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Liu Z, Li G, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zheng W, You X, Zhang S, Zhong Q. Epitaxial growth of Bi 4Ti 3O 12-BiPO 4 Z-scheme heterojunction to promote carrier transfer for photocatalytic oxidation of NO. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:721-730. [PMID: 38996702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The lack of compactness in heterojunction interfaces and poor charge separation is a great challenge in developing high-efficiency heterojunction photocatalysts. Herein, a novel Bi4Ti3O12-BiPO4 heterojunction was successfully prepared for the first time by epitaxial growth of BiPO4 on the surface of Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets. The optimized Bi4Ti3O12-BiPO4-0.5 increased the NO oxidation efficiency to 73.05%, surpassing pure Bi4Ti3O12 (63.45%) and BiPO4 (8.35%). Experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that the closely contacted heterointerface between BTO and BPO promoted the generation of the built-in electric field, which led to the formation of the Z- scheme transfer pathway for the photogenerated carriers. Therefore, the separation of photogenerated carriers was facilitated while retaining high redox potential, generating more ·O2- and ·OH to participate in NO oxidation. Furthermore, the adsorption of NO and O2 was enhanced by introducing BiPO4, further improving the photocatalytic NO oxidation performance. This work emphasizes the critical role of heterointerface in accelerating charge transfer, providing a basis for the design and construction of tightly contacted heterojunction photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Guojun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Mingjia Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shandong Aluminum Industry Corporation Limited, Zibo, Shandong 255086, PR China
| | - Wangsheng Zheng
- Shandong Aluminum Industry Corporation Limited, Zibo, Shandong 255086, PR China
| | - Xiangting You
- Shandong Aluminum Industry Corporation Limited, Zibo, Shandong 255086, PR China
| | - Shule Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China.
| | - Qin Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China.
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2
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Li P, Wu R, Li P, Gao S, Qin Z, Song X, Sun W, Hua Z, Wang Q, Chen S. Bi 2Ti 2O 7 Quantum Dots for Efficient Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen to Ammonia: Impacts of Shallow Energy Levels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2408829. [PMID: 39234814 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202408829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic fixation of nitrogen to ammonia represents an attractive alternative to the Haber-Bosch process under ambient conditions, and the performance can be enhanced by defect engineering of the photocatalysts, in particular, formation of shallow energy levels due to oxygen vacancies that can significantly facilitate the adsorption and activation of nitrogen. This calls for deliberate size engineering of the photocatalysts. In the present study, pyrochlore Bi2Ti2O7 quantum dots and (bulk-like) nanosheets are prepared hydrothermally by using bismuth nitrate and titanium sulfate as the precursors. Despite a similar oxygen vacancy concentration, the quantum dots exhibit a drastically enhanced photocatalytic performance toward nitrogen fixation, at a rate of 332.03 µmol g-1 h-1, which is 77 times higher than that of the nanosheet counterpart. Spectroscopic and computational studies based on density functional theory calculations show that the shallow levels arising from oxygen vacancies in the Bi2Ti2O7 quantum dots, in conjunction with the moderately constrained quantum confinement effect, facilitate the chemical adsorption and activation of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Li
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Runjie Wu
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Peishen Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (MOE), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zeping Qin
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xingjian Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Wenming Sun
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhaorui Hua
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials & College of Elementary Education and Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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Zhong F, Sheng J, Du C, He Y, Sun Y, Dong F. Ligand-mediated exciton dissociation and interparticle energy transfer on CsPbBr 3 perovskite quantum dots for efficient CO 2-to-CO photoreduction. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:901-912. [PMID: 38302334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) hold immense potential as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction due to their remarkable quantum properties, which facilitates the generation of multiple excitons, providing the necessary high-energy electrons for CO2 photoreduction. However, harnessing multi-excitons in PQDs for superior photocatalysis remains challenging, as achieving the concurrent dissociation of excitons and interparticle energy transfer proves elusive. This study introduces a ligand density-controlled strategy to enhance both exciton dissociation and interparticle energy transfer in CsPbBr3 PQDs. Optimized CsPbBr3 PQDs with the regulated ligand density exhibit efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO, achieving a 2.26-fold improvement over unoptimized counterparts while maintaining chemical integrity. Multiple analytical techniques, including Kelvin probe force microscopy, temperature-dependent photoluminescence, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, collectively affirm that the proper ligand termination promotes the charge separation and the interparticle transfer through ligand-mediated interfacial electron coupling and electronic interactions. This work reveals ligand density-dependent variations in the gas-solid photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of CsPbBr3 PQDs, underscoring the importance of ligand engineering for enhancing quantum dot photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhong
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jianping Sheng
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Chenyu Du
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ye He
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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Wang F, Yue S, Han X, Zhang T, Han A, Wang L, Liu J. ZnS/C Dual-Quantum-Dots Heterostructural Nanofibers for High-Performance Photocatalytic H 2O 2 Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2606-2613. [PMID: 38175744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Constructing heterostructures of dual quantum-dots (QDs) is a promising way to achieve high performance in photocatalysis, but it still faces substantial synthetic challenges. Herein, we developed an in situ transformation strategy to coassemble ZnS QDs and C QDs into dual-quantum-dot heterostructural nanofibers (ZnS/C-DQDH). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed the formation of strong Zn-O-C bonds at the interface between ZnS QDs and C QDs, improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. The ZnS/C-DQDH demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic activity in H2O2 production, with generation rates of 2896.4 μmol gcat-1 h-1 without sacrificial agents and 9879.3 μmol gcat-1 h-1 with ethanol as the sacrificial agent, significantly higher than the QD counterparts and surpassed state-of-the-art photocatalysts. Moreover, due to the nanofibrous feature, ZnS/C-DQDH demonstrated excellent stability and facile recyclability. This work provides a facile and large scalable method to gain dual-quantum-dot heterostructures and a promising alternative for photocatalytic H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shuang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Aijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lianying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Shen Q, Jin B, Li J, Sun Z, Kang W, Li H, Jia H, Li Q, Xue J. In-situ construction of TiO 2 polymorphic junction nanoarrays without cocatalyst for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen generation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:1630-1641. [PMID: 37812839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
There are significant challenges in developing technologies for high-yield photocatalytic hydrogen production reactions. Current photocatalytic materials face three key problems: low utilization of light, rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and a limited number of active sites during photocatalytic reactions. As a result, these materials only improve one or two of the three steps involved in photocatalytic hydrogen production reactions. Consequently, achieving simultaneous multifunctional synergy to enhance the efficiency of all three processes is difficult. Here, we report an in situ dissolution-recrystallisation approach to design and fabricate a three-dimensional TiO2 rutile/anatase (AE-TiO2) array photocatalytic material for photocatalytic hydrolysis applications. It is shown that the unique 3D nanoarray structure and in situ fabrication of the AE-TiO2 homojunction with synergistic effects among the components lead to an increase in light harvesting efficiency, charge transport separation efficiency and surface active sites, which remarkably improve the photocatalytic hydrolysis performance. The prepared AE-TiO2 homojunction materials realizes a maximal photoactivity of 4 μmol cm-2·h-1, which is 39 times larger than that of pure TiO2 rutile nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Baobao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Husheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jinbo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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Wu C, Tang Q, Zhang S, Lv K, Fuku X, Wang J. Surface Modification of TiO 2 by Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic NO Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37307316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photocatalysis offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for the removal of air pollutants such as nitric oxides without chemical addition. However, the low specific surface area and adsorption capacity of common photocatalysts restrict the surface reactions with NO at the ppb-level. In this study, imidazolium-based hyper-cross-linked polymer (IHP) was introduced to modify the surface of TiO2 to construct a porous TiO2/IHP composite photocatalyst. The as-prepared composite with hierarchical porous structure achieves a larger specific surface area as 309 m2/g than that of TiO2 (119 m2/g). Meanwhile, the wide light absorption range of the polymer has brought about the strong visible-light absorption of the TiO2/IHP composite. In consequence, the composite photocatalyst exhibits excellent performance toward NO oxidation at a low concentration of 600 ppb under visible-light irradiation, reaching a removal efficiency of 51.7%, while the generation of the toxic NO2 intermediate was suppressed to less than 1 ppb. The enhanced NO adsorption and the suppressed NO2 generation on the TiO2/IHP surface were confirmed by in situ monitoring technology. This work demonstrates that the construction of a porous structure is an effective approach for efficient NO adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sushu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kangle Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xolile Fuku
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Pretoria 1710, South Africa
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Lin M, Chen H, Zhang Z, Wang X. Engineering interface structures for heterojunction photocatalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4388-4407. [PMID: 36723139 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05281d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Solar photocatalysis is the most ideal solution to global energy concerns and environmental deterioration nowadays. The heterojunction combination has become one of the most successful and effective strategies to design and manufacture composite photocatalysts. Heterojunction structures are widely documented to markedly improve the photocatalytic behavior of materials by enhancing the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges, widening the light absorption range, and broadening redox potentials, which are attributed to the presence of both build-in electric fields at the interface of two different materials and the complementarity between different electron structures. So far, a large number of heterojunction photocatalytic materials have been reported and applied for water splitting, reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, environmental cleaning, etc. This review outlines the recent accomplishments in the design and modification of interface structures in heterojunction photocatalysts, aiming to provide some useful perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350106, P. R. China. .,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350106, P. R. China. .,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
| | - Zizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350106, P. R. China. .,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350106, P. R. China. .,Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
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Jiang Y, Gao B, Wang Z, Li J, Du Y, He C, Liu Y, Yao G, Lai B. Efficient wastewater disinfection by raised 1O 2 yield through enhanced electron transfer and intersystem crossing via photocatalysis of peroxymonosulfate with CuS quantum dots modified MIL-101(Fe). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119489. [PMID: 36528926 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based photocatalysis is a promising alternative approach for wastewater disinfection. Singlet oxygen (1O2) is sensitive and efficient for bacterial inactivation. This study developed a 1O2-predominated PMS disinfection technique under visible light with CuS quantum dots (QDs) modified MIL-101(Fe) (CSQDs@MF). CuS QDs modification greatly enhanced the 1O2 quantum yield by 80% than that of MIL-101(Fe). Photoelectricity and photoluminescence tests demonstrated that both the enhanced electron transfer and energy transfer were responsible for improved 1O2 generation in Vis/PMS/CSQDs@MF system. The system took 60 min to inactivate 7.5-log E. coli, and it could be applied in a broad pH and dissolve oxygen range. Bacterial inactivation mechanism suggested that 1O2 attacked cell membrane first, then induced oxidative stress, up-regulated intracellular ROS level, eventually broke DNA strand. The system showed good disinfection performance on Gram-positive B. subtilis and fecal coliforms in practical wastewater, implying it is a promising alternative disinfection technology for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Binyang Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ye Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Chuanshu He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Bo Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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