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Kumar R, Dhiman S, Gupta H. Indium extraction from nitrate medium using Cyphos ionic liquid 104 and its mathematical modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107341-107349. [PMID: 36574124 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and recovery of pollutants in aquatic system is one of the greatest challenges for environmentalists throughout the world. In this study, solvent extraction of indium using phosphonium ionic liquid (Cyphos IL 104) as an extractant and its mathematical model was proposed for prediction of In(III) ion transport across a FSSLM (flat-sheet-supported liquid membrane). Solvent extraction experiments on indium have been carried out under various experimental conditions in order to assert some fundamental parameters using mathematical analysis for mass transfer process. Diffusion is the process which facilitates metal ion transport across liquid membrane, indicating the applicability of Fick's law of diffusion in model formulation. The influence of different parameters like composition of diluent, feed acidity, and ligand concentration on In(III) ion transport rate has been reported. At different extractant concentrations, the modeling outputs and experimental indium extraction were observed to be in reasonably good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Uttar Pradesh, 244102, Moradabad, India
| | - Soniya Dhiman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Uttar Pradesh, 244102, Moradabad, India.
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Ciocărlie L, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Negrea P, Ianasi P, Ianasi C, Nemes NS. Indium Recovery by Adsorption on MgFe 2O 4 Adsorbents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7054. [PMID: 36295119 PMCID: PMC9605174 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indium and its compounds have many industrial applications and are widely used in the manufacture of liquid crystal displays, semiconductors, low temperature soldering, and infrared photodetectors. Indium does not have its own minerals in the Earth's crust, and most commonly, indium is associated with the ores of zinc, lead, copper and tin. Therefore, it must be recovered as a by-product from other metallurgical processes or from secondary raw materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the adsorption properties for recovering indium from aqueous solutions using iron-magnesium composite (MgFe2O4). In addition, the results show that the material offers very efficient desorption in 15% HCl solution, being used for 10 adsorption-desorption cycle test. These results provide a simple and effective process for recovering indium. Present study was focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the material by physico-chemical methods such as: X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, followed by the adsorption tests. The XRD indicates that the MgFe2O4 phase was obtained, and the crystallite size was about 8 nm. New prepared adsorbent materials have a point of zero charge of 9.2. Studies have been performed to determine the influence of pH, initial indium solution concentration, material/solution contact time and temperature on the adsorption capacity of the material. Adsorption mechanism was established by kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies. At equilibrium a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.4 mg/g has been obtained. From kinetic and thermodynamic studies was proved that the studied adsorption process is homogeneous, spontaneous, endothermic and temperature dependent. Based on Weber and Morris model, we can conclude that the In (III) ions takes place at the MgFe2O4/In (III) solution-material interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ciocărlie
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adina Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ciopec
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Petru Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Paula Ianasi
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144th Dr. A.P. Podeanu Street, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Ianasi
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazul, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Sorina Nemes
- Renewable Energy Research Institute—ICER, University Politehnica of Timisoara, 300501 Timisoara, Romania
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Su X, Li S, Liu C, He J, Song J. Reduction mechanism of spent ITO target in CaCl2 molten salt. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Considering environmental friendliness and economic factors, the separation and extraction of indium under acidic conditions are of great significance. In this research, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of UiO-66 were successfully prepared and used for the separation and adsorption of indium. The properties of UiO-66 were structurally characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analyzer (BET), thermogravimetric analysers (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that UiO-66 can resist acid and keep its structure unchanged, even at a strong acidity of pH 1. The adsorption performance of UiO-66 to indium (III) was also evaluated. The results show that the adsorption process of indium ions was by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 11.75 mg·g−1 being recorded. The adsorption kinetics experiment preferably fits the second-order kinetic model. A possible mechanism for the adsorption of In(III) by UiO-66 was explored through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared analysis(FT-IR). It was concluded that the C=O of free –COOH of UiO-66 was involved in the adsorption of In(III) by cation exchange. This study indicates, for the first time, that UiO-66 can be applied as an acid-resistant adsorbent to recover indium (III).
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Removal of Cu(II) and Cu(I) from acidic copper etching wastewater by NH3·H2O decomplexation coupling with O2 oxidation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen J, Meng T, Leng E, E J. Review on metal dissolution characteristics and harmful metals recovery from electronic wastes by supercritical water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127693. [PMID: 34799178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water (SCW) technology can be applied as an efficient and environment-friendly method to recover toxic or complex chemical wastes. Separation and chemical reactions under supercritical conditions may be realized by changing the temperature, pressure, and other operating parameters to adjust the physical and chemical properties of water. However, salt deposition and corrosion are often encountered during the treatment of inorganic substances, which will hinder the commercial applications of SCW technology. The solubility of salt in high pressure/temperature water forms the theoretical basis for studying the recovery of metal salts in supercritical water and understanding salt deposition. Therefore, this work systematically and objectively reviews different research methods used to analyze salt solubility in high pressure/temperature water, including the experimental method, prediction theoretical modeling, and computer simulation method; the research status and existing data of this parameter are also analyzed. The purpose of this review is to provide ideas and references for follow-up research by providing a comprehensive overview of salt solubility research methods and the current situation. Suggestions for more efficient metal recovery through technology integration are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Chen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Institute of New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Tian Meng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Erwei Leng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaqiang E
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Institute of New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Titanium Dioxide/Activated Carbon Electrode with Polyurethane Binder for the Removal of Indium Ions via Capacitive Deionization. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9081427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of removing indium ions from aqueous solutions by applying capacitive deionization (CDI) is reported in this manuscript. First, a modified carbon material was prepared by incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) into activated carbon (AC). A microwave-assisted ionothermal synthesis (MAIS) method was used to produce evenly distributed nanostructured anatase TiO2 on the surface of AC. A polyurethane (PU) elastomer was then synthesized as the binder material instead of using conventional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). By combining the aforementioned materials, a MAIS TiO2/AC-PU electrode was synthesized and applied to CDI tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the size and dispersion of the composites. For electrochemical properties, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to analyze the synthesized electrode. The performance of the prepared electrode during the CDI process was tested in different concentrations of indium solutions. It was discovered that the indium removal efficiency can be as high as 84% in 1 and 5 ppm of indium solutions.
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Takemura Y, Abe M, Noguchi M, Yamasaki A. Indium Recovery from the Acid Elute of Waste Indium Tin Oxide Glass by Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid as a Chelating Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takemura
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Miyuki Noguchi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
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Zhang W, Lin YC, Chien SK, Wu TY, Chen SC, Cheng PC, Lai CN. Efficient indium leaching and recovery from waste liquid crystal displays panels using microwave and ultrasound-assisted heating system. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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He Q, Wang K, Chen JG, He ZH, Liu ZT, Liu ZW, Lu J. Interaction between ammonium perfluorooctanoate and CO2 and its removal from fluoropolymer in supercritical carbon dioxide. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Swain B, Lee CG. Commercial indium recovery processes development from various e-(industry) waste through the insightful integration of valorization processes: A perspective. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:597-611. [PMID: 31109560 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of the waste LCD and recovery of indium which is an important classified critical raw material rarely have been industrially valorized for the circular economy due to lack of technology. Waste specific technology development is a cost-intensive and time-consuming process for the recycling industry. Hence, integrating existing technology for the purpose can address the e-waste issue in general and waste LCD in particular. Waste LCD and LCD industry itching wastewater are two important challenges can be addressed through an insightful combination of two. Hence, here possible integration of waste LCD leaching process with ITO wastewater treatment has been focused on indium recovery purpose. From our perspective process integration can be managed in two different ways, i.e., waste-to-waste mix stream process and integration of two different valorization processes for complete recovery of indium. With reference to indium recovery and context of e-waste recovery the process integration can be managed in two different ways, i.e., (i) waste LCD leaching with ITO etching industry wastewater then valorized (Waste-to-waste mix stream), (ii) Integration of waste LCD leaching process with ITO wastewater treatment process (integration of two valorization processes).Through proposed process semiconductor manufacturing industry and ITO recycling industry can address various issues like; (i) waste disposal, as well as indium recovery, (ii) brings back the material to production stream and address the circular economy, (ii) can be closed-loop process with industry and (iii) can be part of cradle-to-cradle technology management and lower the futuristic carbon economy, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Swain
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin-Si 449-863, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Gi Lee
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin-Si 449-863, Republic of Korea
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Value Recovery from Waste Liquid Crystal Display Glass Cullet through Leaching: Understanding the Correlation between Indium Leaching Behavior and Cullet Piece Size. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Argenta A, Reis C, Mello G, Dotto G, Tanabe E, Bertuol D. Supercritical CO2 extraction of indium present in liquid crystal displays from discarded cell phones using organic acids. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu K, Zhang Z, Zhang FS. Direct extraction of palladium and silver from waste printed circuit boards powder by supercritical fluids oxidation-extraction process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:216-223. [PMID: 27427888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study was carried out to develop an environmental benign process for direct recovery of palladium (Pd) and silver (Ag) from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) powder. The process ingeniously combined supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) extraction techniques. SCWO treatment could effectively enrich Pd and Ag by degrading non-metallic component, and a precious metal concentrate (PMC) could be obtained, in which the enrichment factors of Pd and Ag reached 5.3 and 4.8, respectively. In the second stage, more than 93.7% Pd and 96.4% Ag could be extracted from PMC by Sc-CO2 modified with acetone and KI-I2 under optimum conditions. Mechanism study indicated that Pd and Ag extraction by Sc-CO2 was a complicated physiochemical process, involving oxidation, complexation, anion exchange, mass transfer and migration approaches. Accordingly, this study established a benign and effective process for selective recovery of dispersal precious metals from waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fu-Shen Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Swain B, Mishra C, Hong HS, Cho SS. Beneficiation and recovery of indium from liquid-crystal-display glass by hydrometallurgy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 57:207-214. [PMID: 26944866 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering indium scarcity, the end-of-life (EOL) LCD, which accounts for up to 90% of market share can be a feasible secondary resource upon successful recycling. In the preferred hydrometallurgical process of such critical metals, leaching is the essential primary and essential phase has been investigated. In this process, LCD was mechanically separated along with other parts from EOL TVs through a smartly engineered process developed at our institute, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), the Republic of Korea. After removing plastics and metals from the LCD, it was mechanically shredded for size reduction. The mechanically shredded LCD waste was leached with HCl for recovery of indium. Possible leaching parameters such as; effect of acid concentration, pulp density, temperature and effect of oxidant H2O2 concentration were investigated to identify the best conditions for indium extraction. Indium (76.16×10-3g/L) and tin (10.24×10-3g/L) leaching was achieved at their optimum condition, i.e. lixiviant of 5M HCl, a pulp density of 500g/L, temperature 75°C, agitation speed of 400rpm and time for 120min. At optimum condition the glass, plastic and the valuable metal indium have completely been separated. From indium enriched leach liquor, indium can be purified and recovered through hydrometallurgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Swain
- Institute for Advanced Engineering, Advanced Materials & Processing Center, Yongin 449-863, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chinmayee Mishra
- Institute for Advanced Engineering, Advanced Materials & Processing Center, Yongin 449-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seon Hong
- Sungshin University, Dept. of Interdisciplinary ECO Science, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Cho
- Institute for Advanced Engineering, Advanced Materials & Processing Center, Yongin 449-863, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The present work investigated the transfer regularity of Fe (III)-Al (III) in the extraction of indium from waste TFT-LCD. The result showed that Fe (III)-Al (III) is extracted by D2EHPA in the extraction process of indium. Therefore by controlling extraction time, the amount of iron and aluminum declined in the extractant. During extraction in D2EHPA, the content of iron and aluminum was affected by acidity and coexisting anions. The iron and aluminum accumulating in D2EHPA could cause aging extractant, which made an impact on loading capacity of the extractant.
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Hasegawa H, Rahman IM, Umehara Y, Sawai H, Maki T, Furusho Y, Mizutani S. Selective recovery of indium from the etching waste solution of the flat-panel display fabrication process. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hasegawa H, Rahman IMM, Egawa Y, Sawai H, Begum ZA, Maki T, Mizutani S. Chelant-induced reclamation of indium from the spent liquid crystal display panels with the aid of microwave irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 254-255:10-17. [PMID: 23583944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indium is a rare metal that is mostly consumed as indium tin oxide (ITO) in the fabrication process of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. The spent LCD panels, termed as LCD-waste hereafter, is an increasing contributor of electronic waste burden worldwide and can be an impending secondary source of indium. The present work reports a new technique for the reclamation of indium from the unground LCD-waste using aminopolycarboxylate chelants (APCs) as the solvent in a hyperbaric environment and at a high-temperature. Microwave irradiation was used to create the desired system conditions, and a substantial abstraction of indium (≥80%) from the LCD-waste with the APCs (EDTA or NTA) was attained in the acidic pH region (up to pH 5) at the temperature of ≥120 °C and the pressure of ~50 bar. The unique point of the reported process is the almost quantitative recovery of indium from the LCD-waste that ensured via the combination of the reaction facilitatory effect of microwave exposure and the metal extraction capability of APCs. A method for the selective isolation of indium from the extractant solution and recycle of the chelant in solution is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ismail M M Rahman
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Yuji Egawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sawai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Zinnat A Begum
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Teruya Maki
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizutani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Lee CH, Jeong MK, Kilicaslan MF, Lee JH, Hong HS, Hong SJ. Recovery of indium from used LCD panel by a time efficient and environmentally sound method assisted HEBM. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:730-734. [PMID: 23177569 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a method which is environmentally sound, time and energy efficient has been used for recovery of indium from used liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. In this method, indium tin oxide (ITO) glass was crushed to micron size particles in seconds via high energy ball milling (HEBM). The parameters affecting the amount of dissolved indium such as milling time, particle size, effect time of acid solution, amount of HCl in the acid solution were tried to be optimized. The results show that by crushing ITO glass to micron size particles by HEBM, it is possible to extract higher amount of indium at room temperature than that by conventional methods using only conventional shredding machines. In this study, 86% of indium which exists in raw materials was recovered about in a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Hee Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering & Institute for Rare Metals, Kongju National University, Cheonan 331-717, Republic of Korea
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Phenylmethoxybis(tetrazolium) ion-association complexes with an anionic indium(III) — 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol chelate. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractComplex formation and liquid-liquid extraction were studied in systems containing indium(III), 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), phenylmethoxybis(tetrazolium) salt (MBT), water and chloroform. The following MBTs, which differ only by the number of -NO2 groups in their cationic parts, were used: 3,3′-(3,3′-dimetoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride) (Blue Tetrazolium chloride, BT), 3,3′-(3,3′-dimetoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride] (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium chloride, NBT) and 3,3′-(3,3′-dimetoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)bis[2,5-di(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium chloride] (Tetranitro Blue Tetrazolium chloride, TNBT). The composition of the formed ternary complexes was determined, In:PAR:MBT=1:2:2, and the optimum conditions for their extraction found: pH, shaking time, concentration of the reagents and the sequence of their addition. Some key constants were estimated: constants of extraction (Kex), constants of association (β) and constants of distribution (KD). BT appears to be the best MBT for extraction of the In(III)-PAR species, [In3+(OH)3(PAR)2]4−, (Log Kex=10.9, Log β=9.8, Log KD=1.12, R%=92.7%). Several additional characteristics concerning its application as extraction-spectrophotometric reagent were calculated: limit of detection (LOD = 0.12 µg cm−3), limit of quantification (LOD = 0.40 µg cm−3) and Sandell’s sensitivity (SS =1.58 ng cm−2); Beer’s law is obeyed for In(III) concentrations up to 3.2 µg mL−1 with a molar absorptivity coefficient of 7.3×104 L mol−1 cm−1 at λmax=515 nm.
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Hasegawa H, Rahman IM, Egawa Y, Sawai H, Begum ZA, Maki T, Mizutani S. Recovery of indium from end-of-life liquid-crystal display panels using aminopolycarboxylate chelants with the aid of mechanochemical treatment. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hines CJ, Roberts JL, Andrews RN, Jackson MV, Deddens JA. Use of and occupational exposure to indium in the United States. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:723-733. [PMID: 24195539 PMCID: PMC4476525 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.836279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indium use has increased greatly in the past decade in parallel with the growth of flat-panel displays, touchscreens, optoelectronic devices, and photovoltaic cells. Much of this growth has been in the use of indium tin oxide (ITO). This increased use has resulted in more frequent and intense exposure of workers to indium. Starting with case reports and followed by epidemiological studies, exposure to ITO has been linked to serious and sometimes fatal lung disease in workers. Much of this research was conducted in facilities that process sintered ITO, including manufacture, grinding, and indium reclamation from waste material. Little has been known about indium exposure to workers in downstream applications. In 2009-2011, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contacted 89 potential indium-using companies; 65 (73%) responded, and 43 of the 65 responders used an indium material. Our objective was to identify current workplace applications of indium materials, tasks with potential indium exposure, and exposure controls being used. Air sampling for indium was either conducted by NIOSH or companies provided their data for a total of 63 air samples (41 personal, 22 area) across 10 companies. Indium exposure exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m(3) for certain methods of resurfacing ITO sputter targets, cleaning sputter chamber interiors, and in manufacturing some inorganic indium compounds. Indium air concentrations were low in sputter target bonding with indium solder, backside thinning and polishing of fabricated indium phosphide-based semiconductor devices, metal alloy production, and in making indium-based solder pastes. Exposure controls such as containment, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and tool-mounted LEV can be effective at reducing exposure. In conclusion, occupational hygienists should be aware that the manufacture and use of indium materials can result in indium air concentrations that exceed the NIOSH REL. Given recent findings of adverse health effects in workers, research is needed to determine if the current REL sufficiently protects workers against indium-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Hines
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Ronnee N. Andrews
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - James A. Deddens
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Zhu L, Duan W, Xu J, Zhu Y. Uranium extraction from TRISO-coated fuel particles using supercritical CO2 containing tri-n-butyl phosphate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 241-242:456-462. [PMID: 23089063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) are advanced nuclear systems that will receive heavy use in the future. It is important to develop spent nuclear fuel reprocessing technologies for HTGR. A new method for recovering uranium from tristructural-isotropic (TRISO-) coated fuel particles with supercritical CO(2) containing tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as a complexing agent was investigated. TRISO-coated fuel particles from HTGR fuel elements were first crushed to expose UO(2) pellet fuel kernels. The crushed TRISO-coated fuel particles were then treated under O(2) stream at 750°C, resulting in a mixture of U(3)O(8) powder and SiC shells. The conversion of U(3)O(8) into solid uranyl nitrate by its reaction with liquid N(2)O(4) in the presence of a small amount of water was carried out. Complete conversion was achieved after 60 min of reaction at 80°C, whereas the SiC shells were not converted by N(2)O(4). Uranyl nitrate in the converted mixture was extracted with supercritical CO(2) containing TBP. The cumulative extraction efficiency was above 98% after 20 min of online extraction at 50°C and 25 MPa, whereas the SiC shells were not extracted by TBP. The results suggest an attractive strategy for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from HTGR to minimize the generation of secondary radioactive waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102201, China
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Kwak NS, Baek Y, Hwang TS. The synthesis of poly(vinylphosphonic acid-co-methacrylic acid) microbeads by suspension polymerization and the characterization of their indium adsorption properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 203-204:213-220. [PMID: 22209590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinylphosphonic acid-co-methacrylic acid) microbeads were synthesized by suspension polymerization, and their indium adsorption properties were investigated. The obtained microbeads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbeads were wrinkled spheres, irrespective of the components, and their sizes ranged from 100 to 200 μm. The microbeads were thermally stable up to 260°C. As the vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) content was increased, the synthetic yields and ion-exchange capacities decreased and the water uptakes increased. The optimum synthetic yield, ion-exchange capacity and water uptake were obtained at a 0.5 mol ratio of VPA. In addition, the maximum adsorption predicted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was greatest at a 0.5 mol ratio of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noh-Seok Kwak
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Soylak M, Yilmaz E. Sorbent extraction of 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol (TAR)-metal chelates on Diaion SP-850 adsorption resin in order to preconcentration/separation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 182:704-709. [PMID: 20633993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple separation-enrichment technique for the determination of trace amounts of some metal ions was described. By the passage of aqueous samples including Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) ions-4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol (TAR) chelates through Diaion SP-850 column, metal chelates adsorb quantitatively and almost all matrix elements were passed through the column to drain. Quantitative recoveries for analyte ions were obtained at pH 6 at 3 ml/min flow rate of sample solution in 0.5 g Diaion SP-850 filled glass column. The investigations were also carried out on the interferences from other concomitant ions in the sorption process. After optimization, a preconcentration factor of 60 and a recovery values as % higher than 95 were achieved. The detection limit (N=10, 3 sigma) for Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) were found as 3.6, 1.1, 2.8 and 2.3 microg l(-1), respectively. The applications to the determination of iron, copper, nickel and cobalt in real samples and the validation of the analytical methodology employing NIST SRM 1549 milk powder, NIST RM 8433 Corn Bran and BCR 144R Sewage sludge of domestic origin as certified reference materials were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
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