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Wang Y, Chen W, Han C, Zhang J, Song K, Kwon H, Dash S, Yao L, Wu T. Adult Hepatocytes Are Hedgehog-Responsive Cells in the Setting of Liver Injury: Evidence for Smoothened-Mediated Activation of NF-κB/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/Akt in Hepatocytes that Counteract Fas-Induced Apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2605-2616. [PMID: 30366594 PMCID: PMC6207910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is inactive in adult healthy liver, it becomes activated during acute and chronic liver injury and, thus, modulates the reparative process and disease progression. We developed a novel mouse model with liver-specific knockout of Smoothened (Smo LKO), and animals were subjected to Fas-induced liver injury in vivo. Results showed that Smo deletion in hepatocytes enhances Fas-induced liver injury. Activation of Hh signaling in hepatocytes in the setting of Fas-induced injury was indicated by the fact that Jo2 treatment enhanced hepatic expression of Ptch1, Smo, and its downstream target Gli1 in control but not Smo LKO mice. Primary hepatocytes from control mice showed increased Hh signaling activation in response to Jo2 treatment in vitro. On the other hand, the Smo KO hepatocytes were devoid of Hh activation and were more susceptible to Jo2-induced apoptosis. The levels of NF-κB and related signaling molecules, including epidermal growth factor receptor and Akt, were lower in Smo KO livers/hepatocytes than in control livers/hepatocytes. Accordingly, hydrodynamic gene delivery of active NK-κB prevented Jo2-induced liver injury in the Smo LKO mice. Our findings provide important evidence that adult hepatocytes become responsive to Hh signaling through up-regulation of Smo in the setting of Fas-induced liver injury and that such alteration leads to activation of NF-κB/epidermal growth factor receptor/Akt, which counteracts Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyoungsub Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hyunjoo Kwon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lu Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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miR-223 Deficiency Protects against Fas-Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Liver Injury through Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:3141-51. [PMID: 26598234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-223 action in liver cells and liver diseases remain unclear. We therefore determined the effect and mechanism of action of miR-233 in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Wild-type (WT) and miR-223 knockout (KO) mice were treated i.p. with 0.5 μg/g body weight anti-Fas antibody Jo2, and the animals were monitored for survival and the extent of liver injury. Although WT mice died 4 to 6 hours after Jo2 injection (n = 6), all of the miR-223 KO mice (n = 6) survived. In comparison to WT mice, the miR-223 KO mice showed resistance to Fas-induced liver injury, as indicated by less tissue damage under histopathological examination, fewer apoptotic hepatocytes under caspase-3 immunostaining, and less elevation of serum transaminases. miR-223 KO livers showed less caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation and less poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage compared with WT livers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, tail vein injection of miR-223 lentiviral vector to miR-223 KO mice restored Jo2-induced liver injury. Transfection of miR-223 KO hepatocytes with miR-223 mimic enhanced Jo2-induced activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, whereas transfection of WT hepatocytes with the miR-223 inhibitor attenuated Jo2-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that miR-223 deficiency protects against Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Further in vitro and in vivo data indicate that miR-223 regulates Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury by targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor.
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Ishihara K, Kanai S, Tanaka K, Kawashita E, Akiba S. Group IVA phospholipase A2 deficiency prevents CCl4-induced hepatic cell death through the enhancement of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kanai S, Ishihara K, Kawashita E, Tomoo T, Nagahira K, Hayashi Y, Akiba S. ASB14780, an Orally Active Inhibitor of Group IVA Phospholipase A2, Is a Pharmacotherapeutic Candidate for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:604-14. [PMID: 26699145 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that high-fat cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced fatty liver and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis are reduced in mice deficient in group IVA phospholipase A2 (IVA-PLA2), which plays a role in inflammation. We herein demonstrate the beneficial effects of ASB14780 (3-[1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(2-phenylethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]propanoic acid 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol salt), an orally active IVA-PLA2 inhibitor, on the development of fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis in mice. The daily coadministration of ASB14780 markedly ameliorated liver injury and hepatic fibrosis following 6 weeks of treatment with CCl4. ASB14780 markedly attenuated the CCl4-induced expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) protein and the mRNA expression of collagen 1a2, α-SMA, and transforming growth factor-β1 in the liver, and inhibited the expression of monocyte/macrophage markers, CD11b and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, while preventing the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the liver. Importantly, ASB14780 also reduced the development of fibrosis even in matured hepatic fibrosis. Additionally, ASB14780 also reduced HFCD-induced lipid deposition not only in the liver, but also in already established fatty liver. Furthermore, treatment with ASB14780 suppressed the HFCD-induced expression of lipogenic mRNAs. The present findings suggest that an IVA-PLA2 inhibitor, such as ASB14780, could be useful for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, including fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kanai
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Eri Kawashita
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Toshiyuki Tomoo
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Kazuhiro Nagahira
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
| | - Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan (S.K., K.I., E.K., S.A.); and Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan (T.T., K.N., Y.H.)
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Jin L, Li C, Li R, Sun Z, Fang X, Li S. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors mediate apoptosis via cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A₂ and migration in prostate cancer cell RM-1. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:255-67. [PMID: 24776847 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors (CRHRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that play different roles depending on tissue types. Previously, we discovered the mechanism of CRHR-mediated apoptosis of mouse prostate cancer cell line (RM-1) to be a change of Bcl-2:Bax ratio, and CRH was found to inhibit transforming growth factor β migration of breast cancer cells via CRHRs. In the present study, we investigated cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) bridging CRHR activations and Bcl-2:Bax ratio and the effect of CRHR activation on cell migration. Silencing of cPLA2 attenuated a CRHR1 agonist, CRH-induced apoptosis, and the decrease of the Bcl-2:Bax ratio, whereas silencing of cPLA2 aggravated CRHR2 agonist, Urocortin 2 (Ucn2)-inhibited apoptosis, and the increase of the Bcl-2:Bax ratio. CRH in a time- and concentration-dependent manner increased cPLA2 expression mainly through interleukin 1β (IL1β) upregulation. Ucn2 decreased cPLA2 expression through neither tumor necrosis factor α nor IL1β. CRH-suppressed decay of cPLA2 mRNA and Ucn2 merely suppressed its production. Overexpression of CRHR1 or CRHR2 in HEK293 cells correspondingly upregulated or downregulated cPLA2 expression after CRH or Ucn2 stimulation respectively. In addition, both CRH and Ucn2 induced migration of RM-1 cells. Our observation not only established a relationship between CRHRs and cell migration but also for the first time, to our knowledge, demonstrated that cPLA2 participates in CRHR1-induced apoptosis and CRHR2-inhibited apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Wang X, Lv H, Zhang A, Sun W, Liu L, Wang P, Wu Z, Zou D, Sun H. Metabolite profiling and pathway analysis of acute hepatitis rats by UPLC-ESI MS combined with pattern recognition methods. Liver Int 2014; 34:759-70. [PMID: 24004042 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolomics is comprehensive analysis of low-molecular-weight endogenous metabolites in a biological sample. It could enable mapping of perturbations of early biochemical changes in diseases and hence provide an opportunity to develop predictive biomarkers that could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the changes in endogenous metabolites and to phenotype the metabolic profiling of d-galactosamine (GalN)-inducing acute hepatitis in rats by UPLC-ESI MS. METHODS The systemic biochemical actions of GalN administration (ip, 400 mg/kg) have been investigated in male wistar rats using conventional clinical chemistry, liver histopathology and metabolomic analysis of UPLC- ESI MS of urine. The urine was collected predose (-24 to 0 h) and 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96 h post-dose. Mass spectrometry of the urine was analysed visually and via conjunction with multivariate data analysis. RESULTS Results demonstrated that there was a time-dependent biochemical effect of GalN dosed on the levels of a range of low-molecular-weight metabolites in urine, which was correlated with developing phase of the GalN-inducing acute hepatitis. Urinary excretion of beta-hydroxybutanoic acid and citric acid was decreased following GalN dosing, whereas that of glycocholic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, sphinganine, n-acetyl-l-phenylalanine, cholic acid and creatinine excretion was increased, which suggests that several key metabolic pathways such as energy metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were perturbed by GalN. CONCLUSION This metabolomic investigation demonstrates that this robust non-invasive tool offers insight into the metabolic states of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Lab of Chinmedomics, and Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Brooke MA, Longhurst HJ, Plagnol V, Kirkby NS, Mitchell JA, Rüschendorf F, Warner TD, Kelsell DP, MacDonald TT. Cryptogenic multifocal ulcerating stenosing enteritis associated with homozygous deletion mutations in cytosolic phospholipase A2-α. Gut 2014; 63:96-104. [PMID: 23268370 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cryptogenic multifocal ulcerating stenosing enteritis (CMUSE) is an extremely rare, but devastating, disease of unknown aetiology. We investigated the genetic basis of this autosomal recessive condition in a pair of affected siblings who have 40-year histories of catastrophic gastrointestinal and extraintestinal disease. DESIGN Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism homozygosity mapping in the two affected family members combined with whole-exome sequencing of one affected sibling. This was followed by confirmatory Sanger sequencing of the likely disease-causing sequence variant and functional studies in affected and unaffected family members. RESULTS Insertion/deletion variation analysis revealed the presence of a homozygous 4 bp deletion (g.155574_77delGTAA) in the PLA2G4A gene, located in the splice donor site directly after exon 17 (the penultimate exon) of the gene in both affected siblings. This introduces a frameshift of 10 amino acids before a premature stop codon (p.V707fsX10), which is predicted to result in the loss of 43 amino acids (residues 707-749) at the C-terminus of cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA(2)α). cPLA(2)α protein expression was undetectable in the gut of both siblings, with platelet aggregation and thromboxane A(2) production, as functional assays for cPLA(2)α activity, grossly impaired. CONCLUSIONS We have identified mutations in PLA2G4A as a cause of CMUSE in two affected siblings. Further studies are needed to determine if mutations in this gene are also responsible for disease of a similar phenotype in other cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Brooke
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, , London, UK
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op den Winkel M, Gmelin L, Schewe J, Leistner N, Bilzer M, Göke B, Gerbes AL, Steib CJ. Role of cysteinyl-leukotrienes for portal pressure regulation and liver damage in cholestatic rat livers. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1288-94. [PMID: 24061287 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) have a major role in liver injury, and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) are known to be involved as well. The KC-mediated pathways for the production and secretion of Cys-LT in cholestatic liver injury have not yet been elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that KC activation by Toll-like receptor ligands results in Cys-LT-mediated microcirculatory alterations and liver injury in acute cholestasis. We hypothesized further that this situation is associated with changes in the secretion and production of Cys-LT. One week after bile duct ligation (BDL), livers showed typical histological signs of cholestatic liver injury. Associated microcirculatory disturbances caused increased basal and maximal portal pressure following KC activation. These differences were determined in BDL livers compared with sham-operated livers in vivo (KC activation by LPS 4 mg/kg b.w.) and in isolated perfused organs (KC activation by Zymosan A, 150 μg/ml). Treatment with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-886 alone did not alter portal perfusion pressure, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux, or bile duct proliferation in BDL animals. Following KC activation, portal perfusion pressure increased. The degree of cell injury was attenuated by MK-886 (3 μM) treatment as estimated by LDH efflux. In normal rats, a large amount of Cys-LT efflux was found in the bile. Only a minor amount was found in the effluent perfusate. In BDL livers, the KC-mediated Cys-LT efflux into the sinusoidal system increased, although the absolute Cys-LT level was still grossly lower than the biliary excretion in sham-operated livers. In conclusion, our results indicate that treatment with Cys-LT inhibitors might be a relevant target for attenuating cholestatic liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark op den Winkel
- Department of Medicine II, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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Bickford JS, Beachy DE, Newsom KJ, Barilovits SJ, Herlihy JDH, Qiu X, Walters JN, Li N, Nick HS. A distal enhancer controls cytokine-dependent human cPLA2α gene expression. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1915-26. [PMID: 23549331 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific control of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α or PLA2G4A) expression modulates arachidonic acid production, thus tightly regulating the downstream effects of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. The significance of this pathway in human disease is apparent in a range of pathologies from inflammation to tumorigenesis. While much of the regulation of cPLA2α has focused on posttranslational phosphorylation of the protein, studies on transcriptional regulation of this gene have focused only on proximal promoter regions. We have identified a DNase I hypersensitive site encompassing a 5' distal enhancer element containing a highly conserved consensus AP-1 site involved in transcriptional activation of cPLA2α by interleukin (IL)-1β. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), knockdown, knockout, and overexpression analyses have shown that c-Jun acts both in a negative and positive regulatory role. Transcriptional activation of cPLA2α occurs through the phosphorylation of c-Jun in conjunction with increased association of C/EBPβ with the distal novel enhancer. The association of C/EBPβ with the transcriptional activation complex does not require an obvious DNA binding site. These data provide new and important contributions to the understanding of cPLA2α regulation at the transcriptional level, with implications for eicosanoid metabolism, cellular signaling, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bickford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:248-254. [PMID: 22576583 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283543033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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