. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics allows the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains; thus, bioactive compounds may be used for adjuvant treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant and opportunistic bacteria via direct and indirect mechanisms. We also focused on the reported mechanisms and intracellular targets of flavonols and flavones, which support their therapeutic role in inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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17
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Lee SG, Cho KH, Nguyen TTL, Vo DK, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Inhibitory effect of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol on cytochrome P450: Potential of its pharmacokinetic interactions in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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The Efficacy of Ginseng (Panax) on Human Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122401. [PMID: 35745129 PMCID: PMC9227417 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from different clinical trials on the effects of ginseng on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are still inconsistent. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the overall effects of ginseng supplementation on improving cardiometabolic biomarkers among these patients. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library. A random-effect model was applied to estimate the weighted mean difference and 95% CI for each outcome. Overall, 20 eligible RCTs were included. Meta-analyses revealed that ginseng supplementation significantly reduced serum concentration of FPG, TC, IL-6, and HOMA-IR values. It also increased HR and TNF-α levels. Ginseng supplementation changed HOMA-IR and HDL-C significantly based on dose and changed HOMA-IR and LDL-C significantly based on study duration in a non-linear fashion. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses indicated a linear relationship between ginseng dose and absolute changes in HDL-C. Moreover, subgroup analyses showed that ginseng supplementation changed TC and LDL-C when the supplementation dose was ≥2 g/day. Our findings suggest that ginseng supplementation may be an effective strategy for improving cardiometabolic profiles in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM.
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Exploring the Mechanism of Yiqi Qingre Ziyin Method in Regulating Neuropeptide Expression for the Treatment of Atrophic Rhinitis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4416637. [PMID: 35299869 PMCID: PMC8923799 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4416637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atrophic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic disease that causes severe structural changes to the nasal mucosa leading to squamous epithelial metaplasia. However, treatment regarding AR remains a major challenge. We used network pharmacology and molecular docking methods to explore the potential mechanisms of the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method to modulate neuropeptides in the treatment of AR. The active ingredients of the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method and their targets of action were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systematic Pharmacology Database Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Disease targets for AR were obtained from four databases: GeneCards, PharmGKB, DrugBank, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). A total of 59 active ingredients, 39 potential targets, and 76 relevant neuropeptides were obtained after deduplication. We constructed target interaction networks with the STRING database. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the 14 potential target proteins. We used Cytoscape software to construct the “drug-active ingredient-potential target” and “ingredient-target-pathway” networks of the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method for treating AR. Molecular docking results suggest that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), opioid receptor gene d1 (OPRD1), and opioid receptor m1 (OPRM1) are key targets for the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method. Therefore, this study proposed a potential mechanism for the treatment of AR by affecting the expression of neuropeptide-related genes (including DPP4, OPRD1, and OPRM1), which may potentially improve the immune microenvironment of the nasal mucosa.
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20
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Korean red ginseng saponin fraction exerts anti-inflammatory effects by targeting the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:489-495. [PMID: 35600780 PMCID: PMC9120761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although ginsenosides and saponins in Korea red ginseng (KRG) shows various pharmacological roles, their roles in the inflammatory response are little known. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory role of ginsenosides identified from KRG saponin fraction (RGSF) and the potential mechanism in macrophages. Methods The ginsenoside composition of RGSF was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. An anti-inflammatory effect of RGSF and its mechanisms were studied using nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production assays, mRNA expression analyses of inflammatory genes and cytokines, luciferase reporter gene assays of transcription factors, and Western blot analyses of inflammatory signaling pathways using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. Results HPLC analysis identified the types and amounts of various panaxadiol ginsenosides in RGSF. RGSF reduced the generation of inflammatory molecules and mRNA levels of inflammatory enzymes and cytokines in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, RGSF inhibited the signaling pathways of NF-κB and AP-1 by suppressing both transcriptional factors and signaling molecules in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion RGSF contains ginsenosides that have anti-inflammatory action via restraining the NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways in macrophages during inflammatory responses.
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21
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Kim S, Kim JH, Seok SH, Park ES. Enhanced permeability and oral absorption of Panax notoginseng saponins by borneol. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Kim JH, Park JG, Hong YH, Shin KK, Kim JK, Kim YD, Yoon KD, Kim KH, Yoo BC, Sung GH, Cho JY. Sauropus brevipes ethanol extract negatively regulates inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro by targeting Src, Syk and IRAK1. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:74-86. [PMID: 33439064 PMCID: PMC7808742 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1866024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sauropus brevipes Müll. Arg. (Phyllanthaceae) has been used as an effective ingredient in a decoction for the treatment of diarrhoea. However, there was no report on its modulatory role in inflammation. OBJECTIVE This study investigates anti-inflammatory effect of S. brevipes in various inflammation models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aerial part of S. brevipes was extracted with 95% ethanol to produce Sb-EE. RAW264.7 cells pre-treated with Sb-EE were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Griess assay and PCR were performed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, luciferase assay, Western blotting and kinase assay were employed. C57BL/6 mice (10 mice/group) were orally administered with Sb-EE (200 mg/kg) once a day for five days, and peritonitis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). ICR mice (four mice/group) were orally administered with Sb-EE (20 or 200 mg/kg) or ranitidine (positive control) twice a day for two days, and EtOH/HCl was orally injected to induce gastritis. RESULTS Sb-EE suppressed nitric oxide (NO) release (IC50=34 µg/mL) without cytotoxicity and contained flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol). Sb-EE (200 µg/mL) reduced the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Sb-EE blocked the activities of Syk and Src, while inhibiting interleukin-1 receptor associated kinases (IRAK1) by 68%. Similarly, orally administered Sb-EE (200 mg/kg) suppressed NO production by 78% and phosphorylation of Src and Syk in peritonitis mice. Sb-EE also decreased inflammatory lesions in gastritis mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of Sb-EE on the inflammatory response, suggesting that Sb-EE can be developed as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon Kuk Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyeong Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Proteomic Analysis Team, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Byong Chul Yoo Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- CONTACT Gi-Ho Sung Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Jae Youl Cho Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Min JH, Cho HJ, Yi YS. A novel mechanism of Korean red ginseng-mediated anti-inflammatory action via targeting caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:675-682. [PMID: 36090677 PMCID: PMC9459075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) was reported to play an anti-inflammatory role, however, previous studies largely focused on the effects of KRG on priming step, the inflammation-preparing step, and the anti-inflammatory effect of KRG on triggering, the inflammation-activating step has been poorly understood. This study demonstrated anti-inflammatory role of KRG in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages during triggering of inflammatory responses. Methods Caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 macrophages were established by priming with Pam3CSK4 and triggering with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability and pyroptosis were examined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Nitric oxide (NO)-inhibitory effect of KRG was assessed using a NO production assay. Expression and proteolytic cleavage of proteins were examined by Western blotting analysis. In vivo anti-inflammatory action of KRG was evaluated with the LPS-injected sepsis model in mice. Results KRG reduced LPS-stimulated NO production in J774A.1 cells and suppressed pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that KRG suppressed the direct interaction between LPS and caspase-11 and inhibited proteolytic processing of both caspase-11 and gasdermin D in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Furthermore, KRG significantly ameliorated LPS-mediated lethal septic shock in mice. Conclusion The results demonstrate a novel mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory action that operates through targeting the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome at triggering step of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.
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Yi YS. New mechanisms of ginseng saponin-mediated anti-inflammatory action via targeting canonical inflammasome signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114292. [PMID: 34089812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is an ethnopharmacological herbal plant in Asian countries, particularly in Korea, China, and Japan. Ginseng saponins, including ginsenosides, are major active components in ginseng and have been demonstrated to have numerous pharmacological effects on various human diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW Many previous studies investigating the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng saponins have mostly focused on the 'priming' step rather than the 'triggering' step. This review aims to discuss the studies investigating an inhibitory role of ginseng saponins in inflammasome activation of the triggering step. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was explored using the search strings, such as "ginseng saponins and inflammasomes" and "ginsenosides and inflammasomes" in several resources, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. RESULTS Various ginseng saponins of Panax ginseng, Panax japonicas, and Panax quinquefolius alleviated inflammatory responses and diseases by inhibiting the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) P3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Also, ginseng saponin, Rg1 of Panax ginseng alleviated neuroinflammation and diseases by inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome activation. Finally, ginseng saponins, Rh1 and Rg3 in Korea red ginseng (KRG) of Panax ginseng ameliorated sepsis by inhibiting absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION The studies discussed in this review provide insight into the new paradigm of the ginseng saponins as the promising anti-inflammatory agents that could be ethnopharmacologically used to prevent and treat inflammatory and inflammation-induced disorders via targeting inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Park SH, Kim DS, Oh J, Geum JH, Kim JE, Choi SY, Kim JH, Cho JY. Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile) Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy in Mice by Targeting Protein Catalytic Pathways, Myogenesis, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1493-1514. [PMID: 34247561 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy, or loss of skeletal muscle, is caused by aging, malnutrition, immobility through injury, or diseases such as cancer. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) contains various active components, including flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, polyacetylenes, and coumarins, and is used in various herbal medicines in the European Pharmacopoeia. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extract of chamomile [Formula: see text](MC) on muscle wasting and its mechanism of action. Mice with dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy were orally administered MC (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Micro-computed tomography analysis showed that MC (200 and 300 mg/kg) significantly recovered DEX-induced loss of muscle volume, density, and weight and MC-treated DEX-induced mice also showed increased moving distance and grip strength. MC suppressed the mRNA level of muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) while increasing the expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), MyoD, and Myogenin-1. We found 25 peaks in MC samples through HPLC analysis and identified 6 peaks by comparison with a profile of standard compounds: chlorogenic acid (CGA), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (L7G), patulitrin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside (A7G), herniarin, and (E)-tonghaosu. Of these components, the gene expression of MyoD was significantly augmented by patulitrin, herniarin, CGA, and L7G in C2C12 cells, while Myogenin-1 gene expression was increased by A7G, patulitrin, herniarin, CGA, and L7G. Moreover, TFAM gene expression and phosphorylation of AKT were increased by all six ingredients. Based on our results, we suggest MC for use as a supplement or remedy for muscle wasting, including cachexia and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical, Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical, Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Coxmax NBT, Inc., Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical, Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Biocosmetics, Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical, Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Song C, Kim MY, Cho JY. Olea europaea Suppresses Inflammation by Targeting TAK1-Mediated MAP Kinase Activation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061540. [PMID: 33799767 PMCID: PMC8000943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Possessing a variety of medicinal functions, Olea europaea L. is widely cultivated across the world. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Olea europaea is not yet fully elucidated. In this study, how the methanol extract of the leaves of Olea europaea (Oe-ME) can suppress in vitro inflammatory responses was examined in terms of the identification of the target protein. RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells were used to study macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and to validate the target protein using PCR, immunoblotting, nuclear fraction, overexpression, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) under fixed conditions. Oe-ME treatment inhibited the mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in activated RAW264.7 cells. Oe-ME diminished the activation of activator protein (AP)-1 and the phosphorylation of its upstream signaling cascades, including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), p38, MKK7, and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), in stimulated-RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression and CETSA were carried out to verify that TAK1 is the target of Oe-ME. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of Oe-ME could be attributed to its control of posttranslational modification and transcription of TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Song
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-Y.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-820-0458 (M.-Y.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-Y.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-820-0458 (M.-Y.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
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Enhancement of skin barrier and hydration-related molecules by protopanaxatriol in human keratinocytes. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:354-360. [PMID: 33841016 PMCID: PMC8020273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is a secondary intestinal metabolite of ginsenoside in ginseng. Although the effects of PPT have been reported in various diseases including cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases, the skin protective effects of PPT are poorly understood. Methods HaCaT cells were treated with PPT in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA and protein levels which related to skin barrier and hydration were detected compared with retinol. Luciferase assay was performed to explore the relative signaling pathway. Western blot was conducted to confirm these pathways and excavated further signals. Results PPT enhanced the expression of filaggrin (FLG), transglutaminase (TGM)-1, claudin, occludin and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) −1, −2 and −3. The mRNA expression levels of FLG, TGM-1, HAS-1 and HAS-2 were suppressed under NF-κB inhibition. PPT significantly augmented NF-κB-luc activity and upregulated Src/AKT/NF-κB signaling. In addition, PPT also increased phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK and p38 and upstream MAPK activators (MEK and MKK). Furthermore, transcriptional activity of AP-1 and CREB, which are downstream signaling targets of MAPK, was enhanced by PPT. Conclusion PPT improves skin barrier function and hydration through Src/AKT/NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Therefore, PPT may be a valuable component for cosmetics or treating skin disorders.
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Effect of Ultrafine Powderization and Solid Dispersion Formation via Hot-Melt Extrusion on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and the Human Kv1.3 Channel Inhibitory Activities of Angelica gigas Nakai. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2020; 2020:7846176. [PMID: 32952541 PMCID: PMC7482008 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7846176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) was first processed by ultrafine grinding technology and hot-melt extrusion (HME). The potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of AGN with a different process were compared, and the effect on the human Kv1.3 potassium channel was detected. The process of ultrafine powderization on AGN significantly increased the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and DNA damage protective effect. On the contrary, AGN solid dispersion (AGN-SD) based on Soluplus® showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO production and the human Kv1.3 channel. In addition, AGN-SD inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 and intracellular reactive oxygen species and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6. Taken together, these results suggest that ultrafine powderization and solid dispersion formation via HME can significantly improve the biological activities of AGN. The results also suggested that ultrafine powderization and HME may be developed and applied in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Preventive effects of Korean red ginseng on experimentally induced colitis and colon carcinogenesis. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:198-206. [PMID: 32670814 PMCID: PMC7340975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) exerts chemopreventive effects on experimentally induced carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms. In this study, we investigated effects of KRG on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane (AOM) plus DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed diet containing 1% KRG or a standard diet throughout the experiment. The mouse colitis was induced by administration of 3% DSS in drinking water for 1 week. DSS caused body weight loss, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and colon length shortening, and all these symptoms were ameliorated by KRG treatment. KRG inhibited DSS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by suppressing activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3). In another experiment, colon carcinogenesis was initiated by single intraperitoneal injection of AOM (10 mg/kg) and promoted by 2% DSS in drinking water. KRG administration relieved the symptoms of colitis and reduced the incidence, the multiplicity and the size of colon tumor. The up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS, c-Myc and Cyclin D1 by AOM plus DSS was attenuated in KRG fed mice which was associated with suppression of NF-κB and STAT3 activation. These results suggest that KRG is a potential candidate for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated cancer in the colon.
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Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase and Its Substrate Ras Are Critical Players Regulating TLR-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051216. [PMID: 32422978 PMCID: PMC7291029 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the functional role of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) and its methylatable substrate Ras in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activated macrophages and in mouse inflammatory disease conditions. ICMT and RAS expressions were strongly increased in macrophages under the activation conditions of TLRs by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 ligand), pam3CSK (TLR2), or poly(I:C) (TLR3) and in the colons, stomachs, and livers of mice with colitis, gastritis, and hepatitis. The inhibition and activation of ICMT and Ras through genetic and pharmacological approaches significantly affected the activation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)s, tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPK kinases (MAPKKs); translocation of the AP-1 family; and the expressions of inflammation-related genes that depend on both MyD88 and TRIF. Interestingly, the Ras/ICMT-mediated inflammatory reaction critically depends on the TIR domains of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). Taken together, these results suggest that ICMT and its methylated Ras play important roles in the regulation of inflammatory responses through cooperation with the TIR domain of adaptor molecules.
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Ghavami A, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Hojati Kermani MA, Zare M, Amani R. Benefits and harms of ginseng supplementation on liver function? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kim E, Jang J, Park JG, Kim KH, Yoon K, Yoo BC, Cho JY. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) Selective Inhibitor, TC-E 5003, Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties in TLR4 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093058. [PMID: 32357521 PMCID: PMC7246892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is the most predominant PRMT and is type I, meaning it generates monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine. PRMT1 has functions in oxidative stress, inflammation and cancers, and modulates diverse diseases; consequently, numerous trials to develop PRMT1 inhibitors have been attempted. One selective PRMT1 inhibitor is N,N′-(Sulfonyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-chloroacetamide), also named TC-E 5003 (TC-E). In this study, we investigated whether TC-E regulated inflammatory responses. Nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated by the Griess assay and the inflammatory gene expression was determined by conducting RT-PCR. Western blot analyzing was carried out for inflammatory signaling exploration. TC-E dramatically reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production and the expression of inflammatory genes (inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6) as determined using RT-PCR. TC-E downregulated the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits p65 and p50 and the activator protein (AP)-1 transcriptional factor c-Jun. Additionally, TC-E directly regulated c-Jun gene expression following LPS treatment. In NF-κB signaling, the activation of IκBα and Src was attenuated by TC-E. Taken together, these data show that TC-E modulates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways and could possibly be further developed as an anti-inflammatory compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (E.K.); (J.J.); (K.Y.)
| | - Jiwon Jang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (E.K.); (J.J.); (K.Y.)
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Proteomic Analysis Team, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (E.K.); (J.J.); (K.Y.)
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Correspondence: (B.C.Y.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2342 (B.C.Y.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (E.K.); (J.J.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.Y.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2342 (B.C.Y.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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Anti-Inflammatory Functions of Alverine via Targeting Src in the NF-κB Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040611. [PMID: 32326535 PMCID: PMC7225962 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alverine, a smooth muscle relaxant, is used to relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach and intestine. Although the effects of alverine on spontaneous and induced contractile activity are well known, its anti-inflammatory activity has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of alverine in vitro and in vivo. The production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) was reduced by alverine. The mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was also dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with alverine. In reporter gene assays, alverine clearly decreased luciferase activity, mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)- or MyD88-overexpressing HEK293 cells. Additionally, phosphorylation of NF-κB subunits and upstream signaling molecules, including p65, p50, AKT, IκBα, and Src was downregulated by 200 μM of alverine in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Using immunoblotting and cellular thermal shift assays (CETSAs), Src was identified as the target of alverine in its anti-inflammatory response. In addition, HCl/EtOH-stimulated gastric ulcers in mice were ameliorated by alverine at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. In conclusion, alverine reduced inflammatory responses by targeting Src in the NF-κB pathway, and these findings provide new insights into the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Flanagan SD, Proessl F, Dunn-Lewis C, Canino MC, Sterczala AJ, Connaboy C, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Kraemer WJ. Constitutive and Stress-Induced Psychomotor Cortical Responses to Compound K Supplementation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:315. [PMID: 32322188 PMCID: PMC7158875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated ginsenoside metabolites such as Compound K (CK) are of increasing interest to consumer and clinical populations as safe and non-pharmacological means to enhance psychomotor performance constitutively and in response to physical or cognitive stress. Nevertheless, the influence of CK on behavioral performance and EEG measures of cortical activity in humans is undetermined. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-group study, dose-dependent responses to CK (placebo, 160 and 960 mg) were assessed after 2 weeks of supplementation in nineteen healthy men and women (age: 39.9 ± 7.9 year, height 170.2 ± 8.6 cm, weight 79.7 ± 11.9 kg). Performance on upper- and lower-body choice reaction tests (CRTs) was tested before and after intense lower-body anaerobic exercise. Treatment- and stress-related changes in brain activity were measured with high-density EEG based on event-related potentials, oscillations, and source activity. Upper- (−12.3 ± 3.5 ms, p = 0.002) and lower-body (−12.3 ± 4.9 ms, p = 0.021) response times improved after exercise, with no difference between treatments (upper: p = 0.354; lower: p = 0.926). Analysis of cortical activity in sensor and source space revealed global increases in cortical arousal after exercise. CK increased activity in cortical regions responsible for sustained attention and mitigated exercise-induced increases in arousal. Responses to exercise varied depending on task, but CK appeared to reduce sensory interference from lower-body exercise during an upper-body CRT and improve the general maintenance of task-relevant sensory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria C Canino
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Hong YH, Kim JH, Cho JY. Ranunculus bulumei Methanol Extract Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Targeting Src/Syk in NF-κB Signaling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040546. [PMID: 32260181 PMCID: PMC7226355 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ranunculus bulumei is a flowering plant that belongs to the Ranunculus species. Several Ranunculus species, such as R. aquatilis and R. muricatus, have traditionally been used to treat fever and rheumatism throughout Asia, suggesting that plants belonging to the Ranunculus species may have anti-inflammatory effects. To our knowledge, the pharmacological activity of R. bulumei has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we aim to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a methanol extract that was derived from R. bulumei (Rb-ME) in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and to identify the molecular mechanism that underlies any anti-inflammatory action. (2) Methods: The anti-inflammatory efficacy of Rb-ME was evaluated while using in vitro and in vivo experiments. The RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, LPS-induced peritonitis and HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis models were produced. A nitric oxide (NO) assay, real-time PCR, luciferase reporter gene assay, western blot analysis, plasmid overexpression strategy, and in vitro kinase assay were used to determine the molecular mechanisms and target molecules of Rb-ME. The phytochemical active ingredients of Rb-ME were also identified by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). (3) Results: Rb-ME reduced the production of NO and mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 without cytotoxicity. The protein secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 was also decreased by Rb-ME. HPLC analysis indicates that quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol are the main active ingredients in the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Rb-ME. Rb-ME also blocked MyD88-induced NF-κB promoter activity and nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits (p65 and p50). Moreover, Rb-ME reduced the phosphorylation of IκBα, Akt, p85, Src, and Syk, which are NF-κB upstream signaling molecules in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. According to the in vitro kinase assay, Rb-ME directly inhibits Syk kinase activity. The oral administration of Rb-ME alleviated inflammatory responses and the levels of p-IκBα in mice with LPS-induced peritonitis and HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. (4) Conclusions Rb-ME has anti-inflammatory capacity by suppressing NF-κB signaling and it has been found to target Src and Syk in the NF-κB pathway. Based on this efficacy, Rb-ME could be developed as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
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Korean Red Ginseng Plays An Anti-Aging Role by Modulating Expression of Aging-Related Genes and Immune Cell Subsets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071492. [PMID: 32218338 PMCID: PMC7181072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite previous reports of anti-aging effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated possible mechanisms of KRG-mediated anti-aging effects in aged mice. KRG significantly inhibited thymic involution in old mice. Interestingly, KRG only increased protein expression, but not mRNA expression, of aging-related genes Lin28a, GDF-11, Sirt1, IL-2, and IL-17 in the thymocytes of old mice. KRG also modulated the population of some types of immune cells in old mice. KRG increased the population of regulatory T cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-expressing natural killer (NK) cells in the spleen of old mice, but serum levels of regulatory T cell-specific cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were unaffected. Finally, KRG recovered mRNA expression of Lin28a, GDF-11, and Sirt1 artificially decreased by concanavalin A (Con A) in both thymocytes and splenocytes of old mice without cytotoxicity. These results suggest that KRG exerts anti-aging effects by preventing thymic involution, as well as modulating the expression of aging-related genes and immune cell subsets.
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Saba E, Lee YY, Kim M, Hyun SH, Park CK, Son E, Kim DS, Kim SD, Rhee MH. A novel herbal formulation consisting of red ginseng extract and Epimedium koreanum Nakai-attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:833-842. [PMID: 33192127 PMCID: PMC7655509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a commonly encountered large intestine disease in the contemporary world that terminates into colorectal cancer; therefore, the timely treatment of UC is of major concern. Panax ginseng Meyer is an extensively consumed herbal commodity in South East Asian countries, especially Korea. It exhibits a wide range of biologically beneficial qualities for almost head-to-toe ailments in the body. Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is also a widely used traditional Korean herbal medicine used for treating infertility, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods Separately the anti-inflammatory activities of both red ginseng extracts (RGEs) and EKNs had been demonstrated in the past in various inflammatory models; however, we sought to unravel the anti-inflammatory activities of the combination of these two extracts in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model because the allopathic remedies for UC involve more side effects than benefits. Results Our results have shown that the combination of RGE + EKN synergistically alleviated the macroscopic lesions in DSS-induced colitic mice such as colon shortening, hematochezia, and weight loss. Moreover, it restored the histopathological lesions in mice and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines through the repression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3) expression. In vitro, this combination also reduced the magnitude of nitric acid (NO), pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokine through NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Conclusion In the light of these findings, we can endorse this combination extract as a functional food for the prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatment of UC in humans together with allopathic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Saba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Yee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Hyun
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Son
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Albarakati AJA, Baty RS, Aljoudi AM, Habotta OA, Elmahallawy EK, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE. Luteolin protects against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2591-2603. [PMID: 32144527 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metal pollutants affecting living organisms. It induces nephrotoxicity with significant alterations in renal structure and function. Luteolin (LUT) a flavonoid present in various plant products is well known for exhibiting numerous pharmacological properties. We evaluated the protective efficacy of LUT against Pb-induced renal injury in male Wistar rats. Four experimental groups: control, LUT (50 mg/kg, orally), PbAc (20 mg/kg, i.p.), LUT + PbAc (at the aforementioned doses) were maintained for 7 days. PbAc administration significantly increased renal Pb accumulation, urea, and creatinine levels in serum, and induced renal histological alterations. Additionally, compared to the control rats, PbAc-treated rats exhibited significantly low levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and expression (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR), as well as high MDA levels. Moreover, PbAc exposure downregulated Nfe212 and Homx1 mRNA expression and significantly increased inflammatory marker (TNF-α, IL-1β and NO) levels in renal tissue. PbAc significantly upregulated the synthesis of apoptotic related proteins and downregulated antiapoptotic protein expression. Notably, LUT pretreatment of PbAc-treated rats provided significant nephroprotection and reversed the alterations in the abovementioned parameters. In conclusion, LUT provided significant protection against PbAc intoxication via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Jameel A Albarakati
- Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Al-Qunfudah Branch, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S Baty
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehab K Elmahallawy
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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40
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Li WN, Fan DD. Biocatalytic strategies for the production of ginsenosides using glycosidase: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3807-3823. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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Chei S, Song JH, Oh HJ, Lee K, Jin H, Choi SH, Nah SY, Lee BY. Gintonin-Enriched Fraction Suppresses Heat Stress-Induced Inflammation Through LPA Receptor. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051019. [PMID: 32106493 PMCID: PMC7179209 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can be caused by various environmental factors. When exposed to heat stress, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction occur due to an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. In particular, inflammatory responses induced by heat stress are common in muscle cells, which are the most exposed to heat stress and directly affected. Gintonin-Enriched Fraction (GEF) is a non-saponin component of ginseng, a glycolipoprotein. It is known that it has excellent neuroprotective effects, therefore, we aimed to confirm the protective effect against heat stress by using GEF. C2C12 cells were exposed to high temperature stress for 1, 12 and 15 h, and the expression of signals was analyzed over time. Changes in the expression of the factors that were observed under heat stress were confirmed at the protein level. Exposure to heat stress increases phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and increases expression of inflammatory factors such as NLRP3 inflammasome through lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor. Activated inflammatory signals also increase the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). Also, expression of glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase related to oxidative stress is increased. However, it was confirmed that the changes due to the heat stress were suppressed by the GEF treatment. Therefore, we suggest that GEF helps to protect heat stress in muscle cell and prevent tissue damage by oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Chei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.S.); (H.-J.O.); (K.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Ji-Hyeon Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.S.); (H.-J.O.); (K.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyun-Ji Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.S.); (H.-J.O.); (K.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Kippeum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.S.); (H.-J.O.); (K.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Heegu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.S.); (H.-J.O.); (K.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (S.-Y.N.)
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (S.-Y.N.)
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.S.); (H.-J.O.); (K.L.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7155
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Wang B, Li M, Gao H, Sun X, Gao B, Zhang Y, Yu L. Chemical composition of tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum gypenosides and their suppression on inflammatory response by NF-κB/MAPKs/AP-1 signaling pathways. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1197-1207. [PMID: 32148825 PMCID: PMC7020333 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of gypenosides isolated from tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) leaves were investigated. The gypenosides accounted for 7.43 mg/g of the tested GP sample, which were composed of four major saponins including isomers of gypenoside 1 and 2 (C47H76O18), 3 (C47H76O17), and 4 (C46H74O17). Pretreatment of gypenosides reduced mRNA expressions of the proinflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, such as IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. The secreted protein levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, and NO production were also decreased by gypenosides within the concentration range of 50-200 μg/ml. Moreover, the mechanism studies demonstrated that gypenosides (200 μg/ml) treatment significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 (c-Fos and c-Jun) through down-regulating the phosphorylation of their upstream IκB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially that of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular regulated protein kinase(JNK and ERK), but not that of the p38 MAPK. These results suggested that the gypenosides might have potential anti-inflammatory effect and use for improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hang Gao
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Boyan Gao
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
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Choi E, Yi YS, Lee J, Park SH, Kim S, Hossain MA, Jang S, Choi YI, Park KJ, Kim DS, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Edible Fresh Water Algae Prasiola japonica in UVB-Irradiated Skin Keratinocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1853-1868. [PMID: 31786945 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the outer tissue layer and is a barrier protecting the body from various external stresses. The fresh water green edible algae Prasiola japonica has antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties; however, few studies of its effects on skin-protection have been reported. In this study, Prasiola japonica ethanol extract (Pj-EE) was prepared, and its skin-protective properties were investigated in skin keratinocytes. Pj-EE inhibited ROS production in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells without cytotoxicity. Pj-EE also suppressed the apoptotic death of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells by decreasing the generation of apoptotic bodies and the proteolytic activation of apoptosis caspase-3, -8, and -9. Moreover, Pj-EE downregulated the mRNA expression of the inflammatory gene cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, and the tissue remodeling genes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, and -9. The Pj-EE-induced anti-inflammatory effect was mediated by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Pj-EE exerts skin-protective effects through anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities in skin keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - SeokGu Jang
- Samcheok Prasiola Japonica Research Center, Samcheok City Hall, Samcheok 25914, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Im Choi
- Samcheok Prasiola Japonica Research Center, Samcheok City Hall, Samcheok 25914, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ja Park
- Samcheok Prasiola Japonica Research Center, Samcheok City Hall, Samcheok 25914, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sam Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Samcheok Prasiola Japonica Research Center, Samcheok City Hall, Samcheok 25914, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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44
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Lee JO, Kim JH, Kim S, Kim MY, Hong YH, Kim HG, Cho JY. Gastroprotective effects of the nonsaponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng through cyclooxygenase-1 upregulation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:655-663. [PMID: 32617046 PMCID: PMC7322762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng is known to exhibit immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory properties. The immune-enhancing effects of the nonsaponin fraction (NSF) of Korean Red Ginseng have been studied in many reports. However, the gastroprotective effect of this fraction is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate the activities of NSF for gastrointestinal protection and its related critical factor. Methods The in vitro and in vivo regulatory functions of NSF on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) messenger RNA and protein levels were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting analyses. Gastroprotective effects of NSF were investigated by histological score, gastric juice pH, and myeloperoxidase activity on indomethacin-induced, cold stress-induced, and acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastritis and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in in vivo mouse models. Results NSF did not show cytotoxicity, and it increased COX-1 messenger RNA expression and protein levels in RAW264.7 cells. This upregulation was also observed in colitis and gastritis in vivo models. In addition, NSF treatment in mice ameliorated the symptoms of gastrointestinal inflammation, including histological score, colon length, gastric juice pH, gastric wall thickness, and myeloperoxidase activity. Conclusion These results suggest that NSF has gastroprotective effects on gastritis and colitis in in vivo mouse models through COX-1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Li W, Zhang X, Ding M, Xin Y, Xuan Y, Zhao Y. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicological study of a novel ginsenoside derivative 25-OCH 3-PPD in beagle dogs. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:562-571. [PMID: 31700258 PMCID: PMC6823799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides have been widely used clinically for many years and were regarded as very safe. However, a few researches on the toxicities of these kinds of agents showed that some ginsenosides may have side-effect on the rats or dogs. So it is extremely necessary to further clarify the potential toxicity of ginsenosides. This study was carried out to investigate long-term toxicity and genotoxicity of 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol (25-OCH3-PPD), a new derivative of ginsenoside, in beagle dogs. Methods Twenty-four beagle dogs were divided randomly into four treatment groups and repeatedly orally administered with 25-OCH3-PPD capsule at 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg/day for 91 consecutive days. Ames, micronucleus, and chromosomal aberration tests were established to analyze the possible genotoxicity of 25-OCH3-PPD. Results There was no 25-OCH3-PPD–induced systemic toxicity in beagle dogs at any doses. The level of 25-OCH3-PPD at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg/day. The result of Ames test showed that there was no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of 25-OCH3-PPD administrated groups compared to the vehicle control group. There were also no significant differences between 25-OCH3-PPD administrated groups at all dose levels and negative group in the micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assay. Conclusion The highest dose level of 25-OCH3-PPD at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg per day, and it is not a genotoxic agent either in somatic cells or germs cells. 25-OCH3-PPD is an extremely safe candidate compound for antitumor treatment.
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Key Words
- 25-OCH3-PPD, 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol
- Beagle dog
- Erythrocyte count, RBC
- Ginsenoside
- SPSS, statistical package for social sciences
- Subchronic toxicity
- alanine aminotransferase, ALT
- albumin, ALB
- alkaline phosphatase, ALP
- aspartate aminotransferase, AST
- basophils, BASO
- chloride, Cl
- creatine phosphokinase, CK
- creatinine, Crea
- eosinophils, EOS
- gamma-glutamyl transferase, γ-GT
- glucose, GLU
- hematocrit, HCT
- hemoglobin concentration distribution width, HDW
- hemoglobin concentration, HGB
- lymphocytes, LYMPH
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH
- mean corpuscular volume, MCV
- mean platelet volume, MPV
- micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, MNPCE
- monocytes, MONO
- neutrophil cell, NEUT
- normochromatic erythrocytes, NCE
- platelets, PLT
- polychromatic erythrocytes, PCE
- potassium, K
- prothrombin time, PT
- red cell distribution width, RDW%
- reticulocyte count, RETIC
- sodium, Na
- total bilirubin, T.BIL
- total calcium, TCa
- total cholesterol, T.CHO
- total protein, T.P
- total triglyceride, TG
- urea nitrogen, BUN
- white blood cells count, WBC
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanfei Xin
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxian Xuan
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Identification of 20(R, S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol for potential selective modulation of glucocorticoid receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Byun MR, Kim CH, Lee HS, Choi JW, Lee SK. Repurposing of ginseng extract as topoisomerase I inhibitor based on the comparative analysis of gene expression patterns. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:223-227. [PMID: 31181353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Repositioning of plant extracts and chemical drugs can accelerate drug development. However, its success rate may depend on what the clue is for the repositioning. Recently, repositioning based on correction of unwarranted gene expression pattern has suggested the possibility of new drug development. Here, we designed a similar method for the repositioning of nutraceutical ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), which is one of the most validated natural therapeutic products for various diseases. We analyzed ginseng-induced gene expression profiles using the connectivity map algorithm, which is a database that connects diseases, chemical drugs, and gene expression. Ginseng was predicted to show the same effects as those of topoisomerase I inhibitors. In a subsequent in vitro assay, ginseng extract unwound coiled or supercoiled DNA, an effect comparable to that of the topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin. Furthermore, ginseng extract induced synthetic lethality with suppression of the Werner syndrome gene. The collected data implicate ginseng as a candidate antitumor agent owing to its topoisomerase I inhibitory activity and further validate the usefulness of differentially expressed gene similarity-based repurposing of other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ran Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Cheonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Cheonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kwan Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Cheonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Won HJ, Kim HI, Park T, Kim H, Jo K, Jeon H, Ha SJ, Hyun JM, Jeong A, Kim JS, Park YJ, Eo YH, Lee J. Non-clinical pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:354-360. [PMID: 31308806 PMCID: PMC6606970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng and other plants of the genus Panax, have been used as natural medicines in the East for a long time; in addition, their popularity in the West has increased owing to their various beneficial pharmacological effects. There is therefore a wealth of literature regarding the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides. In contrast, there are few comprehensive studies that investigate their pharmacokinetic behaviors. This is because ginseng contains the complicated mixture of herbal materials as well as thousands of constituents with complex chemical properties, and ginsenosides undergo multiple biotransformation processes after administration. This is a significant issue as pharmacokinetic studies provide crucial data regarding the efficacy and safety of compounds. Moreover, there have been many difficulties in the development of the optimal dosage regimens of ginsenosides and the evaluation of their interactions with other drugs. Therefore, this review details the pharmacokinetic properties and profiles of ginsenosides determined in various animal models administered through different routes of administration. Such information is valuable for designing specialized delivery systems and determining optimal dosing strategies for ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Won
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jun Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Hyun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sik Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Eo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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49
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Yao F, Xue Q, Li K, Cao X, Sun L, Liu Y. Phenolic Compounds and Ginsenosides in Ginseng Shoots and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacities in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2951. [PMID: 31212928 PMCID: PMC6627944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted this study for the first time to evaluate changes in the composition and contents of phenolic compounds and ginsenosides in ginseng shoot extracts (GSEs) prepared with different steaming times (2, 4, and 6 h) at 120 °C, as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). The results show that total phenol and flavonoid contents were both significantly higher in steamed versus raw GSEs, and the same trend was found for 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) scavenging capacities. Among the 18 ginsenosides quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the aid of pure standards, polar ginsenosides were abundant in raw GSEs, whereas less-polar or rare ginsenosides appeared after steaming at 120 °C and increased with steaming time. Furthermore, steamed GSEs exhibited a greater ability to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells at the same concentration. Relative expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNAs were attenuated by the GSEs, probably due to the enrichment of less-polar ginsenosides and enhanced antioxidant activity in steamed GSEs. These findings, combined with correlation analysis, showed that less-polar ginsenosides were major contributors to the inhibition of the overproduction of various inflammatory factors, while the inhibitory effects of total phenols and total flavonoids, and their antioxidant abilities, are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Xue
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Beilin Advanced Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Institute Co. Ltd., Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ke Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xinxin Cao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Beilin Advanced Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Institute Co. Ltd., Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujun Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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50
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Hu W, Zhou J, Shen T, Wang X. Target-Guided Isolation of Three Main Antioxidants from Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. Leaves Using HSCCC. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101907. [PMID: 31108973 PMCID: PMC6572348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. is an economically important plant that is widely cultivated in Southwest China. Its leaves are commonly used for tea and contain an abundance of antioxidant compounds. However, methods of the systematic purification of antioxidants from M. bealei are lacking. In this study, antioxidants from this plant were effectively and rapidly enriched. First, antioxidants were screened using online 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by separation using high-speed countercurrent chromatography with an optical solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:5:1:5, v/v/v/v). Three phenolics-chlorogenic acid (1, 8.3 mg), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2, 20.5 mg), and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3, 28.4 mg)-were obtained from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (240 mg) by one-step separation. The chemical structures of the phenolics were characterized by MS and NMR techniques, and the purity of each compound was >92.0% as determined by HPLC. The isolated compounds were assessed by scavenging activities on DPPH and superoxide radicals as well as cytoprotective assays, all of which showed similar trends regarding the antioxidant capacities of the compounds. Moreover, compounds 1-3 significantly attenuated the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in H2O2-treated RAW264.7 cells. Our study demonstrated the efficiency of a newly developed integrative system for the comprehensive characterization of pure compounds from M. bealei, which will allow their use as reference substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Ting Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
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