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Lu X, Guo J, Chen F, Tian M. Synthesis of ternary geopolymers using prediction for effective solidification of mercury in tailings. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:392-403. [PMID: 39003057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
This study used steel slag, fly ash, and metakaolin as raw materials (SFM materials) to create silica-alumina-based geopolymers that can solidify Hg2+ when activated with sodium-based water glass. The experiments began with a triangular lattice point mixing design experiment, and the results were fitted, analyzed, and predicted. The optimum SFM material mass ratio was found to be 70% steel slag, 25% fly ash, and 5% metakaolin. The optimum modulus of the activator was identified by comparing the unconfined compressive strength and solidifying impact on Hg2+of geosynthetics with different modulus. The SFM geopolymer was then applied in the form of potting to cure the granulated mercury tailings. The inclusion of 50% SFM material generated a geosynthetic that reduced mercury transport to the surface soil by roughly 90%. The mercury concentration of herbaceous plant samples was also reduced by 78%. It indicates that the SFM material can effectively attenuate the migration transformation of mercury. Finally, characterization methods such as XPS and FTIR were used to investigate the mechanism of Hg2+ solidification by geopolymers generated by SFM materials. The possible solidification mechanisms were proposed as alkaline environment-induced mercury precipitation, chemical bonding s, surface adsorption of Hg2+ and its precipitates by the geopolymer, and physical encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinfa Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mengkui Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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2
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Yin Z, Li Q, Zhang Y, Xu R, Qu G, Wu H, Liao L, Yang Y, Jiang T. Stabilization effect of nano-SiO 2@iron-phosphorus on ferrallisols, calcareous soil and organic soil heavily polluted by heavy metals: A fast reaction curing stabilization process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176379. [PMID: 39306137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The remediation of soil pollution by heavy metals (HMs) presents a significant challenge in environmental restoration. Stabilization remediation technology has proven effective in treating HMs contaminated soil. However, its development is constrained by drawbacks such as slow reaction kinetics and low adsorption capacity. This research synthesized a nano-SiO2@iron‑phosphorus (FPOH) material by SiO32- encapsulating the iron-phosphate precipitate obtained from Fe ion and phosphate. In addition, this research applied this material to ferrallisols, calcareous soils and organic soils with three different levels of high pollution by Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. The experimental results indicate that all experimental soils stabilized rapidly within 1 day and met the requirements of remediation engineering standards (ChinaMEE HJ 1282-2023). Analysis of the possible mechanisms suggests that the FPOH material effectively fills voids with phosphate mineral formation, preventing the secondary release of HMs. During the stabilization process, FPOH involves the adsorption of free ions and small organic molecules in the soil, which does not affect its high reactivity. The development and utilization of FPOH offer valuable insights for soil stabilization remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guangfei Qu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lang Liao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongbin Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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3
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Jiang J, Luo H, Ou X, Wang S, Su J, Chen J. Long-term leaching characteristics of heavy metals from bauxite tailing slurry-based geopolymer backfill: experimental and numerical simulation studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:4951-4963. [PMID: 37957125 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of replacing fly ash (FA) with bauxite tailing (BT) slurry for geopolymer synthesis and investigate the long-term leaching behaviour of BT slurry/FA geopolymers (BFGs) for heavy metal immobilisation. The mechanical properties and heavy metal immobilisation efficiency of BFGs were tested, and numerical simulations were conducted to assess their environmental impact as a backfill material. The results showed that the incorporation of 5 Wt.% BT increased the early compressive strength of the geopolymer without any additional treatment. A small quantity of Cu2+ improved the mechanical strength, while excess heavy metals harmed the geopolymer. Heavy metal immobilisation efficiency decreased with increased heavy metal addition and exceeded 99.9% for Pb2+ and Cu2+ when simulating acid rain leachate. The modified Elovich equation described the leaching kinetics of Cu2+ well, and the leaching rate decreased with time. Numerical analysis indicated that Cu2+ leaching from landfill leachate occurred in three phases, with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease, stabilisation, and diffusion into the surrounding soil layer. This study provides insight into the material's long-term stability and environmental performance, offering a scientific basis for relevant engineering applications.HighlightsDirect utilisation of unprocessed tailing slurry to synthesise geopolymer.The leaching pattern of Pb2+ and Cu2+ under acidic conditions was explored.The modified Elovich equation effectively describes the leaching kinetics of Cu2+.The environmental impact of bauxite tailings slurry-based geopolymers was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohao Luo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoduo Ou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Su
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlin Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ban R, Zha F, Kang B, Wu S, Song Y, Chen H. Mechanisms of enhancing MgO for stabilization/solidification of Pb-contaminated red clay through CO 2 sequestration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121810. [PMID: 39002460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Pb-contaminated soil poses significant environmental and health risks as well as soil stability issues. Research on sandy soils highlights CO2-enhanced reactive MgO as a promising solution for improving the solidification of Pb-contaminated soils. However, carbonation effects can differ markedly between soil types owing to varying soil properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CO2-enhanced reactive MgO on the engineering and environmental characteristics of Pb-contaminated red clay and explored its mechanism of carbonation solidification. The results showed that CO2-enhanced reactive MgO increased the strength of Pb-contaminated red clay to over 3 MPa within 1 h, which was approximately 25 times the strength of untreated soil (0.2 MPa) and significantly higher than that of reactive MgO-treated, uncarbonated soil (0.8 MPa). The pH of the carbonated soil (9-10) facilitated Pb2+ immobilization, and the increase over the initial parameter elevated the electrical conductivity value. Moreover, CO2-enhanced reactive MgO reduced the Pb2+ leaching concentration to below 0.1 mg/L, even at high Pb concentrations (10,000 mg/kg). Pb2+ transformed into lead carbonates during the carbonation process, with the hydrated magnesium carbonates forming a dense internal structure. This solidification mechanism included chemical precipitation, physical adsorption, and encapsulation. Notably, the carbonation time should be controlled within 1 h to prevent soil expansion. Together, these findings support the potential of CO2-enhanced reactive MgO for efficient and low-carbon application in the solidification of Pb-contaminated red clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulong Ban
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Fusheng Zha
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Bo Kang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Shan Wu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yu Song
- College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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Karoui O, Andrejkovičová S, Pato P, Patinha C, Perná I, Řimnáčová D, Hajjaji W, Ascensão G, Rocha F, Mlayah A. Alkali-activated geopolymers based on calcined phosphate sludges and metakaolin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45138-45161. [PMID: 38961016 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The extraction of phosphorite ore in Tunisia has resulted in the discharge of substantial amounts of phosphatic sludge into the region's water system. To mitigate this environmental issue and prevent heavy metal leaching, a geopolymerization process was employed using two types of Tunisian calcined phosphate sludges (Cal-PS1 and Cal-PS2) as substitutes for alkali-activated metakaolin. This study aimed to investigate and compare the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting geopolymers. The optimal substitution ratio of metakaolin with calcined phosphate sludge was determined to be 1.5, equivalent to 20 wt.% of calcined phosphate sludge. Compressive strength tests conducted after 28 days of curing revealed values of 37 MPa for Cal-PS1 specimens and 28 MPa for Cal-PS2 geopolymers while compressive strength of geopolymers soaked in water for 28 days showed a decrease with the addition of phosphate sludges. The specific surface areas of Cal-PS1 geopolymers ranged from 16.3 to 16.9 m2/g and from 17.62 to 18.73 m2/g for Cal-PS2 specimens exhibiting a mesoporous structure. The elasticity modulus of the geopolymers was found to increase with the increase of the apparent density of geopolymers and with the sludges content but it tended to be lower than the Portland cement elasticity modulus. Leaching test was conducted to evaluate the potential environmental applications of the geopolymers. This test demonstrated effective containment of heavy metals within the geopolymers' network, except for low levels of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Karoui
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Georessources Laboratory, CERTE, 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
| | | | - Pedro Pato
- Geosciences Department, GeoBioTec, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Patinha
- Geosciences Department, GeoBioTec, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ivana Perná
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Řimnáčová
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Walid Hajjaji
- LaDVEN Natural Water Desalination and Recovery Laboratory, CERTE, 273 - 8020, Soliman, BP, Tunisia
| | - Guilherme Ascensão
- Department of Civil Engineering, RISCO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- Geosciences Department, GeoBioTec, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ammar Mlayah
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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6
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Molaei MA, Miraki H, Morovati M, Ghadir P, Javadi AA. Solidification/stabilization of lead-contaminated soil using alkali-activated volcanic ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38465-38484. [PMID: 38806981 PMCID: PMC11189349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of lead in soil poses a significant human health risk. The solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique, employing binders like Portland cement or lime, is a common method for remediating lead-contaminated soil. However, cement production has adverse environmental impacts, prompting the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives like alkali-activated materials (AAMs). This study assesses AAM efficacy in the S/S of lead-contaminated soil. The effects of several factors, including varying amounts of volcanic ash (VA), lead concentration, curing temperatures, and curing times are investigated. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive spectroscopy-mapping analyses (FESEM/EDS/mapping) analyses are used to study the specimens. The findings indicated a substantial increase in the UCS of lead-contaminated soil treated with 15% VA (under oven curing (OC) conditions), and 10% VA (under ambient curing (AC) conditions) exhibited remarkable increases of up to 600% and 458%, respectively. Moreover, the leaching of Pb2+ ions from samples contaminated with 10,000 mg/kg (under OC conditions) and 2500 mg/kg (under AC conditions) experienced significant reductions of 87% (from 135.14 to 13.36 ppm) and 91% (from 26.32 to 2.21 ppm), respectively. The S/S process in these samples operated through three primary mechanisms of chemical bonding, physical encapsulation, and the formation of insoluble silicate. The formation of N-A-S-H and hydroxy sodalite structures played a vital role in facilitating these mechanisms. Therefore, alkali-activated VA demonstrated excellent performance in the remediation of lead-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Molaei
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hania Miraki
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Morovati
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Ghadir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK.
- Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
| | - Akbar A Javadi
- Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
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7
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Liu Y, Molinari S, Dalconi MC, Valentini L, Bellotto MP, Ferrari G, Pellay R, Rilievo G, Vianello F, Famengo A, Salviulo G, Artioli G. Industrial by-products-derived binders for in-situ remediation of high Pb content pyrite ash: Synergistic use of ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag to achieve efficient Pb retention and CO 2 mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123455. [PMID: 38301818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a cost-effective and conventional binder that is widely adopted in brownfield site remediation and redevelopment. However, the substantial carbon dioxide emission during OPC production and the concerns about its undesirable retention capacity for potentially toxic elements strain this strategy. To tackle this objective, we herein tailored four alternative binders (calcium aluminate cement, OPC-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), white-steel-slag activated GGBFS, and alkaline-activated GGBFS) for facilitating immobilization of high Pb content pyrite ash, with the perspectives of enhancing Pb retention and mitigating anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The characterizations revealed that the incorporation of white steel slag efficiently benefits the activity of GGBFS, herein facilitating the hydration products (mainly ettringite and calcium silicate hydrates) precipitation and Pb immobilization. Further, we quantified the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint and cost analysis attributed to each binder-Pb contaminants system, finding that the application of these alternative binders could be pivotal in the envisaged carbon-neutral world if the growth of the OPC-free roadmap continues. The findings suggest that the synergistic use of recycled white steel slag and GGBFS can be proposed as a profitable and sustainable OPC-free candidate to facilitate the management of lead-contaminated brownfield sites. The overall results underscore the potential immobilization mechanisms of Pb in multiple OPC-free/substitution binder systems and highlight the urgent need to bridge the zero-emission insights to sustainable in-situ solidification/stabilization technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Liu
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Molinari
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Dalconi
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Valentini
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Pellay
- TEVGroup S.r.l., via Romea 8, 30034, Mira, Venice, Italy
| | - Graziano Rilievo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Famengo
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, C.so Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Salviulo
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Gilberto Artioli
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
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8
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Zhang H, Ji Z, Chen W, Pei Y. Codisposal of landfill leachate concentrate and antimony mine soils using a one-part geopolymer system for cationic and anionic heavy metals immobilization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132909. [PMID: 37979425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymer solidification/stabilization technology has developed rapidly in the remediation field of heavy metal-contaminated soil. However, geopolymers exhibit low anionic heavy metal immobilization efficiency due to their electronegativity and alkali activation characteristics. This study constructed a one-part blast furnace slag-based geopolymer system using landfill leachate concentrate (LLC) as chlorine and humic acid sources and achieved the solidification/stabilization of cations (Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb) and anions (Sb and As) in the antimony mine soils (AMS). The LLC addition increased the Sb and As fixation rates from 92%∼94% and 82∼86%, respectively, to over 99%, reducing the leaching concentration of all heavy metal ions to the ppb level. LLC improved the chemical stability and physical encapsulation of Sb/As in three ways: inducing a Friedel's salt (FS) formation, enhancing humic acid complexation/chelation, and promoting geopolymerization. Wet curing was more conducive to FS formation in the geopolymer than dry curing and increased the 28-day compressive strength by 38.5%. Due to the SiO2 skeleton support effect in AMS, a 30 wt% AMS addition was beneficial for geopolymer strength development. Our study provided a harmless method for the codisposal of LLC and AMS and improved the efficiency of geopolymer fixation of complex heavy metal cations and anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zehua Ji
- Research Center for Water Quality and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Weitong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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9
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Deng T, Fisonga M, Ke H, Li L, Wang J, Deng Y. Mixing uniformity effect on leaching behaviour of cement-based solidified contaminated clay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:167957. [PMID: 37866593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixing uniformity is essential for the quality control of the contaminated clay's solidification. To investigate the effect of the mixing uniformity on the leaching behaviour of the cement-based solidified contaminated clay, this study proposed a quantitative method to characterize the mixing uniformity and investigated the leaching behaviour by the leaching toxicity tests and semi-dynamic leaching tests. X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) was employed to reveal the internal mesoscopic structure. In this case, Pb2+ was selected as a tagged pollutant because of the widespread attention at heavy metal-contaminated sites. The leaching toxicity indicates the significant Pb2+ concentration deviation among the parallel specimens and non-association with the mixing uniformity. However, the Pb2+ cumulative leaching mass and observed diffusion coefficient by the semi-dynamic leaching tests both decrease with the mixing uniformity. X-CT image analysis reveals that the high cement zones wrap the low cement zones with different dimensions in the heterogeneous solidified matrix. Moreover, the specimen pretreatment method in the existing leaching toxicity standards may be inadequate because of the overall encapsulation destruction by the crushing process and representativeness uncertainty when sampling. However, for semi-dynamic leaching, the Pb2+ migration depends on the uniformity, reflecting the continuous distribution of high cement zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Deng
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Marsheal Fisonga
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Li
- CECEP DADI Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- CECEP DADI Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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10
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Kim HS, Choi HJ. Design of a Novel Sericite-Phosphoric Acid Framework for Enhancement of Pb(II) Adsorption. Molecules 2023; 28:7395. [PMID: 37959815 PMCID: PMC10649698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, phosphoric acid was used to attach anions to the weak interlayer structure of sericite, one of the clay minerals composed of a tetrahedral structure of silicate, to increase the adsorption capacity of cations. Natural sericite beads (NSB) and activated sericite beads with phosphoric acid (PSB) were prepared as beads in order to increase reusability and facilitate the separation of adsorbates and adsorbents. Using this, lead (Pb(II)) removal efficiency from an aqueous solution was comparatively analyzed. The pHpzc was 6.43 in NSB but lowered to 3.96 in PSB, confirming that more acidic functional groups were attached to the PSB surface. According to FT-IR analysis, P=O, P-O-C, P=OOH and P-O-P bonds appeared on the surface of the PSB adsorbent, and the peaks of carboxyl groups and OH-groups were large and broad. The maximum adsorption capacity of Langmuir was 52.08 mg/g for NSB and 163.93 mg/g for PSB. The adsorption process was close to physical adsorption for NSB and chemical adsorption for PSB, and both adsorbents were endothermic reactions in nature in that the higher the temperature, the higher the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) to PSB was achieved by ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and complexation. The adsorption of Pb(II) using PSB was not significantly affected by the adsorption of competing ions and showed a high adsorption efficiency of 94% in reuse up to 6 times. This confirms the favorable feasibility of removing Pb(II) from industrial wastewater using PSB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee-Jeong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Beomil-ro 579 beon-gil, Gangneung-si 25601, Republic of Korea;
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11
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Goryunova K, Gahramanli Y, Muradkhanli V, Nadirov P. Phosphate-activated geopolymers: advantages and application. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30329-30345. [PMID: 37849710 PMCID: PMC10577810 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica-aluminophosphate (SAP) geopolymers are a novel type of green mortar made from aluminosilicate precursors and phosphoric acid (PA), and they are attracting the interest of researchers due to their extraordinary and distinctive capabilities. According to current research, SAP geopolymers have great mechanical properties, high heat and fire resistance, and outstanding sorption activity. Because of their properties, they have a wide range of applications, including novel insulating, construction, coating, and wastewater treatment materials. This paper focuses on the most recent advances in SAP geopolymer research. Furthermore, this work indicates novel applications for SAP geopolymers, which might serve as guidance for future research activity of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Goryunova
- Department of "Technology of Inorganic Substances and Chemistry" Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Yunis Gahramanli
- Department of "Technology of Inorganic Substances and Chemistry" Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Vida Muradkhanli
- Department of "Technology of Inorganic Substances and Chemistry" Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Parviz Nadirov
- Department of "Technology of Inorganic Substances and Chemistry" Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Baku Azerbaijan
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Gier Della Rocca D, Santos e Sousa FA, Domingos Ardisson J, Peralta RA, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Peralta Muniz Moreira RDF. Magnetic mining waste based-geopolymers applied to catalytic reactions with ozone. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17097. [PMID: 37484270 PMCID: PMC10361246 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for sustainable and low-cost materials for wastewater treatment is increasing considerably. In this scenario, geopolymers have gained great interest, due to their good mechanical properties, their ability to be produced from industrial waste and their adsorbent or catalytic properties. In this study, novel magnetic mining waste based-geopolymers were produced by incorporating a residue from phosphate waste rocks, which were extensively characterized (XRD, TGA/DTA, SEM, BET, XRF, FTIR, Mössbauer, ss-NMR and XPS). The materials produced showed formation of a dense framework, even with 75% incorporation of the residue. The iron oxides and their magnetic properties remained unchanged, and their application in advanced oxidation reactions were evaluated, in particular, as catalysts in ozonation reactions. All of the geopolymers presented catalytic activity in the ozonation reaction, with catalytic ozone decomposition values of up to 2.98 min-1, which is 99 times greater than non-catalyzed reactions. Moreover, the reuse (performed in three cycles) and hot filtration-like experiments demonstrated, respectively, the regenerability and heterogeneous catalytic properties of the produced materials, showcasing the potential of these waste materials for catalytic geopolymer production. demonstrating the potential of this waste to produce catalytic geopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gier Della Rocca
- Laboratory of Energy and Environment (LEMA), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flávio Augusto Santos e Sousa
- Laboratory of Energy and Environment (LEMA), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Domingos Ardisson
- Laboratory of Applied Physics, Center for the Development of Nuclear Technology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosely Aparecida Peralta
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Crystallography Laboratory (LABINC), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Regina de Fátima Peralta Muniz Moreira
- Laboratory of Energy and Environment (LEMA), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Wang M, Ren J, Ding A, Zhao W, Zhao X, Liu W, Bai Y, Ren L, Wang S, Wen Y, Yang B. Water quality degradation drives the release and fractionation transformation of trace metals in sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159504. [PMID: 36265645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The behavior and stability of trace metals in sediment are important to the ecology of rivers. Deteriorated water quality from domestic wastewater discharge has been studied extensively, but the effect of domestic wastewater on trace metals in sediment is poorly understood. To investigate this, we simulated the water quality degradation process through leaching experiments using domestic wastewater as the leaching solution. The results indicated that domestic wastewater does not negatively influence the stability and fractionation of trace metals in this experimental model, the existence of phosphate was the pacing factor for this phenomenon. Single-factor control treatment groups showed that a leaching solution with pH < 6, NaCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3, and humic acid promoted the dissolution of trace metals from sediment, whereas NaH2PO4 inhibited this process and increased their stability in sediment. The response of trace metals behavior to NaCl, NH4Cl, and extreme pH levels was more sensitive than NaNO3 and HA. Chloride ions can form relatively stable compounds with trace metals, reducing the activity of trace metals in the solution and promoting the release of trace metals from sediment, but it has positive effect on Pb and Zn stability and negative effect on Cu. Extreme pH conditions (pH > 10) and higher concentrations of leaching solutions (NaCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3, and HA) led to an increase in the Cu leaching concentration from sediment and the transformation to unstable fractions, while the impact on the stability of Zn and Pb was beneficial or had little effect. These experiment groups indicated that phosphate is beneficial to the stability of trace metals even at the condition of water degradation and can decrease the ecological risk caused by trace metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wende Zhao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weijiang Liu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yijuan Bai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liangsuo Ren
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection, Hebei Geological Environmental Monitoring Institute, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
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14
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Rozbahani M, Goodarzi AR, Lajevardi SH. Coupling effect of superfine zeolite and fiber on enhancing the long-term performance of stabilized/solidified Pb-contaminated clayey soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4203-4218. [PMID: 35965302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The focus of the present study was on the applicability of superfine zeolite (SZ) and polypropylene fibers in improving the geo-environmental parameters as well as the durability of cement-based stabilized/solidified low plasticity clay containing different dosages of Pb. The leaching data revealed that while adding a low range (≤ 7.5%) of sole cement even in the severely polluted soils could fully eliminate the Pb bioavailability, the metal retention capacity might portray a marked sensitivity to the acid-washing process. A major reduction was also observed in the mechanical/leaching performance of those samples after undergoing the wetting-drying (w-d) cycle, especially at a high proportion of Pb, which could weaken the cementation bonding dramatically; hence, much more cement was needed to pass the required stabilization/solidification (S/S) standards. Besides, the micro level tests indicated that the application of SZ (with 25% cement replacement) would alleviate the Pb declining impact on the S/S reactions and modify the porous network of soil. As a result, the specimens amended by cement-SZ (CSZ) were more functional (~ 1.4 times) in immobilizing the toxic ions than the cement alone was. However, the CSZ admixture might not perfectly restrain the w-d forces/deteriorations. Such a potential drawback was found to be solvable by the insertion of fiber, in which case, an enhancement in the ductility and the metal capsulation could be also manifested. In fact, the CSZ/fiber treatment could form a well-intertwined matrix, showing high success rates in stabilizing/solidifying the contaminated soils alongside a significant decrease (~ 2-folds) in the quantity of needed amount of cement to give the S/S satisfactory operation under the harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Rozbahani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Goodarzi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
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15
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Sun Y, Zhang P, Li Z, Chen J, Ke Y, Hu J, Liu B, Yang J, Liang S, Su X, Hou H. Iron-calcium reinforced solidification of arsenic alkali residue in geopolymer composite: Wide pH stabilization and its mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137063. [PMID: 36395889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-alkali residue (AAR) from antimony production can pose significant health and environmental hazards due to the risk of arsenic (As) leaching. In this study, geopolymer composite synthesized from fly ash (FA) was investigated for efficient stabilization of high-arsenic-containing AAR (As2O3 of 22.74 wt%). Two industrial wastes, e.g., granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) with active calcium composition and water-quenched slag (WQS) from lead-zinc smelting with active iron composition, were investigated for the reinforcement of AAR geopolymer solidification. A wide pH stabilization (from pH = 3-pH = 12) of AAR with the geopolymer composite was successfully achieved, and As leaching concentration of geopolymer with the addition of 5 wt% AAR was significantly reduced from 2343.73 mg/L (AAR) to that below 0.18 mg/L, which successfully meet the regulatory limit of Chinese domestic waste landfill (GB, 18598-2019, 1.2 mg/L) and hazardous waste landfill (GB16889-2008, 0.3 mg/L). Johnbaumite (Ca5(AsO4)3(OH)) was formed in geopolymer composite and leached samples with initial pH from 2.6 to 6 (final pH from 5.54 to 13.15). Magnetite and iron hydroxide phases with strong adsorption and/or As co-precipitation capability were also observed. As stabilization was also achieved with iron oxidation from As(III) to As(V). This study solves the problem of unstable As leaching at different pH for the solidification of arsenic-bearing solid waste, and provides a promising and practical strategy for efficient solidification/stabilization of AAR as well as other similar arsenic-bearing solid wastes with geopolymer composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Pan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Yan Ke
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Xintai Su
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China.
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Hu H, Huang K, Zhou W, Liu X, Chang X, Wang Q, Yao H, Li Y. Water adsorption and diffusion in phosphoric acid-based geopolymer using molecular modeling. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Xu R, Li Q, Liao L, Wu Z, Yin Z, Yang Y, Jiang T. Simultaneous and efficient removal of multiple heavy metal(loid)s from aqueous solutions using Fe/Mn (hydr)oxide and phosphate mineral composites synthesized by regulating the proportion of Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II) and PO 43. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129481. [PMID: 35803195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel adsorbent FMPs consisting of Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides and phosphate minerals was synthesized by regulating the proportion of Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II) and PO43-, and its removal behaviors and possible mechanisms for Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), As(III), Sb(III), As(V) and Sb(V) were systematically investigated. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that the adsorption process of FMPs to these metal(loid) ions conformed to pseudo-second-order (R2 > 0.99) and Redlich-Peterson (R2 > 0.94) models in the mono-component system, demonstrating a hybrid chemical reaction-adsorption process. In addition, the solution pH and ionic strength could affect the adsorption capacity of FMPs to heavy metal(loid)s with varying degrees. Besides, FMPs presented feasible stability and reusability even after four cycles. Combining the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, the adsorption mechanisms of FMPs mainly included surface complexation, electrostatic adsorption, inner-sphere complexation, hydrogen bonding, redox and pore-filling. In a multi-component system, FMPs exhibited an excellent affinity for capturing Pb(II) and Sb(III/V). This work provides an alternative method for designing and developing a series of novel adsorbent in removing multiple heavy metal(loid)s from wastewater, and demonstrated its application prospect in the remediation of multi-metal(loid) composite polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China.
| | - Lang Liao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Zhe Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Yongbin Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
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18
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A Scientometric-Analysis-Based Review of the Research Development on Geopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173676. [PMID: 36080752 PMCID: PMC9459891 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A scientometric-based assessment of the literature on geopolymers was conducted in this study to determine its critical aspects. Typical review studies are restricted in their capability to link disparate segments of the literature in a systematic and exact way. Knowledge mapping, co-citation, and co-occurrence are very difficult components of creative research. This study adopted an advanced strategy of data mining, data processing and analysis, visualization and presentation, and interpretation of the bibliographic data on geopolymers. The Scopus database was used to search for and retrieve the data needed to complete the study’s objectives. The relevant sources of publications, keyword assessment, productive authors based on publications and citations, top papers based on citations received, and areas actively engaged in the research of geopolymers are recognized during the data assessment. The VOSviewer (VOS: visualization of similarities) software application was employed to analyze the literature data comprising citation, bibliographic, abstract, keywords, funding, and other information from 7468 relevant publications. In addition, the applications and restrictions associated with the use of geopolymers in the construction sector are discussed, as well as possible solutions to overcome these restrictions. The scientometric analysis revealed that the leading publication source (journal) in terms of articles and citations is “Construction and building materials”; the mostly employed keywords are geopolymer, fly ash, and compressive strength; and the top active and contributing countries based on publications are China, India, and Australia. Because of the quantitative and graphical representation of participating nations and researchers, this study can help academics to create collaborative efforts and exchange creative ideas and approaches. In addition, this study concluded that the large-scale usage of geopolymer concrete is constrained by factors such as curing regime, activator solution scarcity and expense, efflorescence, and alkali–silica reaction. However, embracing the potential solutions outlined in this study might assist in boosting the building industry’s adoption of geopolymer concrete.
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19
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Li Q, Wang L, Xu R, Yang Y, Yin H, Jin S, Jiang T. Potentiality of phosphorus-accumulating organisms biomasses in biosorption of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions: Behaviors and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135095. [PMID: 35618058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is consistently a critical global issue, and bioremediation is regarded as one of the most promising approaches. In this work, the biosorption characteristics of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions using three phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) biomasses, Ochrobactrum cicero (PAB-006), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (PAB-009), and Pseudomonas putida (PAB-0031), as biosorbents were investigated. Results indicated that the equilibrium biosorption capacities of biosorbents to heavy metal ions were sensitive to the solution pH, and increased with increasing pH values. The experimental data of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) biosorption were in good agreement with the Pseudo-second-order, Redlich-Peterson and Temkin models, implying that the biosorption was a hybrid chemical reaction-biosorption process. In addition, the theoretical maximum biosorption capacities of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were calculated to be 67.84, 80.23, 50.56 and 63.07 mg/g for PAB-006, 59.99, 87.71, 39.26 and 64.00 mg/g for PAB-009 and 68.31, 85.43, 38.97 and 62.85 mg/g for PAB-031, respectively (pH = 5.0 ± 0.1, T = 25 °C), according to the parameters of the Langmuir model. Moreover, ionic strength had negligible influences or slight promoting effects, while humic acid exhibited positive effects on the removal of heavy metals. Further, PABs were stable and displayed excellent reusability. Characterization techniques of FTIR and XPS revealed that surface complexation, ion exchange, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction were the main mechanisms involved in the biosorption process. In summary, the biosorbent PABs possessed high biosorption performance with excellent reusability, and which hold the great application prospect in the treatment of heavy metal contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Limin Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China.
| | - Yongbin Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Shengming Jin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
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20
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Ma S, Zhang Z, Liu X. Comprehensive Understanding of Aluminosilicate Phosphate Geopolymers: A Critical Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5961. [PMID: 36079343 PMCID: PMC9456606 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aluminosilicate phosphate (ASP) geopolymers are a new kind of green cementitious materials synthesized from aluminosilicate precursors and acidic activators (phosphoric acid or phosphate), which have received extensive attention from researchers because of their excellent and unique characteristics. The current investigation indicates that ASP geopolymers have the characteristics of a low-carbon synthesis process, high mechanical properties (e.g., the highest compressive strength can reach 146 MPa), a strong heat resistance (e.g., withstanding a high temperature of 1500 °C), and excellent dielectric properties. These excellent properties make them have broad application prospects in the fields of new building materials, coating materials, insulating materials, and heavy metal curing. Based on the research findings of approximately 85 relevant literatures on ASP geopolymers in past decades, this paper focuses on the latest research progress of ASP geopolymers from the perspectives of synthesis processes, performances, modifications, and application developments. In addition, this study summarizes the key problems existing in the current research of ASP geopolymers and suggests their possible applications in the future, which will help to provide directions for further research activities of relevant researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zengqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Tian Q, Bai Y, Pan Y, Chen C, Yao S, Sasaki K, Zhang H. Application of Geopolymer in Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Pollutants: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:4570. [PMID: 35889449 PMCID: PMC9317415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Geopolymers, as a kind of inorganic polymer, possess excellent properties and have been broadly studied for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of hazardous pollutants. Even though many reviews about geopolymers have been published, the summary of geopolymer-based S/S for various contaminants has not been well conducted. Therefore, the S/S of hazardous pollutants using geopolymers are comprehensively summarized in this review. Geopolymer-based S/S of typical cations, including Pb, Zn, Cd, Cs, Cu, Sr, Ni, etc., were involved and elucidated. The S/S mechanisms for cationic heavy metals were concluded, mainly including physical encapsulation, sorption, precipitation, and bonding with a silicate structure. In addition, compared to cationic ions, geopolymers have a poor immobilization ability on anions due to the repulsive effect between them, presenting a high leaching percentage. However, some anions, such as Se or As oxyanions, have been proved to exist in geopolymers through electrostatic interaction, which provides a direction to enhance the geopolymer-based S/S for anions. Besides, few reports about geopolymer-based S/S of organic pollutants have been published. Furthermore, the adsorbents of geopolymer-based composites designed and studied for the removal of hazardous pollutants from aqueous conditions are also briefly discussed. On the whole, this review will offer insights into geopolymer-based S/S technology. Furthermore, the challenges to geopolymer-based S/S technology outlined in this work are expected to be of direct relevance to the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Q.T.); (Y.B.); (Y.P.); (C.C.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yingchu Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Q.T.); (Y.B.); (Y.P.); (C.C.); (S.Y.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yinhai Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Q.T.); (Y.B.); (Y.P.); (C.C.); (S.Y.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Changshuai Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Q.T.); (Y.B.); (Y.P.); (C.C.); (S.Y.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Shuo Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Q.T.); (Y.B.); (Y.P.); (C.C.); (S.Y.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haijun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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22
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Liu YZ, Fan RD, Liu SY, He H. Oxalic acid activated bone meal for immobilization of Pb and Cd contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36281-36294. [PMID: 35064507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone meal (BM) is a cost-effective and low-carbon material to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. Moreover, its immobilization efficiency for heavy metals still requires improvement. This study aimed to assess the activation effect of oxalic acid on the BM to develop an oxalic acid-activated bone meal (ABM) for improving immobilization efficiency. Several series of tests, including the available phosphorus content test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, are used to investigate the effect of activation on the immobilization ability and chemical speciation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in soils and the different mechanisms of Pb/Cd immobilization using the ABM and BM. The results indicate that the ABM possesses a higher solubility than the BM. The activation of BM achieves optimal effect when using 1 mol/L oxalic acid solution with a liquid-solid ratio of 2:1. The TCLP and BCR test results show that the ABM significantly outperforms the BM in terms of Pb immobilization. The leaching concentration of Pb from ABM immobilized soils can meet regulatory limits in China and the USA, and it is also 30 to 75% lower than that from BM immobilized soils. Regarding Cd immobilization, ABM outperforms BM after 90 days of curing. The XRD analysis shows that heavy metal phosphates are the primary products of Pb and Cd immobilized by ABM, whereas heavy metal carbonates are the main products after the immobilization by BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering and Environmental Safety, Southeast University, Nanjing, 21189, China
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ri-Dong Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Song-Yu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering and Environmental Safety, Southeast University, Nanjing, 21189, China.
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Huan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering and Environmental Safety, Southeast University, Nanjing, 21189, China
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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23
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Wang Q, Ahmad W, Ahmad A, Aslam F, Mohamed A, Vatin NI. Application of Soft Computing Techniques to Predict the Strength of Geopolymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061074. [PMID: 35335405 PMCID: PMC8956037 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geopolymers may be the best alternative to ordinary Portland cement because they are manufactured using waste materials enriched in aluminosilicate. Research on geopolymer composites is accelerating. However, considerable work, expense, and time are needed to cast, cure, and test specimens. The application of computational methods to the stated objective is critical for speedy and cost-effective research. In this study, supervised machine learning approaches were employed to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer composites. One individual machine learning approach, decision tree, and two ensembled machine learning approaches, AdaBoost and random forest, were used. The coefficient correlation (R2), statistical tests, and k-fold analysis were used to determine the validity and comparison of all models. It was discovered that ensembled machine learning techniques outperformed individual machine learning techniques in forecasting the compressive strength of geopolymer composites. However, the outcomes of the individual machine learning model were also within the acceptable limit. R2 values of 0.90, 0.90, and 0.83 were obtained for AdaBoost, random forest, and decision models, respectively. The models’ decreased error values, such as mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, and root-mean-square errors, further confirmed the ensembled machine learning techniques’ increased precision. Machine learning approaches will aid the building industry by providing quick and cost-effective methods for evaluating material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (W.A.)
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (W.A.)
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Str., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Fahid Aslam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Mohamed
- Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11745, Egypt;
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24
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Structure and Properties of Phosphate-Based Geopolymer Synthesized with the Spent Fluid Catalytic-Cracking (SFCC) Catalyst. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020130. [PMID: 35200511 PMCID: PMC8872381 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common industrial by-product, the spend fluid catalytic-cracking (SFCC) catalyst was used to prepare phosphate-based geopolymer for the first time. The structure and property of geopolymer with phosphoric acid concentration ranging from 6 to 14 mol/L was characterized by compressive strength measurements, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 27Al and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A stable binder was formed with the compressive strength in the range of 9.8 to 30.2 MPa when the acid concentration was between 6 and 12 mol/L. The higher concentration of acid can promote the dissolution of raw materials and formation of geopolymer gels. The coordination of silicon and aluminum in geopolymer gel synthesized with the SFCC catalyst and metakaolin is similar. Compared with the geopolymer with metakaolin, which forms more Si-O-Al bonds, in the networks of geopolymer with the SFCC catalyst, more Si(Al)-O-P bonds were formed. These results indicate that the SFCC catalyst can be an excellent raw material for the synthesis of phosphate-based geopolymer.
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