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Cacoub P, Dabis F, Costagliola D, Almeida K, Lert F, Piroth L, Semaille C. Burden of HIV and hepatitis C co-infection: the changing epidemiology of hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients in France. Liver Int 2015; 35:65-70. [PMID: 25040895 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To better evaluate the HIV-HCV co-infection burden in the context of new effective HCV treatment. METHODS We reviewed all the epidemiological data available on HCV-related disease in HIV-infected patients in France. Sources of data have been selected using the following criteria: (i) prospective cohorts or cross-sectional surveys; (ii) conducted at a national level; (iii) in the HIV-infected population; (iv) able to identify HCV co-infection and chronic active hepatitis C (HCV RNA positive); and (v) conducted during the period 2003-2012. RESULTS The overall prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection has decreased from 22-24% to 16-18%. This prevalence decreased from 93% to 87% among injecting drug users while it increased from 4% to 6% among men who have sex with men. The characteristics of patients have changed: decrease in the proportion of patients with chronic active hepatitis C (HCV RNA positive) from 77% to 63% and in the genotypes 2 and 3 HCV infection; increase in the proportion of HCV genotype 1 (from 45-50% to 58%) and genotype 4 (from 15% to 22%). The proportion of patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy increased from 76% to 95%, with higher rates of undetectable HIV viral load (47% in 2004 vs. 85% in 2012). CONCLUSION The decreasing prevalence and the change in patients profile in HIV-HCV co-infection underline the importance of continuing efforts to educate physicians and patients. This should increase the benefit of viral risk reduction policies and increase the access of co-infected patients to HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Cacoub
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7211, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75005, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, F-75013, France; CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, F-75005, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France
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Rosenthal E, Roussillon C, Salmon-Céron D, Georget A, Hénard S, Huleux T, Gueit I, Mortier E, Costagliola D, Morlat P, Chêne G, Cacoub P. Liver-related deaths in HIV-infected patients between 1995 and 2010 in France: the Mortavic 2010 study in collaboration with the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS) EN 20 Mortalité 2010 survey. HIV Med 2014; 16:230-9. [PMID: 25522874 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the proportion of liver-related diseases (LRDs) as a cause of death in HIV-infected patients in France and to compare the results with data from our five previous surveys. METHODS In 2010, 24 clinical wards prospectively recorded all deaths occurring in around 26 000 HIV-infected patients who were regularly followed up. Results were compared with those of previous cross-sectional surveys conducted since 1995 using the same design. RESULTS Among 230 reported deaths, 46 (20%) were related to AIDS and 30 (13%) to chronic liver diseases. Eighty per cent of patients who died from LRDs had chronic hepatitis C, 16.7% of them being coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among patients who died from an LRD, excessive alcohol consumption was reported in 41%. At death, 80% of patients had undetectable HIV viral load and the median CD4 cell count was 349 cells/μL. The proportion of deaths and the mortality rate attributable to LRDs significantly increased between 1995 and 2005 from 1.5% to 16.7% and from 1.2‰ to 2.0‰, respectively, whereas they tended to decrease in 2010 to 13% and 1.1‰, respectively. Among liver-related causes of death, the proportion represented by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dramatically increased from 5% in 1995 to 40% in 2010 (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of LRDs among causes of death in HIV-infected patients seems recently to have reached a plateau after a rapid increase during the decade 1995-2005. LRDs remain a leading cause of death in this population, mainly as a result of hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, HCC representing almost half of liver-related causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rosenthal
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de l'Archet, CHU de Nice, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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3
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Geri G, Maynard M, Rosenthal E, Fontaine H, Lacombe K, Slama L, Goujard C, Loustaud-Ratti V, Bergmann JF, Morlat P, Vittecoq D, Alric L, Cacoub P. Care of hepatitis C virus infection in France: modifications in three consecutive surveys between 1995 and 2010. Liver Int 2014; 34:1349-57. [PMID: 25368876 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To determine the characteristics of hepatitis C (HCV)- infected patients in 2010 and compare this survey with those reported in 1995 and 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS Observational multicentre study conducted in 2010 in French internal medicine, infectious diseases and hepatology departments. RESULTS A total of 1621 HCV infected patients (mean age 50.1 ± 10.7 years; sex ratio M/F 1.8; genotype 1: 55.7%) were included. Of these, 910 (56.1%) were HIV–HCV co-infected, 463 (40.4%) were asymptomatic and 184 (16.1%) had cirrhosis at inclusion in this study. Positive viraemia was found in 1,025 patients (65.5%) at inclusion in this study. A complete pretreatment evaluation including investigation for HCV RNA, genotype determination and liver fibrosis was performed in 96.5, 80.5 and 68.7% of the 1,621 patients respectively. Previous and ongoing HCV treatments were noted in 49.6% and 20.1% of patients respectively. A sustained virological response (SVR) was observed in 271/801 (38.3%) patients, i.e. 44.1% and 30.7% in co-infected and mono-infected patients respectively. Cirrhosis was more frequent in the 2010 than in the 2001 and 1995 surveys (16.1% vs. 10.4% and 7.4% respectively; P < 0.0001). A complete pretreatment evaluation was performed in 57.9% and 50.9% of patients in 2010 and 2001 (P < 0.0001). Liver fibrosis evaluation was more frequent in 2010 than in the 2001 and 1995 surveys (68.7% vs. 62.7% and 28.7%, respectively, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The care of HCV-infected patients has changed significantly in ‘real life’ through an improvement of pretreatment evaluation before the antiviral introduction and the increased use of antivirals. New HCV therapy combinations including protease inhibitors are warranted to increase the SVR rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Geri
- Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire I2B; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7211; Paris France
- INSERM; UMR_S 959; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 7211; Paris France
- AP-HP; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Department of Internal Medicine; Paris France
| | - Marianne Maynard
- Service d'hépatologie et de gastroentérologie; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Eric Rosenthal
- Service de médecine interne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice et Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis; Paris France
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- Unité d'hépatologie médicale; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Karine Lacombe
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales; Hôpital Saint Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - Laurence Slama
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales; Hôpital Tenon; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Service de médecine interne; Hôpital Bicêtre; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Véronique Loustaud-Ratti
- Fédération d'Hépatologie; Hôpital Dupuytren; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges; Limoges France
| | - Jean-François Bergmann
- Service de médecine interne A; Hôpital Lariboisière; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; UFR de Médecine Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
| | - Philippe Morlat
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses; Hôpital Saint André; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Daniel Vittecoq
- Département de médecine interne et infectiologie; Hôpital Paul Brousse; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Villejuif France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Service de médecine interne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan; UMR 152 Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire I2B; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7211; Paris France
- INSERM; UMR_S 959; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 7211; Paris France
- AP-HP; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Department of Internal Medicine; Paris France
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4
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Salmon-Ceron D, Arvieux C, Bourlière M, Cacoub P, Halfon P, Lacombe K, Pageaux GP, Pialoux G, Piroth L, Poizot-Martin I, Rosenthal E, Pol S. Use of first-generation HCV protease inhibitors in patients coinfected by HIV and HCV genotype 1. Liver Int 2014; 34:869-89. [PMID: 24138548 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In HCV genotype 1-infected patients with HIV co-infection, tritherapy [HCV protease inhibitors (PIs) plus peg-interferon and ribavirin] has been shown to have an increased rate of sustained virological response. However, complex drug-to-drug interactions and tolerability issues remain a concern. METHODS Under the auspices of four French scientific societies of medicine, a committee was charged of establishing guidelines on the use of first-generation HCV PIs in these patients. This scientific committee based its work on preliminary results from tritherapy clinical trials in co-infected patients and, since data on these patients are still scarce, on the statements already made by the French Association for the Study of the Liver (AFEF) on the use of tritherapy in HCV mono-infected patients, written in May 2011 and updated in 2012. Each AFEF guideline concerning HCV monoinfection was examined to determine whether it could be used in the context of HIV/HCV coinfection. RESULTS These guidelines are addressed for the treatment of coinfected patients with various profiles, including treatment-naïve or patients with failure to previous bitherapy and mention those patients for whom tritherapy should start or those for whom it should be delayed. Preliminary results of triple therapy as well as factors associated to virological response are also discussed. Other issues include virological monitoring, clinical and virological criteria to stop therapy, practical treatment management, treatment adherence and the management of side effects and interactions with antiretroviral drugs. These guidelines were submitted for critical review to independent experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Salmon-Ceron
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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5
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Winnock M, Bani-Sadr F, Pambrun E, Loko MA, Carrieri P, Neau D, Morlat P, Marchou B, Dabis F, Salmon D. Factors associated with guideline-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment initiation in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients: role of comorbidities and physicians' perceptions. HIV Med 2013; 14:430-6. [DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Winnock
- Bordeaux University; ISPED; INSERM U897; Bordeaux; France
| | - F Bani-Sadr
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Robert Debré hospital; University of Champagne Ardenne; Reims; France
| | - E Pambrun
- Bordeaux University; ISPED; INSERM U897; Bordeaux; France
| | - M-A Loko
- Bordeaux University; ISPED; INSERM U897; Bordeaux; France
| | - P Carrieri
- INSERM; U912 (SE4S)-University of Aix Marseille; IRD; UMR-S912-ORS PACA; Marseille; France
| | - D Neau
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Pellegrin hospital; Bordeaux; France
| | - P Morlat
- Department of Internal Medicine; CHU Bordeaux; University of Bordeaux Segalen; INSERM U 897; Bordeaux; France
| | - B Marchou
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Purpan hospital; Toulouse; France
| | - F Dabis
- Bordeaux University; ISPED; INSERM U897; Bordeaux; France
| | - D Salmon
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Robert Debré hospital; University of Champagne Ardenne; Reims; France
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North CS, Hong BA, Adewuyi SA, Pollio DE, Jain MK, Devereaux R, Quartey NA, Ashitey S, Lee WM, Lisker-Melman M. Hepatitis C treatment and SVR: the gap between clinical trials and real-world treatment aspirations. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35:122-8. [PMID: 23219917 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the remarkable improvements in pharmacologic treatment efficacy for hepatitis C (HCV) reported in published clinical trials, published research suggests that, in "real-world" patient care, these medical outcomes may be difficult to achieve. This review was undertaken to summarize recent experience in the treatment of HCV in clinical settings, examining the course of patients through the stages of treatment and barriers to treatment encountered. METHOD A comprehensive and representative review of the relevant literature was undertaken to examine HCV treatment experience outside of clinical trials in the last decade. This review found 25 unique studies with data on course of treatment and/or barriers to treatment in samples of patients with HCV not preselected for inclusion in clinical trials. RESULTS Results were examined separately for samples selected for HCV infection versus HCV/HIV coinfection. Only 19% of HCV-selected and 16% of HCV/HIV-coinfection selected patients were considered treatment eligible and advanced to treatment; even fewer completed treatment (13% and 11%, respectively) or achieved sustained virologic response (3% and 6%, respectively). Psychiatric and medical ineligibilities were the primary treatment barriers. CONCLUSION Only by systematically observing and addressing potentially solvable medical and psychosocial barriers to treatment will more patients be enrolled in and complete HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S North
- The VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Watson RR, Preedy VR, Zibadi S. Alcohol, HIV/AIDS, and Liver Disease. ALCOHOL, NUTRITION, AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Globally, there are over 33 million persons living with HIV/AIDS resulting in 1.8 million deaths annually. While the rate of HIV transmission is slowing, it is estimated that 2.6 million new infections occur yearly [1]. In the United States, there are approximately 1.2 million living with HIV/AIDS, with 50,000 new HIV infections and 17,000 deaths from the disease annually [2]. For those who can obtain effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV/AIDS has become a chronic disease with life expectancies over 30 years [3]. Research in the last 10 years has revealed the importance of alcohol in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Alcohol use, in moderate or hazardous amounts, has been associated with increased acquisition of HIV infection, progression of HIV infection, deleterious effects on HIV treatment, and acceleration in the comorbidities of HIV infection [4–9]. Yet alcohol remains the “forgotten drug” of the HIV/AIDS epidemic [10].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ross Watson
- Arizona Health Science Center, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave. ROOM 4335, TUCSON, 85724-5155 Arizona USA
| | - Victor R. Preedy
- Dept. Nutrition & Dietetics, King's College, Stamford St. 150, London, SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| | - Sherma Zibadi
- Division of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Avenue, Tucson, 85724 Arizona USA
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8
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Cacoub P, Rosenthal E. Mono-infection par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) et co-infection par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine et le VHC : analyse comparative de la prise en charge à partir de deux larges enquêtes française récentes. Rev Med Interne 2012; 33:355-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Lambotin M, Barth H, Moog C, Habersetzer F, Baumert TF, Stoll-Keller F, Fafi-Kremer S. Challenges for HCV vaccine development in HIV-HCV coinfection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:791-804. [PMID: 22913257 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that 4-5 million HIV-infected patients are coinfected with HCV. The impact of HIV on the natural course of HCV infection is deleterious. This includes a higher rate of HCV persistence and a faster rate of fibrosis progression. Coinfected patients show poor treatment outcome following standard HCV therapy. Although direct antiviral agents offer new therapeutic options, their use is hindered by potential drug interactions and toxicity in HIV-infected patients under HAART. Overtime, a large reservoir of HCV genotype 1 patients will accumulate in resource poor countries where the hepatitis C treatment is not easily affordable and HIV therapy remains the primary health issue for coinfected individuals. HCV vaccines represent a promising strategy as an adjunct or alternative to current HCV therapy. Here, the authors review the pathogenesis of hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients, with a focus on the impact of HIV on HCV-specific immune responses and discuss the challenges for vaccine development in HIV-HCV coinfection.
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Piroth L. Direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus infections in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35 Suppl 2:S75-83. [PMID: 22248699 DOI: 10.1016/s2210-7401(11)70012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nearly three-quarters of human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus (HIV-HCV) coinfected patients in France currently need to be cured of their chronic HCV infection. The increase in sustained virological response rates obtained with the recently available HCV protease inhibitors in treatment-naïve genotype-1 patients has generated considerable hope in these co-infected patients. However, several particularities (such as a higher baseline HCV load, more advanced liver fibrosis, frequent co-morbidities, and the risk of toxicity and drug-drug interactions) have not allowed the direct extrapolation of the results observed in HCV-monoinfected patients to patients with HIV-HCV co-infection. Yet, despite these uncertainties and the little available data from ongoing trials, several proposals can be made not only because the patients and drugs are ready and waiting, but also because the clock is ticking. In general, it can be advocated that HCV triple therapy should be offered to most HIV-infected patients with advanced liver fibrosis, but should be deferred or discussed on a case-by-case basis in those with mild-to-moderate fibrosis. However, such proposals rely on a relatively small amount of evidence and many questions are still pending, as studies in HIV-HCV co-infected patients have been late in coming and are several years behind those in HCV-monoinfected patients. Thus, this situation, in the context of more rapid and more severe infection, and lower response rates with standard care (pegylated interferon and ribavirin), along with the many potential drug-drug interactions (particularly with antiretroviral therapy), underscores the need for earlier evaluation of new strategies, schedules and new direct-acting antivirals in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Piroth
- Département d'Infectiologie, CHU and Université de Bourgogne, 10 boulevard du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21079 Dijon Cedex France. lionel.piroth@chu- dijon.fr
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Angeli E, Mainini A, Meraviglia P, Schiavini M, Ricci E, Giorgi R, Gubertini G, Rizzardini G. Eligibility and feasibility of the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in a Cohort of Italian HIV-positive patients at a single HIV reference center. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2011; 25:295-301. [PMID: 21457054 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2010.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is frequent and aggressive among HIV-positive patients; evaluation for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific therapy is mandatory, but it has many limitations, due to efficacy, tolerability but also applicability. The objective of our retrospective analysis was to evaluate the eligibility and feasibility of anti-HCV therapy in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients followed at the II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy, from 2000 to March 2010. In our database, 545 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were present, representing 40% of our whole HIV population, and 421 included in the analysis. One hundred twenty-four patients were excluded because of loss to follow-up (81) or deceased (43). Forty-eight patients spontaneously cleared HCV during follow-up (11%). Ninety-nine patients received anti-HCV therapy (26%), while the majority was excluded for several reasons (mainly concomitant diseases and low CD4(+) cell count). Globally, we found that in at least one third of untreated patients modifiable barriers to treatment were present. The access to therapy was significantly associated with the absence of history of intravenous drug use (p=0.01), a higher CD4(+) cells count at nadir (p=0.01), the presence of more than 6 HAART regimens (p=0.04), higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (p<0.0001), HCV genotype 2 or 3 (p=0.005). In a multivariate analysis, the same factors remained significantly associated with anti-HCV therapy. In conclusion, the feasibility of anti-HCV therapy in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, in our highly specialized center, is approximately 26%. Relative contraindications, such as substance abuses, mild and controlled concomitant conditions, and low compliance are common and modifiable in order to reconsider patients as suitable for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Angeli
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Mainini
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Meraviglia
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Schiavini
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E. Ricci
- I Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Giorgi
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Gubertini
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Rizzardini
- II Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
- I Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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