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Lahiri D, Ray I, Ray R, Chanakya IVS, Tarique M, Misra S, Rahaman W, Tiwari M, Wang X, Das R. Source apportionment and emission projections of heavy metals from traffic sources in India: Insights from elemental and Pb isotopic compositions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135810. [PMID: 39288519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The study investigates the sources of metals in urban road dusts using elemental concentration and Pb isotopic ratios. The elemental concentrations are also utilized to determine the present heavy metal emissions as well as projected emissions till 2045. Bayesian mixing model for source apportionment highlights the significant contributions of both exhaust and non-exhaust sources to the metal-enriched urban road dusts, with each contributing approximately 40 %. Emission analysis reveals that India's projected electric vehicle (EV) penetration may not be sufficient to suppress the metal emissions from vehicular exhausts. Further challenge is posed by high metal concentrations in the non-exhaust sources, that dominates the emission of some metals compared to exhaust sources. If the metal concentrations remain unchanged, the emission analysis predicts alarming increases in total emissions from all the exhaust and non-exhaust sources by 174 %, 176 %, 163 % and 184 % for Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb, respectively, from 2022 to 2045. Thus, it is crucial to reduce the metal concentrations in traffic emission sources and also impose better regulatory measures to improve the urban metal pollution scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyangana Lahiri
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Iravati Ray
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Rupam Ray
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Mohd Tarique
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India
| | - Sambuddha Misra
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Waliur Rahaman
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Reshmi Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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2
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Bouredji A, Muresan B, Truong XT, Lumière L, Pourchez J, Forest V. An in vitro comparison of the toxicological profiles of ground tire particles (TP) and actual tire and road wear particles (TRWP) emissions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108885. [PMID: 39024828 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
There is currently limited data on the potential effects of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on human health. TRWP include tire fragments, but also road wear materials, dust, adsorbed gaseous pollutants and different types of inclusions that could affect their hazard profiles. Due to their availability and lower complexity, ground tire particles (TP) are often used in toxicological studies. However, this makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the potential hazard of actual TRWP. Here, we compared the in vitro toxicological profile of ground TP and actual TRWP emissions of similar size collected from road traffic. For this purpose, TP and TRWP were separately incubated with alveolar macrophages for 24 h, and the cellular response was evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity, proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. Both TP and TRWP induced neither significant cytotoxicity nor oxidative stress, but triggered a concentration-dependent proinflammatory response, as evidenced by increased TNF-α production. The level of TNF-α production was slightly higher with TRWP than with TP, independent of the particle dose. All in all, the pulmonary toxicity of TRWP could be due primarily to the tire tread inclusions and only marginally to other particle components (i.e. road wear materials, dust …). Although these preliminary results need to be confirmed by further analysis, they could be useful for tire manufacturers in the production of safer-by-design tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Bouredji
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Bogdan Muresan
- Université Gustave Eiffel, AME-EASE, Bouguenais F-44344, France
| | | | | | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France.
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3
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Portugal J, Bedia C, Amato F, Juárez-Facio AT, Stamatiou R, Lazou A, Campiglio CE, Elihn K, Piña B. Toxicity of airborne nanoparticles: Facts and challenges. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108889. [PMID: 39042967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most severe environmental healthhazards, and airborne nanoparticles (diameter <100 nm) are considered particularly hazardous to human health. They are produced by various sources such as internal combustion engines, wood and biomass burning, and fuel and natural gas combustion, and their origin, among other parameters, determines their intrinsic toxicity for reasons that are not yet fully understood. Many constituents of the nanoparticles are considered toxic or at least hazardous, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal compounds, in addition to gaseous pollutants present in the aerosol fraction, such as NOx, SO2, and ozone. All these compounds can cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation in the lungs and other tissues, and cellular organelles. Epidemiological investigations concluded that airborne pollution may affect the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Moreover, particulate matter has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer, a carcinogenic effect not related to DNA damage, but to the cellular inflammatory response to the pollutants, in which the release of cytokines promotes the proliferation of pre-existing mutated cancer cells. The mechanisms behind toxicity can be investigated experimentally using cell cultures or animal models. Methods for gathering particulate matter have been explored, but standardized protocols are needed to ensure that the samples accurately represent chemical mixtures in the environment. Toxic constituents of nanoparticles can be studied in animal and cellular models, but designing realistic exposure settings is challenging. The air-liquid interface (ALI) system directly exposes cells, mimicking particle inhalation into the lungs. Continuous research and monitoring of nanoparticles and other airborne pollutants is essential for understanding their effects and developing active strategies to mitigate their risks to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Bedia
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana T Juárez-Facio
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodopi Stamatiou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chiara E Campiglio
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, BG, Italy
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang Q, Yin J, Fang T, Guo Q, Sun J, Peng J, Zhong C, Wu L, Mao H. Regenerative braking system effectively reduces the formation of brake wear particles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133350. [PMID: 38154178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Brake wear particles (BWPs) are considered one of the most significant non-exhaust particle emission sources from motor vehicles. Previous studies have primarily focused on BWPs from conventional fuel vehicles (CFVs), with limited research available on BWPs from new energy vehicles (NEVs). We developed an independent BWP emission testing system applicable to NEVs and conducted BWP emission tests on representative NEVs and CFVs under various testing cycles via a chassis dynamometer. The BWP emission characteristics of the NEVs equipped with regenerative braking system significantly differed from those of gasoline vehicles. For transient emission characteristics, gasoline vehicles exhibited higher peak concentrations during brake events than brake drag events, while those with regenerative braking exhibited the opposite feature. Under continuous braking, the concentration of ultrafine particles emitted by NEVs was reduced by more than 3 orders of magnitude compared to gasoline vehicles. In terms of single-particle morphology, BWPs could be mainly divided into three categories: carbonaceous particles, iron-rich particles, and mixed metal particles. We obtained realistic emission characteristics of BWPs from NEVs, which could provide data support and a scientific basis for the formulation of relevant emission standards and control measures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jiawei Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tiange Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Quanyou Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhong
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Birch G. Review and assessment of road-derived metals as a major contributor of metallic contaminants to urban stormwater and the estuarine environment (Sydney estuary, Australia). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133096. [PMID: 38061125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Sydney Harbour (Australia). is one of the most metal-contaminated in the world and sediments are toxic over large areas. The major source of metals is stormwater, however there remains considerable debate regarding the source of metals in water entering the estuary. The current review and critical assessment of a large source of data accumulated from over three decades of research, supplemented by global studies, identified road-derived metals (RDMs) as the chief contributor of metals to stormwater and consequently to pollution of the estuary. Roads comprise almost 25% of a typical urban catchment and generate a considerable metal load from highly effective impervious surfaces and RDM is transported directly to the adjacent receiving basin with enhanced connectivity. In Sydney, industrial waste is delivered to the sewage system and is disposed of offshore, leaving RDM as a major contributor of metals to the stormwater system and estuarine environment. RDMs are modelled to be hazardous to the ecology and human health (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic diseases) in the catchment environment driven by high metal concentrations, small size and elevated bioavailability. Remediation of RDMs is complex, requiring extensive knowledge and an experienced management team. The enormous potential for water re-use is often neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Birch
- Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Jawaa ZT, Biswas KF, Khan MF, Moniruzzaman M. Source and respiratory deposition of trace elements in PM 2.5 at an urban location in Dhaka city. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25420. [PMID: 38375259 PMCID: PMC10875380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been creating severe environmental crises in Dhaka. This city ranks at the top among the major cities of the world. A multidimensional study is needed to assess the severity of this crisis. This study aims to determine the sources of trace elements in PM2.5 and their effects on health. We measured concentrations of 15 trace elements in PM2.5 every hour for eight days using a well-equipped mobile air quality monitoring system integrated with an automatic sampling system (AQMS, Horiba, Japan). We analyzed the concentrations of the trace elements to identify their potential sources and diurnal variation and to compute the respiratory deposition dose of the trace elements to estimate the health risks they pose. The daily average concentration of PM2.5 was higher than the allowable limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Among the trace elements, sulfur had the highest concentration and vanadium was the lowest. We found out that concentrations of the elements were the highest during the middle of the day and the lowest during midnight. Four source profiles of PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). Soil dust with sulfur-rich petroleum contributed about 65 %, industrial and non-exhaust emissions about 5 % each, and heavy engine oil combustion about 25 % to air pollution. Air mass backward trajectory analysis indicated that Dhaka's air contains both local and transboundary pollution. According to the determined respiratory deposition dose of the elements, males had higher deposition than females during heavy exercise. Sulfur and vanadium have the highest and lowest respiratory deposition dose, respectively. The highest amount of deposition occurred in the upper airways. We expect that this study will help professionals develop effective strategies to prevent and mitigate the emission of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarin Tasneem Jawaa
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Karabi Farhana Biswas
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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7
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Tiwari R, Upadhyay V, Bhat SA, Kumar S. Sewage treatment plant dust: An emerging concern for heavy metals-induced health risks in urban area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169231. [PMID: 38072263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Metal-related pollution from dust is a significant source of toxic elements in urban areas. The present study aimed to assess the health risk posed by heavy metals present in dust samples to the people residing near the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). Dust samples were collected from an STP with a capacity of 130 mega litres per day (MLD). Data analysis indicated highly contaminated STP dust with Enrichment Factor (EF) suggesting an anthropogenic origin of selected metals (As, Co, Al, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ba, Pb, Ni, Mn). The contamination factor values of metals highlighted a greater degree of contamination in the selected area. Notably, a strong correlation (>0.5) was observed between metals. The EF value was found to be >40 indicating high enrichment for all the metals except Fe. In-depth chemical analysis and health risk assessments were conducted, revealing an Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) value of 1 × 10-6 and HQ (Hazard Quotient) value of 1. These values are significantly exceeding the safe limits for both children and adults which could develop cancerous properties in human beings. In an effort to reduce toxicity, dust samples were also subjected to vermicomposting treatment to assess the potential effectiveness of the earthworms. The EF value of vermicomposted dust came out to be lower than the untreated one. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for adults exhibited the following pattern of HQing > HQder > HQinh (indicating that the Hazard Quotient from ingestion is greater than that from dermal contact, which is in turn greater than inhalation). This investigation offers crucial insights into the increased risks of cancerous and non-cancerous ailments for individuals living or working in proximity to STPs. This research also highlights the pressing need to implement effective measures for safeguarding public health and mitigating environmental pollution in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tiwari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidisha Upadhyay
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra, India.
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Wang H, Luo Z, Dai A, Liao X, Yan C, Yu R, Zhou S, Xing B. Ascertaining appropriate measuring methods to determine tire wear particle pollution on driving school grounds in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133657. [PMID: 38309163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are garnering increasing attention due to their potential adverse environmental impacts. However, precisely ascertaining TWPs content is challenging due to the complexity and variability of the tire components used in the environment, indicating that more reliable methods to accurately determine TWPs are necessary. In this study, driving school grounds were used as a case study to ascertain an appropriate and reliable method to determine TWPs levels based on a comprehensive comparison between different analytical results using styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and zinc (Zn) as analytical markers. Thermogravimetric analysis-Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TGA-GC-MS) method reliability using SBR was verified and applied to measure TWPs levels on driving school grounds. By reliably converting SBR content to TWPs content, the average TWPs content on driving school grounds was measured at 190.13 ± 101.89 mg/g. The highest TWPs content was 281.83 ± 171.44 mg/g under the reverse stall parking driving programs, while the slope start and stop driving programs was lower at 208.36 ± 124.11 mg/g. Our findings highlight the importance of accurately determining TWPs content within specific environments while comprehensively exploring associated patterns of change to better understand the environmental risks of TWPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhuanxi Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Anteng Dai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ruilian Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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9
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Chae E, Choi SS. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM 2.5) and contributions of tire wear particle to PM 2.5 in an indoor parking garage: Comparison with the outside and the differences according to the sampling sites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23513. [PMID: 38169872 PMCID: PMC10758853 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is increasingly affecting the social-economic development of countries. An increase in PM2.5 concentration increases susceptibility to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancer. Tire wear particles (TWP) contribute to airborne PM. In the present work, we investigated the variation in the concentration of TWP of <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (TWP2.5) in an indoor parking garage depending on the sampling sites. PM2.5 samples were collected at four sites in an indoor parking garage of a college campus: the entrance of the parking garage (Ent), the second floor toward the third floor (2F), the front of the parking zone on the second floor (2FP), and the third floor toward the fourth floor (3F). Each PM2.5 sampling was performed for 4 days during the fall season. The PM2.5 concentrations at the 2F and 2FP were similar to the outside PM2.5 concentrations, whereas those at the Ent and 3F were higher than the outside PM2.5 concentrations. The TWP2.5 concentrations in the indoor parking garage were 0.61-0.73 μg/m3. The differences in the TWP2.5 concentrations depending on the sampling sites were due to the differences in traffic volumes. The TWP2.5 concentration at the 2FP was higher than those at the other sampling sites owing to air stagnation and TWPs produced by the high friction when parking and exiting a car in the parking zone. The contributions of TWP2.5 to the PM2.5 concentrations were 3.9-11.7%, in the order of 2FP ≫ Ent > 3F > 2F. A good air ventilation system can be recommended to reduce TWP2.5 concentrations in indoor parking garages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zhang Q, Fang T, Men Z, Wei N, Peng J, Du T, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wu L, Mao H. Direct measurement of brake and tire wear particles based on real-world driving conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167764. [PMID: 37832679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
With implementing vehicle emission control policies, tailpipe particulate emissions have been gradually controlled, and the relative contribution of non-tailpipe particulate emissions, such as brake and tire wear, has further increased. A unified and scientific method for sampling non-tailpipe particulate matter (PM) emissions is essential to improve the accuracy of the emission characteristics and factors. This study proposes a novel sampling method based on real-world driving conditions to obtain information on emissions and extract characteristic conditions for tire and brake pad wear. We extracted 200 representative braking segments for simulation experiments based on road type, initial and final velocities, temperature, and deceleration rate. Two standard test cycles to simulate the tire wear conditions of the front and rear wheels were constructed based on velocity, lateral, and vertical forces. Under the real-world driving condition test cycle, the emission factors of PM2.5 and PM10 for brake wear particles of passenger vehicles were 2.66 mg/km and 11.65 mg/km, respectively. In contrast, the emission factors of PM2.5 and PM10 for tire wear particles were 0.21 mg/km and 1.27 mg/km, respectively. Moreover, this study provides insights and basic data for localizing and improving the emission model, which can enhance its applicability and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tiange Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengyu Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianqiang Du
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Yao Ma
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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11
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Forest V, Pourchez J. Biological effects of brake wear particles in mammalian models: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167266. [PMID: 37741409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution through aerosols both from exhaust emissions (EE) and non-exhaust emissions (NEE). NEE result from mechanical abrasion of brakes and tires, erosion of road surfaces and resuspension of road dust into the atmosphere by passing traffic. EE have been thoroughly studied and have decreased over time due to a stricter control. On the other hand, NEE have not received such attention and there is currently no legislation to specifically reduce NEE particles. Consequently, NEE relative part has become prevalent, potentially making of these emissions a major human health concern. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the biological effects of brake wear particles, a type of NEE. To this end, we conducted a bibliographic search of two databases (PubMed and Web of Science) on June 1, 2023, focusing on the toxicological effects of brake wear particles induced in vitro and in vivo. We excluded reviews (no original experimental data), papers not written in English, studies performed in non-mammalian models and papers where no toxicity data were reported. Of the 291 papers, 19 were found to be relevant and included in our analysis, confirming that the assessment of the brake wear particles toxicity in mammalian models is still limited. This review also reports that brake wear particles can induce oxidative stress, proinflammatory response and DNA damage. Finally, some perspectives for further research and measures to mitigate the risk of brake wear emissions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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12
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Rajhelová H, Peikertová P, Kuzníková Ľ, Motyka O, Plachá D, Mamulová Kutláková K, Čech Barabaszová K, Thomasová B, Vaculík M, Kukutschová J. Alteration of Hordeum vulgare and Sinapis alba germination and early growth in response to airborne low-metallic automotive brake wear debris. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140540. [PMID: 37890799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Road transportation significantly contributes to environmental pollution, both in terms of exhaust and non-exhaust (brake wear) emissions. As was proven, brake wear debris is released in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and compositions. Although studies confirming the possible adverse health and environmental impact of brake wear debris were published, there is no standardized methodology for their toxicity testing, and most studies focus only on one type of brake pad and/or one test. The lack of methodology is also related to the very small amount of material released during the laboratory testing. For these reasons, this study deals with the mixture of airborne brake wear debris from several commonly used low-metallic brake pads collected following the dynamometer testing. The mixture was chosen for better simulation of the actual state in the environment and to collect a sufficient amount of particles for thorough characterization (SEM, XRPD, XRF, chromatography, and particle size distribution) and phytotoxicity testing. The particle size distribution measurement revealed a wide range of particle sizes from nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, elemental and phase analysis determined the standard elements and compounds used in the brake pad formulation. The Hordeum vulgare and Sinapis alba were chosen as representatives of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The germination was not significantly affected by the suspension of brake wear debris; however, the root elongation was negatively influenced in both cases. Sinapis alba (IC50 = 23.13 g L-1) was more affected than Hordeum vulgare (IC50 was not found in the studied concentration range) the growth of which was even slightly stimulated in the lowest concentrations of brake wear debris. The plant biomass was also negatively affected in the case of Sinapis alba, where the IC50 values of wet and dry roots were determined to be 44.83 g L-1 and 86.86 g L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Rajhelová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavlína Peikertová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomíra Kuzníková
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Motyka
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Plachá
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; ENET Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Mamulová Kutláková
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Čech Barabaszová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Thomasová
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vaculík
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kukutschová
- Centre for Advanced Innovation Technologies, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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13
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Bashir MH, Ahmad HR, Murtaza G, Nawaz MF. Spatial distribution of heavy metals, source identification, risk assessment and particulate matter in the M4 motorway. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1541. [PMID: 38012481 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing dust is a potential severe environmental and human health threat. Metals present in dust may originate from car exhausts, tear and wear of tires, and vehicular emissions, which are less manageable. Metal-containing dust from roads can contaminate the soils, and crops alongside motorway. This study aimed to investigate the Pb Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations in dust, soil, and vegetation collected from the M4 motorway Faisalabad. The results indicated that average metal concentrations in dust from all sites varies (Pb) 44.01 mg kg-1, (Cd) 1.22 mg kg-1, (Cu) 49.5 mg kg-1, (Ni) 28.3 mg kg-1, and (Zn) 113.7 mg kg-1. The pollution assessment indices CF and PLI of Industrial city and Painsra had comparatively maximum levels of environmental pollution. Moreover, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of metals was high at Chak 115 and Painsra, while Igeo at ten sites was in the following descending order: Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn. Furthermore, it was identified that the maximum ecological risk index (Eir) was in declining order, i.e., Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn, at all sites. The potential ecological risk was categorized as high risk in all respective sites. The particulate matter fractions PM2.5 and PM10 represented the maximum risk at the Industrial city site, which was unhealthy, although the Painsra site had poor air quality. The total suspended particulate was classified as hazardous at FDA city and Painsra. In contrast, food crops (maize, sugar cane, and sesame) and soil along the M4 motorway have similar Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn contamination patterns like dust. However, two crops, maize and sugarcane, along the M4 motorway were found to be more polluted. The level of metals contamination through dust disposition was consistently higher adjacent to roads, possibly indicating depraved impacts on food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hassan Bashir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hamaad Raza Ahmad
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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14
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Chen J, Man H, Cai W, Lin L, Chen X, Shao X, Bao Y, Zhu B, Xu L. Evaluating city road dust emission characteristics with a dynamic method: A case study in Luoyang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165520. [PMID: 37474061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Road dust, a significant contributor to non-exhaust particulate matter emissions in urban transport, poses considerable health risks, necessitating accurate and high-resolution data for effective control. The traditional AP-42 method offers data on point-specific dust emissions, while vehicle-based testing ascertains the relative emission intensity in the road network. However, a clear mathematical relationship between these measurements has been elusive, limiting efficiency in emission control. By integrating the On-board Conventional Pollutant Monitoring System with the AP-42 method, we devised a dynamic link between the concentration of particles in vehicle plumes and actual road dust emissions. This relationship is substantiated by a notable correlation (R2 = 0.91) between our emission factors and those calculated using the AP-42 method. Significant variations emerged in dust emission factors across road types, with changes between -30.1 % to +57.79 % from the average (0.05 g·vehicle-1·km-1), in tandem with traffic flow fluctuations of approximately ±90 %. Meteorological factors, except for continuous rainfall, showed minimal impact on dust emissions. However, our findings revealed a significant underestimation (58.87 %) of road dust PM10 emissions by the AP-42 method. Intriguingly, we found that short-range emission hotspots substantially contribute to total emissions, suggesting a potential 50 % reduction by controlling merely 8.8 % ± 2.5 % of the total road length. Our research elucidates the interplay between road dust emissions, road types, and human activities. The application of a dynamic, high-resolution assessment method enhances our understanding of the impacts of road dust on urban particulate pollution, allows accurate hotspot identification, and aids in developing efficacious strategies for air quality enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hanyang Man
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Digital Fujian Internet-of-things Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Wenying Cai
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Laichang Lin
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaoduo Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaohan Shao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yumeng Bao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Digital Fujian Internet-of-things Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Lizhong Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Digital Fujian Internet-of-things Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, Fuzhou 350007, China
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15
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Hicks W, Green DC, Beevers S. Quantifying the change of brake wear particulate matter emissions through powertrain electrification in passenger vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122400. [PMID: 37595730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
With vehicle fleets transitioning from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric powertrains, we have used friction brake power simulations, for different vehicle classes and driving styles, to predict the impact of regenerative braking systems (RBS) on brake wear particulate matter emissions (PM10 and PM2.5). Under the same powertrain, subcompact (SC) vehicles were predicted to require between 38 and 68% less friction brake power than heavier sports utility vehicles (L-SUV). However, despite electric and hybrid vehicles being heavier than ICE vehicles, the results show that RBS would reduce brake wear by between 64 and 95%. The study highlights the effect of aggressive braking on the amount of friction brake power required, with electric powertrains more likely to require friction braking to perform short, but aggressive braking compared with longer, slower braking events. Brake wear reductions varied under different driving conditions, as the level of mitigation depends on the complex interaction of several variables, including: vehicle speed, deceleration rate, regenerative braking technology and vehicle mass. Urban brake wear emission factors for electric powertrains ranged from 3.9 to 5.5 mg PM10/km and 1.5-2.1 mg PM2.5/km, providing an average reduction in PM emission factors of 68%. Rural and motorway driving conditions had lower brake wear emission factors, with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) emitting negligible PM10 and PM2.5 brake wear. Although electric powertrain uptake, vehicle mileage driven and driving styles are dependent upon national policies and strategies, by 2035, we project that total UK brake wear PM emissions would reduce by up to 39% compared with 2020 levels. This analysis supports the transition towards electric and hybrid vehicle fleets to reduce brake wear emissions, however increases in tyre wear, road wear, and resuspension due to increased vehicle mass may offset these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hicks
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Sean Beevers
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
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16
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Chen LWA, Wang X, Lopez B, Wu G, Ho SSH, Chow JC, Watson JG, Yao Q, Yoon S, Jung H. Contributions of non-tailpipe emissions to near-road PM 2.5 and PM 10: A chemical mass balance study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122283. [PMID: 37517639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
As the importance of non-tailpipe particles (NTP) over tailpipe emissions from urban traffic has been increasing, there is a need to evaluate NTP contributions to ambient particulate matter (PM) using representative source profiles. The Brake and Tire Wear Study conducted in Los Angeles, California in the winter of 2020 collected 64 PM2.5 and 64 PM10 samples from 32 pairs of downwind-upwind measurements at two near-road locations (I-5 in Anaheim and I-710 in Long Beach). These samples were characterized for inorganic and organic markers and, along with locally-developed brake wear, tire wear, and road dust source profiles, subject to source apportionment using the effective-variance chemical mass balance (EV-CMB) model. Model results highlighted the dominance of resuspended dust in both PM2.5 (23-33%) and PM10 (32-53%). Brake and tire wear contributed more to PM2.5 than tailpipe exhausts (diesel + gasoline) for I-5 (29-30% vs. 19-21%) while they were comparable for I-710 (15-17% vs. 15-19%). For PM10, the brake and tire wear contributions were 2-3 times the exhaust contributions. Different fleet compositions on and near I-5 and I-710 appeared to influence the relative importance of NTP and exhaust sources. The downwind-upwind differences in source contributions were often insignificant, consistent with small and/or nearly equal impacts of adjacent highway traffic emissions on the downwind and upwind sites. The utility of sole markers, such as barium and zinc, to predict brake and tire wear abundances in ambient PM is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-W Antony Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA.
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Brenda Lopez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California-Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Guoyuan Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California-Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Qi Yao
- Research Division, California Air Resources Board, 1001 I St, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Seungju Yoon
- Research Division, California Air Resources Board, 1001 I St, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Heejung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California-Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
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17
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Russo C, Gautier di Confiengo G, Magnacca G, Faga M, Apicella B. Insights on non-exhaust emissions: An approach for the chemical characterization of debris generated during braking. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20672. [PMID: 37842568 PMCID: PMC10568096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 50 % of total PM2.5 emissions are due to particles derived from the automotive sector, and both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions contribute to the pollution of urban areas. Fuel incomplete combustion, or lubricant degradation due to high temperatures during the combustion process, are responsible for exhaust emissions. The non-exhaust ones concern brakes, tires and road surface-wear emissions and road resuspension contribution. The present study aims to provide a methodological approach for a detailed chemical characterization of wear friction products by means of a large array of techniques including spectroscopic tools, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chromatography, morphological and elemental analysis. The dust sample derived from the wear of a brake pad material was collected after a Noise & Vibration Harshness (NVH) test under loads similar to a Worldwide Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) braking cycle. The TGA shows that only a small fraction is burned during the test in an oxidizing environment, testifying that the sample consists mostly of metals (more than 90 %). Fe exhibits the highest concentrations (50-80 %, even in the form of oxides). Also other kinds of metals, such as Zn, Al, Mg, Si, S, Sn, Mn, occur in small quantities (about 1-2% each). This finding is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The organic fraction of the debris, investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy, has an evident aromatic character, probably due to oxidative phenomena occurring during the braking cycle test. Noteworthy, the extraction of the dust sample with organic solvents, revealed for the first time the presence of ultrafine particles (UFPs), even in the range of few nanometers (nanoparticles), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), recognized as highly toxic compounds. The simultaneous presence of toxic organic carbon and metals makes of concern the non-exhaust emissions and mandatory a deep insight on their structure and detailed composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Russo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, CNR, Italy
| | | | - G. Magnacca
- Dipartimento di chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M.G. Faga
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, CNR, Italy
| | - B. Apicella
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, CNR, Italy
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18
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Feo ML, Torre M, Tratzi P, Battistelli F, Tomassetti L, Petracchini F, Guerriero E, Paolini V. Laboratory and on-road testing for brake wear particle emissions: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100282-100300. [PMID: 37620705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Brake wear emission is a significant contributor to vehicle-related particulate matter, especially in areas with high traffic density and braking frequency. Only recently, non-exhaust emissions from car brake wear have been regulated under Euro 7 regulation, which introduces emission limits for both brake and tires. It also introduces a standard brake particle assessment procedure which includes sampling procedure and measurement techniques defined in the Global Technical Regulation on brakes from light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t. Over the years, various experimental setups have been tried leading to non-comparable results. The brake wear particle emissions, expressed as emission factors, are mostly estimated as particle mass or particle number and described using different units (e.g., mg/stop brake, mg/km brake; particle number/cm3) making the comparison between studies very difficult. The aim of the present literature review is to present the state-of-the-art of different experimental methods tuned for assessing brake wear emissions, including electric vehicles. The experiments are carried in close, semi-closed, and open systems, and depending on the experimental design, different sampling methods are applied to reduce particle transport loss and guarantee the efficiency of the particle sampling. Driving condition (e.g., speed and applied pressure), formulation of brake materials, and friction temperature have been found to strongly affect the emission characteristics of brake particles, and this needs to be considered when designing study procedures. The findings reported in this review can be beneficial to policy makers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Feo
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
| | - Marco Torre
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy.
| | - Patrizio Tratzi
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
| | - Francesca Battistelli
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
| | - Laura Tomassetti
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
| | - Valerio Paolini
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1 - AdR RM1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010, Montelibretti, (RM), Italy
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19
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Fu Z, Wu Y, Zhao S, Bai X, Liu S, Zhao H, Hao Y, Tian H. Emissions of multiple metals from vehicular brake linings wear in China, 1980-2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 889:164380. [PMID: 37216994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metals emitted from brake linings wear have adverse effects on air quality and human health due to their toxicity and reactivity. However, complexities of factors affecting brake like conditions of vehicles and roads hinder the accurate quantification. Here, we established a comprehensive emission inventory for multi-metals from brake linings wear in China during 1980-2020, based on metals contents in well-representative samples, the wear of brake linings before replacement, vehicle populations, fleet composition, and vehicle-kilometers travelled (VKT). We show that with the boom of vehicle population, the total emissions of studied metals have surged from 3.7 × 106 g in 1980 to 4.9 × 1010 g in 2020, which mainly concentrated in coastal and eastern urban areas while grown significantly in the central and western urban areas in recent years. Therein, Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, Cu, and Ba were the top six metals emitted, together responsible for >94 % of the mass total. Jointly determined by brake linings especially metals contents thereof, VKTs, and vehicle populations, heavy-duty trucks, light-duty passenger vehicles, and heavy-duty passenger vehicles were the top three contributors in metals emissions, together accounting about 90 % of the total. Moreover, more precise description on real-world metals emissions from brake linings wear are still urgently needed, considering the increasingly significant role it has been playing on worsening air quality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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20
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Sadouni F, Asgari HM, Amanipoor H, Heidari M, Mojiri-Forushani H. Integrative assessment of urban dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ground and satellite data in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1052. [PMID: 37589823 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, for quick urbanization and industrialization, pollutants, especially urban dust, have posed many threats to the human environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regarded as the main dangerous pollutants that are widespread, persistent, and carcinogenic. The present work aimed to investigate the contamination and sources of PAHs, as well as to assess the risk of cancer for 16 priority PAHs, in urban dust samples in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz cities in Iran. We measured PAH concentrations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average concentrations of the 16 PAHs in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz were 6215.11, 7611.03, and 7810.37 μg kg-1, respectively. The domination of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs was observed in Ahvaz, while maximum contribution was observed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in Esfahan and Shiraz. For PAHs' source identification, diagnostic ratio, correlation analysis, clustering, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used. PAHs had a combustion (coal and wood, oil, fossil fuels) and gasoline/diesel engine emissions in all cities. Comparative studies suggest that the PAH compounds' level is higher in the research area than in other countries, except for China and India. Also, the pollution of urban dust PAHs has increased over time compared to previous studies in the same cities. The cancer risk from exposure to dust contaminated with PAHs was assessed using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. According to the findings, a high risk of exposure to cancer was observed in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. However, compared to adults, children are at higher risk of cancer in their daily lives via dermal contact and unconscious ingestion. Based on the ILCR values, the risk of cancer is in the order of Shiraz > Isfahan > Ahvaz. To assess air pollutants and their effects on urban dust, TROPOMI onboard the Sentinel-5P data were used in the studied cities during 2018-2021. The results show that Ahvaz has different high levels of CO compared to the other 2 cities. Also, Isfahan has different high levels of NO2 compared to the other 2 cities, but Shiraz has different low levels of O3. According to satellite time series data, the trend of the Aerosol Absorbing Index (AAI) has been increasing, while there was a decreasing trend in AAI from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until 12 months later. Therefore, the natural and anthropogenic sources of urban dust PAHs have been increasing in all studied cities. Our findings show that PAH compounds in urban dust pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, strategic management and planning are vital in reducing urban dust pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadouni
- Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Hossien Mohammad Asgari
- Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
| | - Hakimeh Amanipoor
- Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Majid Heidari
- Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
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21
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Liu J, Peng J, Men Z, Fang T, Zhang J, Du Z, Zhang Q, Wang T, Wu L, Mao H. Brake wear-derived particles: Single-particle mass spectral signatures and real-world emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:100240. [PMID: 36926019 PMCID: PMC10011745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brake wear is an important but unregulated vehicle-related source of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). The single-particle spectral fingerprints of brake wear particles (BWPs) provide essential information for understanding their formation mechanism and atmospheric contributions. Herein, we obtained the single-particle mass spectra of BWPs by combining a brake dynamometer with an online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer and quantified real-world BWP emissions through a tunnel observation in Tianjin, China. The pure BWPs mainly include three distinct types of particles, namely, Ba-containing particles, mineral particles, and carbon-containing particles, accounting for 44.2%, 43.4%, and 10.3% of the total BWP number concentration, respectively. The diversified mass spectra indicate complex BWP formation pathways, such as mechanical, phase transition, and chemical processes. Notably, the mass spectra of Ba-containing particles are unique, which allows them to serve as an excellent indicator for estimating ambient BWP concentrations. By evaluating this indicator, we find that approximately 4.0% of the PM in the tunnel could be attributable to brake wear; the real-world fleet-average emission factor of 0.28 mg km-1 veh-1 is consistent with the estimation obtained using the receptor model. The results presented herein can be used to inform assessments of the environmental and health impacts of BWPs to formulate effective emissions control policies.
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22
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Chae E, Choi SS. Comparison of polymeric components and tire wear particle contents in particulate matter collected at bus stop and college campus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16558. [PMID: 37251472 PMCID: PMC10220417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at two different places of a college campus (CC) and a bus stop (BS) nearby the college campus. The traffic volume of college campus was very low due to untact classes. Polymeric components and tire wear particle (TWP) contents in the PM2.5 samples were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Various polymeric components such as natural rubber (NR), bitumen, saturated hydrocarbons, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and plant-related particles (PRPs) were observed. NR and bitumen are key components of TWP of bus tire tread and asphalt pavement wear particle (APWP), respectively. The TWP contents in the PM2.5 samples collected at the bus stop were larger than those collected at the college campus. For the same sampling site, the TWP content in the PM2.5 sample collected for higher fine dust concentration in the air was greater than that for lower one. The TWP2.5 concentration in the air for the BS sampling was higher than those for the CC sampling, even when the PM2.5 concentration in the air for the former was lower than those for the latter. It can be concluded that the TWPs and APWPs in the PM2.5 samples collected at the college campus should be transferred mostly from the outside road.
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23
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Coker ES, Saha Turna N, Schouwenburg M, Jalil A, Bradshaw C, Kuo M, Mastel M, Kazemian H, Roushorne M, Henderson SB. Characterization of the short-term temporal variability of road dust chemical mixtures and meteorological profiles in a near-road urban site in British Columbia. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:502-516. [PMID: 36880994 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2186964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Implications: Non-tailpipe emissions driven by springtime road dust in northern latitude communities is increasing in importance for air pollution control and improving our understanding of the health effects of chemical mixtures from particulate matter exposure. High-volume samples from a near-road site indicated that days affected by springtime road dust are substantively different from other days with respect to particulate matter mixture composition and meteorological drivers. The high load of trace elements in PM10 on high road dust days has important implications for the acute toxicity of inhaled air and subsequent health effects. The complex relationships between road dust and weather identified in this study may facilitate further research on the health effects of chemical mixtures related to road dust while also highlighting potential changes in this unique form of air pollution as the climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Coker
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikita Saha Turna
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mya Schouwenburg
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
- Natural Resources & Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | - Ahmad Jalil
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | - Charles Bradshaw
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | - Michael Kuo
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Molly Mastel
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
- Natural Resources & Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | | | - Sarah B Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Pereira GM, Kamigauti LY, Nogueira T, Gavidia-Calderón ME, Monteiro Dos Santos D, Evtyugina M, Alves C, Vasconcellos PDC, de Freitas ED, Andrade MDF. Emission factors for a biofuel impacted fleet in south America's largest metropolitan area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121826. [PMID: 37196840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is among the largest urban areas in the Southern Hemisphere. Vehicular emissions are of great concern in metropolitan areas and MASP is unique due to the use of biofuels on a large scale (sugar-cane ethanol and biodiesel). In this work, tunnel measurements were employed to assess vehicle emissions and to calculate emission factors (EFs) for heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles (HDVs and LDVs). The EFs were determined for particulate matter (PM) and its chemical compounds. The EFs obtained for 2018 were compared with previous tunnel experiments performed in the same area. An overall trend of reduction of fine and coarse PM, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) EFs for both LDVs and HDVs was observed if compared to those observed in past years, suggesting the effectiveness of vehicular emissions control policies implemented in Brazil. A predominance of Fe, Cu, Al, and Ba metals emission was observed for the LDV fleet in the fine fraction. Cu presented higher emissions than two decades ago, which was associated with the increased use of ethanol fuel in the region. For HDVs, Zn and Pb were mostly emitted in the fine mode and were linked with lubricating oil emissions from diesel vehicles. A predominance in the emission of three- and four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for HDVs and five-ring PAHs for LDVs agreed with what was observed in previous studies. The use of biofuels may explain the lower PAH emissions for LDVs (including carcinogenic BaP) compared to those observed in other countries. The tendency observed was that LDVs emit higher amounts of carcinogenic species. The use of these real EFs in air quality modeling resulted in more accurate simulations of PM concentrations, showing the importance of updating data with real-world measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Mario Eduardo Gavidia-Calderón
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Margarita Evtyugina
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Edmilson Dias de Freitas
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciencias Atmosfericas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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25
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Wang H, Luo Z, Yu R, Yan C, Zhou S, Xing B. Tire wear particles: Trends from bibliometric analysis, environmental distribution with meta-analysis, and implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121150. [PMID: 36720340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs), as one of pristine microplastics and non-exhaust emission pollutants, have received extensive attention from scholars worldwide in recent years. In the context of the increasing number of related research results, this study evaluated the current status of TWPs research based on bibliometric analysis and meta-analysis and then discussed in-depth the environmental implications involving transport, transformation of released additives in potential and combined pollution with other microplastics in TWPs researches. Results showed that the regional layout of TWPs research was mainly concentrated in Europe and North America, but with specific countries of the United States, Germany, China, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. Thus, Asia and Africa should timely carry out related research on TWPs considering their large vehicle ownerships. In addition, keyword co-occurrence analysis based on CiteSpace showed that biotoxicity, environmental distribution and human health risks are the current research hotspots. Furthermore, the content of TWPs varied greatly by country and environmental media according to the meta-analysis. It is warranted to be urgently investigated on the distribution, quantitative analysis, migration, additives transformation with toxic effects and control measures of TWPs under the influence of various complex factors such as energy innovation and smart driving. The obtained findings can help understand the developing status of TWPs and then promoting their related investigations in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhuanxi Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Ruilian Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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26
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Die Feinstaubbelastung Radfahrender im innerstädtischen Straßenverkehr. ZENTRALBLATT FÜR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40664-023-00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungFahrradfahren als Form der aktiven Fortbewegung bietet viele gesundheitliche Vorteile durch eine gesteigerte körperliche Aktivität. In städtischer Umgebung können diese Vorteile aufgrund der intensivierten Respiration beim Radfahren und der Nähe zum Fahrzeugverkehr mit einer assoziierten Exposition von verkehrsbedingter partikulärer Luftverschmutzung durch Feinstaub beeinträchtigt werden. Das Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist, eine Darstellung der aktuellen Literatur mit mobil erhobenen Daten zur Feinstaubbelastung Radfahrender im urbanen Raum zu geben sowie die darin beschriebenen Einflussfaktoren der Feinstaubkonzentrationen aus Meteorologie, Verkehr, Architektur und zeitlichen Bedingungen zu beschreiben. Fahrradfahren repräsentiert diesbezüglich eine effiziente Vorgehensweise zur Charakterisierung individueller Feinstaubbelastungen mit der Möglichkeit einer hohen räumlich-zeitlichen Auflösung. Unter Beachtung der Hintergrundkonzentration können Aussagen zur relativen Schadstoffexposition und des einhergehenden Gesundheitsrisikos mit Erkenntnissen zugunsten einer umweltverträglichen innerstädtischen Verkehrsplanung getroffen werden.
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27
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Wang X, Gronstal S, Lopez B, Jung H, Chen LWA, Wu G, Ho SSH, Chow JC, Watson JG, Yao Q, Yoon S. Evidence of non-tailpipe emission contributions to PM 2.5 and PM 10 near southern California highways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120691. [PMID: 36435278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations near highways are influenced by vehicle tailpipe and non-tailpipe emissions, other emission sources, and urban background aerosols. This study collected PM2.5 and PM10 filter samples near two southern California highways (I-5 and I-710) over two weeks in winter 2020. Samples were analyzed for chemical source markers. Mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were approximately 10-15 and 30 μg/m3, respectively. Organic matter, mineral dust, and elemental carbon (EC) were the most abundant PM components. EC and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at I-710 were 19-26% and 47% higher than those at the I-5 sites, respectively, likely due to a larger proportion of diesel vehicles. High correlations were found for elements with common sources, such as markers for brake wear (e.g., Fe, Ba, Cu, and Zr) and road dust (e.g., Al, Si, Ca, and Mn). Based on rubber abundances, the contributions of tire tread particles to PM2.5 and PM10 mass were approximately 8.0% at I-5 and 5.5% at I-710. Two different tire brands showed significantly different Si, Zn, carbon, and natural rubber abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA.
| | - Steven Gronstal
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Brenda Lopez
- University of California-Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Heejung Jung
- University of California-Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - L-W Antony Chen
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Guoyuan Wu
- University of California-Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Qi Yao
- California Air Resources Board, 1001 I St, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Seungju Yoon
- California Air Resources Board, 1001 I St, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
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28
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Scerri MM, Weinbruch S, Delmaire G, Mercieca N, Nolle M, Prati P, Massabò D. Exhaust and non-exhaust contributions from road transport to PM 10 at a Southern European traffic site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120569. [PMID: 36347413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is a well - established fact that road traffic is one of the main contributors to ambient levels of airborne particulate matter (APM). This study was carried out at a traffic site in which the PM10 levels are monitored all year round. A trend analysis of these levels revealed that over a decade there was no discernible trend, with the PM10 concentrations normally hovering around the EU limit values. In 2018, one of these limit values was exceeded. The contribution of traffic at the site was therefore investigated through a chemical speciation of 209 PM10 samples collected throughout this year. The speciation data were used in a source apportionment exercise in which the output of the PMF model was further refined using the lesser-known, constraint weighted non - negative matrix factorization (CW - NMF) model. This technique enabled the isolation of two factors clearly related to traffic, which were labelled as "exhaust contribution" (responsible for 3.4% of the PM10), "tire/brake wear contribution" (contributing 17% of the PM10). Additionally, a factor including both traffic resuspended dust and crustal material was also isolated and labelled "road dust/crustal" factor. The two contributors to the factor jointly contribute 18% to the PM10 and the contribution of the traffic resuspended dust was estimated at 7.3%. The traffic resuspended component of this factor together with the "tire/brake wear contribution" jointly make up the non-exhaust contribution of traffic - derived dust. Consonant with what has been known for quite some time, the exhaust fraction is the minor component of traffic PM10. It is therefore, clear that policies aimed at controlling traffic derived PM10 pollution at the receptor will have a minimal effect unless the non - exhaust emissions are adequately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F62228, Calais, France
| | - Nadine Mercieca
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Michael Nolle
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Paolo Prati
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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29
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Jiang R, Liu Y, Hu D, Zhu L. Exhaust and non-exhaust airborne particles from diesel and electric buses in Xi'an: A comparative analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135523. [PMID: 35780985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Switching diesel buses (DBs) to electric buses (EBs) has been a global trend to reduce the use of fossil fuels and improve air quality. However, buses electrification may lead to additional vehicle weight, which may emit more non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions. It remains debatable whether buses' electrification will successfully improve air quality as excepted. To assess the effect of the buses' electrification on the levels of PM emissions, PM emission factors (EFs) were evaluated from EBs and equivalent DBs. In addition, the total mass of PM emissions from EBs and equivalent DBs in 2021 was calculated in Xi'an using the real-world number and mileage of EBs. The non-exhaust PM EFs from EBs were larger than total exhaust and non-exhaust PM EFs from DBs, indicating that the electrification of buses would cause an increase in the level of PM emissions. The total annual mass of PM emissions from EBs was apparently higher than that from DBs. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis showed that tire wear, brake wear, and road wear PM emissions were more reliant on vehicle mileage, whereas resuspension of road dust was more dependent on vehicle weight. This finding can serve as a guideline for policymakers to design mitigation strategies for reducing extra PM emissions due to the electrification of buses by reasonably reducing vehicle weight and annual mileage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisen Jiang
- School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China; Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Dawei Hu
- School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Lan Zhu
- School of Morden Post, Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710054, China
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30
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Woo SH, Jang H, Lee SB, Lee S. Comparison of total PM emissions emitted from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles: An experimental analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156961. [PMID: 35760182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as zero emission vehicles due to the absence of exhaust emissions. However, they still contribute non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions, generated by brake wear, tire wear, road wear, and resuspended road dust. In fact, because EVs are heavier than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), their non-exhaust emissions are like to be even higher. While total PM emissions, including exhaust and non-exhaust PM emissions, from ICEVs and EVs have been compared based on the emission factors (EFs) listed in national emission inventories, there have been no comparisons based on experimental determinations. In this study, exhaust and non-exhaust emissions generated from a gasoline ICEV, diesel ICEV, and EV were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the EFs for the total PM emissions of ICEVs and EV were dependent on the inclusion of secondary exhaust PM, the brake pad type, and the regenerative braking intensity of the EV. When only primary exhaust PM emissions were considered in vehicles equipped with non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake pads, the total PM10 EF of the EV (47.7-49.3 mg/V·km) was 10-17 % higher than those of the gasoline ICEV (42.3 mg/V·km) and diesel ICEV (43.2 mg/V·km). However, in vehicles equipped with low-metallic (LM) brake pads, the total PM10 EF of the EV (49.2-57.7 mg/V·km) was comparable or lower than those of the gasoline ICEV (56.3 mg/V·km) and diesel ICEV (57.2 mg/V·km). When secondary PM emissions were included, the EF was always significantly lower for the EV than ICEVs. The total PM10 EF of the EV (47.7-57.7 mg/V·km) was lower than those of the gasoline ICEV (56.5-70.5 mg/V·km) and diesel ICEV (58.0-72.0 mg/V·km). Since secondary PM particles are mostly of submicron size, the EFs of the PM2.5 fraction of the ICEVs (28.7-33.0 mg/V·km) were two times higher than those of the EV (13.9-17.4 mg/V·km).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Woo
- Department of Mobility Power Research, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjoon Jang
- Department of Mobility Power Research, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 14-gil 5 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Lee
- Department of Mobility Power Research, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Cuéllar-Álvarez Y, Clappier A, Osses M, Thunis P, Belalcázar-Cerón LC. Well-to-wheel emissions and abatement strategies for passenger vehicles in two Latin American cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:72074-72085. [PMID: 35608767 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
More stringent standards for engines and fuels are progressively implemented as alternatives to reduce on-road vehicle emissions. While electric vehicles appear as a perfect alternative since their engines do not emit pollutants, wear and dust resuspension (W&R) and indirect emissions associated with electricity production remain significant sources of pollution. This work compares well-to-wheel emissions (WTW) and abatement strategies for various types of passenger vehicles in Bogotá and Santiago for different pollutants (CO, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx) and greenhouse gases like CO2 equivalent (CO2-Eq). Results show that WTW baseline emissions are more extensive in Bogotá than in Santiago (i.e., 58 and 30% for PM2.5 and CO2-Eq), mainly due to the higher vehicle activity and older state of Bogotá's fleet. We also evaluated extreme scenarios to assess the potential of a given vehicle technology or energy source to reduce emissions. We assessed, in particular, the replacement of all current vehicles by (1) conventional technologies with stricter emission standards and (2) battery electric vehicles powered with different energy resources. Our results indicate that replacing the current fleet with modern combustion technologies has a lower reduction potential than battery electric vehicles, but these reductions largely depend on the energy mix. Substitution by electric vehicles powered with electricity from renewable energies is the most efficient scenario in both cities. Finally, results also stress the importance of the resuspension of deposited road dust and brake and tire wear emissions in both cities as a crucial source of PM2.5, which must be better controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohén Cuéllar-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Alain Clappier
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mauricio Osses
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Luis Carlos Belalcázar-Cerón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Lin S, Liu Y, Chen H, Wu S, Michalaki V, Proctor P, Rowley G. Impact of change in traffic flow on vehicle non-exhaust PM 2.5 and PM 10 emissions: A case study of the M25 motorway, UK. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135069. [PMID: 35623436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study quantifies the change in traffic flow on the M25 motorway in the UK due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Moreover, the impact of the change in traffic flow on non-exhaust PM2.5 and PM10 emissions for different categories of vehicle was explored. During the year of the COVID-19 outbreak (March 2020 to February 2021), the total traffic flows of passenger cars (PCs), light goods vehicles (LGVs), heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), and long HGVs on the M25 motorway decreased by 38.6%, 27.6%, 15.9% and 7.2%, respectively, in comparison to the previous year. Correspondingly, the total mass of non-exhaust emissions (PM2.5 and PM10) of PCs, LGVs, HGVs, and long HGVs reduced by 38.7%, 27.3%, 16.2% and 7%, respectively. The traffic flows per year before and during the COVID-19 outbreak of long HGVs were 87.2% and 80.7% less than those of PCs. Correspondingly, the long HGVs emitted 10.2% less but 36.3% more PM2.5 emissions, as well as 10.9% and 66.7% more PM10 emissions than the latter, indicating that long HGVs contribute much more to non-exhaust particles than PCs. In addition, it was found that resuspension of road dust on the M25 motorway was the largest contributor to air pollution among non-exhaust emissions, followed by road wear, tyre wear, and brake wear particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Lin
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sijin Wu
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Vivi Michalaki
- National Highways, Temple Quay House, 2 The Square, Bristol, BS1 6HA, UK
| | - Phillip Proctor
- National Highways, Temple Quay House, 2 The Square, Bristol, BS1 6HA, UK
| | - Gavin Rowley
- National Highways, Temple Quay House, 2 The Square, Bristol, BS1 6HA, UK
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Matthaios VN, Lawrence J, Martins MAG, Ferguson ST, Wolfson JM, Harrison RM, Koutrakis P. Quantifying factors affecting contributions of roadway exhaust and non-exhaust emissions to ambient PM 10-2.5 and PM 2.5-0.2 particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155368. [PMID: 35460767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related particulate matter (PM) plays an important role in urban air pollution. However, sources of urban pollution are difficult to distinguish. This study utilises a mobile particle concentrator platform and statistical tools to investigate factors affecting roadway ambient coarse particle (PM10-2.5) and fine particle (PM2.5-0.2) concentrations in greater Boston, USA. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified six PM10-2.5 sources (exhaust, road salt, brake wear, regional pollution, road dust resuspension and tyre-road abrasion) and seven fine particle sources. The seven PM2.5-0.2 sources include the six PM10-2.5 sources and a source rich in Cr and Ni. Non- exhaust traffic-related sources together accounted for 65.6% and 29.1% of the PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-0.2 mass, respectively. While the respective contributions of exhaust sources were 10.4% and 20.7%. The biggest non-exhaust contributor in the PM10-2.5 was road dust resuspension, accounting for 29.6%, while for the PM2.5-0.2, the biggest non-exhaust source was road-tyre abrasion, accounting for 12.3%. We used stepwise general additive models (sGAMs) and found statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects of temperature, number of vehicles and rush hour periods on exhaust, brake wear, road dust resuspension and road-tyre abrasion with relative importance between 19.1 and 62.2%, 12.5-42.1% and 4.4-42.2% of the sGAM model's explained variability. Speed limit and road type were also important factors for exhaust, road-tyre and brake wear sources. Meteorological variables of wind speed and relative humidity were significantly associated with both coarse and fine road dust resuspension and had a combined relative importance of 38% and 48%. The quantifying results of the factors that influence traffic-related sources can offer key insights to policies aiming to improve near-road air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios N Matthaios
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Joy Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco A G Martins
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen T Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Rafiee A, Delgado-Saborit JM, Aquilina NJ, Amiri H, Hoseini M. Assessing oxidative stress resulting from environmental exposure to metals (Oids) in a middle Eastern population. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2649-2668. [PMID: 34390449 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of metals and metalloids derived mainly from anthropogenic activities have increased considerably in the environment. Metals might be associated with increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage, potentially related to several health outcomes. This study has recruited 200 adult participants, including 110 males and 90 females in Shiraz (Iran), to investigate the relationship between chronic exposure to metals and ROS damage by analyzing malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations, and has evaluated the associations between chronic metal exposure and ROS damage using regression analysis. Our findings showed participants are chronically exposed to elevate As, Ni, Hg, and Pb levels. The mean urinary concentrations of 8-OHdG and MDA were 3.8 ± 2.35 and 214 ± 134 µg/g creatinine, respectively. This study shows that most heavy metals are correlated with urinary ROS biomarkers (R ranges 0.19 to 0.64). In addition, regression analysis accounting for other confounding factors such as sex, age, smoking status, and teeth filling with amalgam highlights that Al, Cu, Si and Sn are associated with 8-OHdG concentrations, while an association between Cr and MDA and 8-OHdG is suggested. Smoking cigarettes and water-pipe is considered a significant contributory factor for both ROS biomarkers (MDA and 8-OHdG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
- Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, 2080, MSD, Malta
| | - Hoda Amiri
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Razi blvd, Kuye Zahra Street, Shiraz, Iran.
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35
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Characteristics of Resuspended Road Dust with Traffic and Atmospheric Environment in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the influencing factors of resuspended dust on paved roads according to the atmospheric environment and traffic conditions is important to provide a basis for road atmospheric pollution control measures suitable for various road environments in the future. This study attempts to identify factors in the concentration of resuspended dust according to the level of road dust loading and PM10 emission characteristics according to atmospheric weather environment and traffic conditions using real-time vehicle-based resuspended PM10 concentration measuring equipment. This study mainly focuses on the following main topics: (1) the increased level of resuspended dust according to vehicle speed and silt loading (sL) level; (2) difference between atmospheric pollution at adjacent monitoring station concentration and background concentration levels on roads due to atmospheric weather changes; (3) the correlation between traffic and weather factors with resuspended dust levels; (4) the evaluation of resuspended dust levels by road section. Based on the results, the necessity of research to more appropriately set the focus of analysis in order to characterize the resuspended dust according to changes in the traffic and weather environment in urban areas is presented.
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36
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Apportionment of Vehicle Fleet Emissions by Linear Regression, Positive Matrix Factorization, and Emission Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Real-world emission factors for different vehicle types and their contributions to roadside air pollution are needed for air-quality management. Tunnel measurements have been used to estimate emission factors for several vehicle types using linear regression or receptor-based source apportionment. However, the accuracy and uncertainties of these methods have not been sufficiently discussed. This study applies four methods to derive emission factors for different vehicle types from tunnel measurements in Hong Kong, China: (1) simple linear regressions (SLR); (2) multiple linear regressions (MLR); (3) positive matrix factorization (PMF); and (4) EMission FACtors for Hong Kong (EMFAC-HK). Separable vehicle types include those fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, and diesel. PMF was the most useful, as it simultaneously seeks source profiles and source contributions. Diesel-, gasoline-, and LPG-fueled vehicle emissions accounted for 52%, 10%, and 5% of PM2.5 mass, respectively, while ammonium sulfate (~20%), ammonium nitrate (6%), and road dust (7%) were also large contributors. MLR exhibited the highest relative uncertainties, typically over twice those determined by SLR. EMFAC-HK has the lowest relative uncertainties due to its assumption of a single average emission factor for each pollutant and each vehicle category under specific conditions. The relative uncertainties of SLR and PMF are comparable.
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Skuland T, Grytting VS, Låg M, Jørgensen RB, Snilsberg B, Leseman DLAC, Kubátová A, Emond J, Cassee FR, Holme JA, Øvrevik J, Refsnes M. Road tunnel-derived coarse, fine and ultrafine particulate matter: physical and chemical characterization and pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:45. [PMID: 35787286 PMCID: PMC9251916 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic particulate matter (PM) comprises a mixture of particles from fuel combustion and wear of road pavement, tires and brakes. In countries with low winter temperatures the relative contribution of mineral-rich PM from road abrasion may be especially high due to use of studded tires during winter season. The aim of the present study was to sample and characterize size-fractioned PM from two road tunnels paved with different stone materials in the asphalt, and to compare the pro-inflammatory potential of these fractions in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) in relation to physicochemical characteristics. METHODS The road tunnel PM was collected with a vacuum pump and a high-volume cascade impactor sampler. PM was sampled during winter, both during humid and dry road surface conditions, and before and after cleaning the tunnels. Samples were analysed for hydrodynamic size distribution, content of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and endotoxin, and the capacity for acellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses were assessed in HBEC3-KT cells after exposure to coarse (2.5-10 μm), fine (0.18-2.5 μm) and ultrafine PM (≤ 0.18 μm), as well as particles from the respective stone materials used in the pavement. RESULTS The pro-inflammatory potency of the PM samples varied between road tunnels and size fractions, but showed more marked responses than for the stone materials used in asphalt of the respective tunnels. In particular, fine samples showed significant increases as low as 25 µg/mL (2.6 µg/cm2) and were more potent than coarse samples, while ultrafine samples showed more variable responses between tunnels, sampling conditions and endpoints. The most marked responses were observed for fine PM sampled during humid road surface conditions. Linear correlation analysis showed that particle-induced cytokine responses were correlated to OC levels, while no correlations were observed for other PM characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The pro-inflammatory potential of fine road tunnel PM sampled during winter season was high compared to coarse PM. The differences between the PM-induced cytokine responses were not related to stone materials in the asphalt. However, the ratio of OC to total PM mass was associated with the pro-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Skuland
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Bræmming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Daan L A C Leseman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment - RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Jessica Emond
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment - RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
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Fussell JC, Franklin M, Green DC, Gustafsson M, Harrison RM, Hicks W, Kelly FJ, Kishta F, Miller MR, Mudway IS, Oroumiyeh F, Selley L, Wang M, Zhu Y. A Review of Road Traffic-Derived Non-Exhaust Particles: Emissions, Physicochemical Characteristics, Health Risks, and Mitigation Measures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6813-6835. [PMID: 35612468 PMCID: PMC9178796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of regulatory standards has reduced exhaust emissions of particulate matter from road traffic substantially in the developed world. However, nonexhaust particle emissions arising from the wear of brakes, tires, and the road surface, together with the resuspension of road dust, are unregulated and exceed exhaust emissions in many jurisdictions. While knowledge of the sources of nonexhaust particles is fairly good, source-specific measurements of airborne concentrations are few, and studies of the toxicology and epidemiology do not give a clear picture of the health risk posed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge, with a strong focus on health-related research, highlighting areas where further research is an essential prerequisite for developing focused policy responses to nonexhaust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Fussell
- National
Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental
Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Meredith Franklin
- Department
of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z5, Canada
| | - David C. Green
- National
Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental
Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Mats Gustafsson
- Swedish
National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), SE-581 95, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences / Centre of Excellence in Environmental
Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - William Hicks
- National
Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental
Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- National
Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental
Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Franceska Kishta
- Centre
for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Miller
- Centre
for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, U.K.
| | - Ian S. Mudway
- National
Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental
Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Farzan Oroumiyeh
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School
of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liza Selley
- MRC
Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge,CB2 1QR, U.K.
| | - Meng Wang
- University
at Buffalo, School of Public
Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School
of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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O’Day PA, Pattammattel A, Aronstein P, Leppert VJ, Forman HJ. Iron Speciation in Respirable Particulate Matter and Implications for Human Health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7006-7016. [PMID: 35235749 PMCID: PMC9179659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution poses a major global health risk, but the role of iron (Fe) is not clearly defined because chemistry at the particle-cell interface is often not considered. Detailed spectromicroscopy characterizations of PM2.5 samples from the San Joaquin Valley, CA identified major Fe-bearing components and estimated their relative proportions. Iron in ambient PM2.5 was present in spatially and temporally variable mixtures, mostly as Fe(III) oxides and phyllosilicates, but with significant fractions of metallic iron (Fe(0)), Fe(II,III) oxide, and Fe(III) bonded to organic carbon. Fe(0) was present as aggregated, nm-sized particles that comprised up to ∼30% of the Fe spectral fraction. Mixtures reflect anthropogenic and geogenic particles subjected to environmental weathering, but reduced Fe in PM originates from anthropogenic sources, likely as abrasion products. Possible mechanistic pathways involving Fe(0) particles and mixtures of Fe(II) and Fe(III) surface species may generate hydrogen peroxide and oxygen-centered radical species (hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, or superoxide) in Fenton-type reactions. From a health perspective, PM mixtures with reduced and oxidized Fe will have a disproportionate effect in cellular response after inhalation because of their tendency to shuttle electrons and produce oxidants and electrophiles that induce inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy A. O’Day
- Life
and Environmental Sciences Department and the Sierra Nevada Research
Institute, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
- Environmental
Systems Graduate Program, University of
California, Merced, 95343, United States
| | - Ajith Pattammattel
- Life
and Environmental Sciences Department and the Sierra Nevada Research
Institute, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
- NSLS
II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 United States
| | - Paul Aronstein
- Environmental
Systems Graduate Program, University of
California, Merced, 95343, United States
| | - Valerie J. Leppert
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Life
and Environmental Sciences Department and the Sierra Nevada Research
Institute, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
- Leonard
Davis School of Gerontology, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Jayashree P, Rustighi E, Straffelini G. A novel study on the reduction of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions through system vibration control. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7478. [PMID: 35523937 PMCID: PMC9076615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to reduce non-exhaust particulate matter emissions is of paramount importance as they pose repercussions on human lives and the environment. In this study, a novel way to limit emissions is proposed based on the minimization of the vibration of the mating bodies. Two model friction material formulations were tested in the form of pins and paired with a pearlitic grey cast iron disc counterface in a laboratory pin on disc apparatus. To reduce the vibrations, a damping tape was wrapped around the pins. With the damping of vibration, a significant drop in the emissions was recorded, and this was correlated with the friction layer establishment during sliding, which observed low disruption. It is believed that the use of this method for reducing emissions can accompany the optimization phase of the brake squeal noise of friction materials, thereby, providing new design perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiliano Rustighi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Straffelini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy.
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41
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Moskovchenko D, Pozhitkov R, Ukarkhanova D. Geochemistry of street dust in Tyumen, Russia: influence of traffic load. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31180-31197. [PMID: 35001261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the elemental composition, organic carbon content, pH values, and particle size characteristics in 50 road dust samples collected from Tyumen, a large city in Western Siberia (Russia). The content of 62 major and trace elements was studied using atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) и inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was revealed that the dust has an alkaline reaction pH = 7.4-10.2 and low organic carbon content (0.07-2.9%). The grain size distribution of the road dust samples revealed that the predominant grain size fraction was of 100-250 μm. The content of small particles (PM2 and PM10) representing the greatest environmental hazard is minimal on roads with an average traffic intensity. Studies have shown that the main road dust pollutants in Tyumen are Ni, Sb, Cr, Zn, and Co. The average geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values are ranked as Ni (2.2) > Sb (1.5) > Cr (1.3) > Zn (0.4) > Co (0.4) > Cu (0.2). The contamination evaluation through enrichment factor (EF) calculation showed that road dust is highly enriched in Ni and significantly in Cr and Sb. More than 80% of Zn, Co, and Cu and more than 90% of Ni, Sb, and Cr come from anthropogenic sources. The average concentration of Ni and Cr in the road dust of Tyumen is one order of magnitude higher than in other cities of the Earth where similar studies were carried out. The high Ni content is associated with the composition of local soils and roadways, increased content in vehicle exhaust gasses, and abrasion of metal parts. Calculations of the total enrichment index Ze showed that the level of road dust pollution in most of Tyumen's territory is hazardous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Moskovchenko
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina st., 86, Tyumen, 625026, Russia.
| | - Roman Pozhitkov
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina st., 86, Tyumen, 625026, Russia
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42
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Son CE, Choi SS. Preparation and Characterization of Model Tire–Road Wear Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081512. [PMID: 35458262 PMCID: PMC9027077 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tire tread wear particles (TWPs) are one of major sources of microplastics in the environment. Tire–road wear particles (TRWPs) are mainly composed of TWPs and mineral particles (MPs), and many have long shapes. In the present work, a preparation method of model TRWPs similar to those found in the environment was developed. The model TRWPs were made of TWPs of 212–500 μm and MPs of 20–38 μm. Model TWPs were prepared using a model tire tread compound and indoor abrasion tester while model MPs were prepared by crushing granite rock. The TWPs and MPs were mixed and compressed using a stainless steel roller. The TWPs were treated with chloroform to make them stickier. Many MPs in the model TRWP were deeply stuck into the TWPs. The proper weight ratio of MP and TWP was MP:TWP = 10:1, and the double step pressing procedure was good for the preparation of model TRWPs. The model TRWPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The model TRWPs had long shapes and the MP content was about 10%. The model TRWPs made of TWPs and asphalt pavement wear particles showed plate-type particles deeply stuck into the TWP. Characteristics of model TRWPs can be controlled by employing various kinds and sizes of TWPs and MPs. The well-defined model TRWPs can be used as the reference TRWPs for tracing the pollutants.
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43
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Jeong H, Ra K. Source apportionment and health risk assessment for potentially toxic elements in size-fractionated road dust in Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:350. [PMID: 35394204 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements' (PTEs; V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Hg) pollution level was investigated in size-fractionated road dust in Busan Metropolitan City. Health risks to humans (adult and children) were also evaluated in fine particle fraction (< 63 μm) of road dust. PTE concentrations in the fine particles (< 63 μm) were ranked as follows (unit: mg/kg): Zn (2511) > Cu (559) > Cr (531) > Pb (385) > Ni (139) > V (83.8) > Sb (31.6) > Co (21.6) > As (17.2) > Cd (4.1) > Hg (0.38). The PTE concentrations in fine particles (< 63 μm) were significantly higher than those in coarse particles except for V, Co, and As. The mean PTE loadings of fine particle fraction (< 63 μm; 233 mg/m2) in road dust were up to 4.5 times higher than other particle fractions. Igeo values of Sb were higher than 5 except for > 1000-μm fraction, indicating extremely polluted status. PCA results and elemental ratios indicated that most of the PTEs in road dust were derived from non-exhaust traffic-related sources such as brake pads and tires. Cr, Pb, and Sb had higher HI values than other metals for both adults and children. Sampling sites of heavy traffic and industrial areas showed that the carcinogenic risk exceeded the maximum threshold level (10 - 4). Especially in children, the mean carcinogenic risk (ingestion pathway) of As (6.8 × 10 - 4) Cd (2.0 × 10 - 4), and Ni (4.1 × 10 - 4) exceeded the maximum threshold level, indicating that continuous exposure to road dust may pose a high cancer risk to children. Therefore, continuous monitoring and management of these metals are needed to protect human health and the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Jeong
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Mattonai M, Nacci T, Modugno F. Analytical strategies for the quali-quantitation of tire and road wear particles – A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Shanableh A, Al-Ruzouq R, Hamad K, Gibril MBA, Khalil MA, Khalifa I, El Traboulsi Y, Pradhan B, Jena R, Alani S, Alhosani M, Stietiya MH, Al Bardan M, Al-Mansoori S. Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown and recovery on People's mobility and air quality in the United Arab Emirates using satellite and ground observations. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS : SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 26:100757. [PMID: 36281297 PMCID: PMC9581513 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The stringent COVID-19 lockdown measures in 2020 significantly impacted people's mobility and air quality worldwide. This study presents an assessment of the impacts of the lockdown and the subsequent reopening on air quality and people's mobility in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Google's community mobility reports and UAE's government lockdown measures were used to assess the changes in the mobility patterns. Time-series and statistical analyses of various air pollutants levels (NO2, O3, SO2, PM10, and aerosol optical depth-AOD) obtained from satellite images and ground monitoring stations were used to assess air quality. The levels of pollutants during the initial lockdown (March to June 2020) and the subsequent gradual reopening in 2020 and 2021 were compared with their average levels during 2015-2019. During the lockdown, people's mobility in the workplace, parks, shops and pharmacies, transit stations, and retail and recreation sectors decreased by about 34%-79%. However, the mobility in the residential sector increased by up to 29%. The satellite-based data indicated significant reductions in NO2 (up to 22%), SO2 (up to 17%), and AOD (up to 40%) with small changes in O3 (up to 5%) during the lockdown. Similarly, data from the ground monitoring stations showed significant reductions in NO2 (49% - 57%) and PM10 (19% - 64%); however, the SO2 and O3 levels showed inconsistent trends. The ground and satellite-based air quality levels were positively correlated for NO2, PM10, and AOD. The data also demonstrated significant correlations between the mobility and NO2 and AOD levels during the lockdown and recovery periods. The study documents the impacts of the lockdown on people's mobility and air quality and provides useful data and analyses for researchers, planners, and policymakers relevant to managing risk, mobility, and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Shanableh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- GIS & Remote Sensing Center, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Al-Ruzouq
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- GIS & Remote Sensing Center, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Hamad
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Barakat A Gibril
- GIS & Remote Sensing Center, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Ali Khalil
- GIS & Remote Sensing Center, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Inas Khalifa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yahya El Traboulsi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Biswajeet Pradhan
- Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Earth Observation Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ratiranjan Jena
- GIS & Remote Sensing Center, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sama Alani
- Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - Mohamad Alhosani
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company-Bee'ah, Sharjah, 20248, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Hashem Stietiya
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company-Bee'ah, Sharjah, 20248, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mayyada Al Bardan
- Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority, Sharjah, 135, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Al-Mansoori
- Applications Development and Analysis Section (ADAS), Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC), Dubai, 211833, United Arab Emirates
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Relationships of multiple metals exposure, global DNA methylation, and urothelial carcinoma in central Taiwan. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1893-1903. [PMID: 35262751 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between heavy metal exposure and human health has been investigated mostly for individual metals, failing to consider their potential interactions. In this study, we assessed the joint effects of multiple metals using generalized weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression on the risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Also, we performed mediation analysis to evaluate the mediator %5-MedC in DNA involved in the mechanism of urothelial carcinogenesis. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of 355 UC patients and 710 controls, where diagnosis of UC was histologically confirmed. All data were collected from face-to-face interviews and medical records. Also, we measured six metals and 8-OHdG in urine samples along with %5-MedC in peripheral blood. Ni and Pb levels increased with UC risk in single-pollutant analysis using traditional logistic regression, and similar results were obtained in multi-pollutant analysis, where all metals analyzed were considered. In WQS analysis, the weights of Ni (27%), Pb (20%), Cr (18%), and Co (16%) predominated in the metal mixture index. WQS score and UC risk showed odds ratios of 1.65 (95%CI: 1.26, 2.15) and 1.43 (95%CI: 1.00, 2.05) for a linear and non-linear relationship, respectively. Finally, we did not observe a natural indirect effect of %5-MedC in DNA; however, a marginal effect of WQS score and natural direct effect were still found after considering a natural indirect effect. In conclusion, positive associations between WQS scores and increased risk of UC were observed. Interactions of multiple metals should be considered in assessing human health risk.
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47
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Emission from Internal Combustion Engines and Battery Electric Vehicles: Case Study for Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The paper compares the emissions from vehicles including ICEVs (internal combustion engine vehicles) with equivalent emissions from BEVs (battery electric vehicles). Additionally, it analyzes the available source research and the specific energy mix for Poland based on carbon. Mathematical calculations estimate air pollutant emissions. To carry out the analysis and calculations, data were provided by the manufacturers of electricity consumption in the case of vehicles equipped with electric motors and the COPERT model for internal combustion engines. Air pollutants are considered: CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and Total Suspended Particles (TSP). In addition to exhaust emissions, all solids emissions from road abrasion and tire and brake wear are also considered. The emission of pollutants is estimated based on the emission factors using the average mileage in Polish conditions. The paper compares emissions for three scenarios considering electric vehicles, combustion engine cars, and hybrid cars. Analyses show that introducing cars with electric engines into traffic at the expense of withdrawing vehicles with internal combustion engines is not favorable in Polish conditions. The analysis indicates that CO, CO2, and TSP emissions have decreased, while NOx and SOx emissions have increased.
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48
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Ha JU, Lee HH, Ryu G, Lee P, Ko YK, Jeoung SK. Trends in particulate matter generation from truck and bus radial tires using a wear tester. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Uk Ha
- Materials Technology R&D Division Korea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam South Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Lee
- Materials Technology R&D Division Korea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam South Korea
| | - Gyeongchan Ryu
- School of Chemical Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Pyoung‐Chan Lee
- Materials Technology R&D Division Korea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam South Korea
| | - Youn Ki Ko
- Materials Technology R&D Division Korea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam South Korea
| | - Sun Kyoung Jeoung
- Materials Technology R&D Division Korea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam South Korea
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49
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Air Pollution Monitoring System with Prediction Abilities Based on Smart Autonomous Sensors Equipped with ANNs with Novel Training Scheme. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a concept of an air pollution monitoring system with prediction abilities, based on wireless smart sensors, that takes into account local conditions (microclimate) prevailing in particular areas of the city. In most cases reported in the literature, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to predict future pollution levels. In existing solutions of this type, ANNs are trained with generalized datasets common for larger areas, e.g., cities. Our investigations show, however, that conditions may strongly differ even between particular streets in the city, which may impact prediction quality. This results from varying density of urban development, different levels of insolation, airiness, amounts of greenery, etc. As a result, with similar values of ANN input signals, such as current pollution levels, temperature, pressure, etc., the results of the prediction may differ significantly from reality. For this reason, we propose an innovative solution, in which particular sensors are equipped with miniaturized low-power ANNs, trained with datasets gathered directly from their closest environment, without a need for the obtaining of such data from a base station. This may simplify the installation and maintenance process of a network of such sensors. In a further part of this work, we dealt with solutions that enable the reduction of the computational complexity of ANNs in the case of their implementation on specialized integrated circuits. We propose replacing the most complex mathematical operations used in the learning algorithm with simpler solutions. A prototype chip containing the main blocks of such an ANN was also designed.
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50
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Adamiec E, Jarosz-Krzemińska E, Bilkiewicz-Kubarek A. Adverse health and environmental outcomes of cycling in heavily polluted urban environments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:148. [PMID: 34996903 PMCID: PMC8742072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycling is a healthy habit; however, are its benefits outweighing risks when biking in heavily trafficked and air-polluted cities? Research involved studying contamination with traffic-related elements of dust collected from bike paths located in top trafficked cities of Europe in Poland. Human health risk was assessed via inhalation and ingestion pathways for adults and children. Bike path dust was heavily contaminated with Zn, Cd (Geoaccumulation index Igeo 4) and Pb (Igeo 3), sourced predominantly from nonexhaust car emissions. The concentrations of metals in dust decreased in the following descending order: Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. A fractionation study revealed that Zn and Cd are almost entirely bioavailable (Mobility factor MF above 90%), causing hazards to humans and the environment. The highest congested intersections result in more TRAP-contaminated dust deposited on bike paths, which is easily resuspended, posing a health risk for cyclists or pedestrians. Avoiding cycling in proximity to heavily trafficked routes should be considered, when possible, as well as physical removal of dust by wet sweeping to limit dust resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Adamiec
- AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
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