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Kimbrell B, Huang J, Fraser A, Jiang X. Efficacy of Three Antimicrobials Against two SARS-COV-2 Surrogates, Bovine Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus OC43, on Hard or Soft Nonporous Materials. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100316. [PMID: 38878900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of three antimicrobials was evaluated against two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surrogates - bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43 - on hard and soft nonporous materials. Three antimicrobials with three different active ingredients (chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compound + alcohol) were studied. Initially, a neutralization method was optimized for each antimicrobial. Then, we determined their efficacy against BCoV and HCoV OC43 in both suspension and on surfaces made with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and vinyl upholstery fabric. All tests were conducted under ambient environmental conditions with a soil load of 5% fetal bovine serum. After a 2-min exposure, all three antimicrobials achieved a >3.0 log10 reduction in viral titers in suspension. All three also reduced virus infectivity on both surface materials below the detection limit (0.6 log10 TCID50/carrier). Treatments in which the reduction in virus titer was <3.0 log10 were attributed to a decreased dynamic range on the carrier during drying prior to disinfection. The carrier data revealed that both surrogates were inactivated more rapidly (p <0.05) on vinyl or under conditions of high relative humidity. Three classes of antimicrobials were efficacious against both SARS-CoV-2 surrogate viruses, with BCoV demonstrating slightly less sensitivity compared to HCoV OC43. These findings also illustrate the importance of (1) optimizing the neutralization method and (2) considering relative humidity as a key factor for efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Kimbrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jinge Huang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.
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2
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Miyazaki H, Hirose R, Ichikawa M, Mukai H, Yamauchi K, Nakaya T, Itoh Y. Methods for virus recovery from environmental surfaces to monitor infectious viral contamination. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108199. [PMID: 37713971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of infectious contaminants on environmental surfaces, particularly infectious viruses, is essential for contact transmission risk assessment; however, difficulties in recovering viruses from surfaces using swabs complicates this quantification process. Herein, we identified the factors that significantly affected virus recovery rates and developed an ideal swab method that yielded the highest rate of virus recovery. We comprehensively analyzed the effects of swab type (cotton/polyester), swab water content (wet/dry conditions), surface material, and surface area on the rates of viral RNA and infectious virus recovery. The virus recovery rate was significantly lower than the viral RNA recovery rate (P < 0.01), indicating difficulty in the quantification of infectious viruses. The virus recovery rate was significantly higher under wet conditions than that under dry conditions (P < 0.006), and the virus recovery rate obtained using cotton swabs was significantly higher than that using polyester swabs (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the virus recovery rate had a strong negative correlation (correlation coefficient >0.8) with the target surface area. The maximum surface area where the virus recovery rate was ≥10% (MSA-10%) was identified as the maximum quantifiable area. For influenza virus recovery, MSA-10% on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet, PVC leather, stainless steel, silicone, glass, and polycarbonate surfaces was 66.7, 193, 60.2, 144, 105, and 15.6 cm2, respectively. For feline calicivirus recovery, MSA-10% on PVC sheet, PVC leather, stainless steel, silicone, glass, and polycarbonate surfaces was 210, 111, 2120, 250, 322, and 180 cm2, respectively. The most accurate and ideal method for quantifying infectious viruses on environmental surfaces with the highest recovery rates meets three specifications: "wet conditions," "the use of cotton swabs," and "a target surface area of approximately 10 cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Mikako Ichikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mukai
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuma Yamauchi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Geraldes C, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveira M. Biocides in the Hospital Environment: Application and Tolerance Development. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:456-476. [PMID: 37643289 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections are a rising problem with consequences for patients, hospitals, and health care workers. Biocides can be employed to prevent these infections, contributing to eliminate or reduce microorganisms' concentrations at the hospital environment. These antimicrobials belong to several groups, each with distinct characteristics that need to be taken into account in their selection for specific applications. Moreover, their activity is influenced by many factors, such as compound concentration and the presence of organic matter. This article aims to review some of the chemical biocides available for hospital infection control, as well as the main factors that influence their efficacy and promote susceptibility decreases, with the purpose to contribute for reducing misusage and consequently for preventing the development of resistance to these antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Geraldes
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Animal Health, Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU), Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Ouyang L, Wang N, Irudayaraj J, Majima T. Virus on surfaces: Chemical mechanism, influence factors, disinfection strategies, and implications for virus repelling surface design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:103006. [PMID: 37778249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 is generally under control, the question of variants and infections still persists. Fundamental information on how the virus interacts with inanimate surfaces commonly found in our daily life and when in contact with the skin will be helpful in developing strategies to inhibit the spread of the virus. Here in, a critically important review of current understanding of the interaction between virus and surface is summarized from chemistry point-of-view. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theories to model virus attachments on surfaces are introduced, along with the interaction type and strength, and quantification of each component. The virus survival and transfer are affected by a combination of biological, physical, and chemical parameters, as well as environmental parameters. The surface properties for virus and virus survival on typical surfaces such as metals, plastics, and glass are summarized. Attention is also paid to the transfer of virus to/from surfaces and skin. Typical virus disinfection strategies utilizing heat, light, chemicals, and ozone are discussed together with their disinfection mechanism. In the last section, design principles for virus repelling surface chemistry such as surperhydrophobic or surperhydrophilic surfaces are also introduced, to demonstrate how the integration of surface property control and advanced material fabrication can lead to the development of functional surfaces for mitigating the effect of viral infection upon contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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5
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Sahun M, Privat-Maldonado A, Lin A, De Roeck N, Van der Heyden L, Hillen M, Michiels J, Steenackers G, Smits E, Ariën KK, Jorens PG, Delputte P, Bogaerts A. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses with Non-Thermal Plasma for Hospital Disinfection. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:5206-5215. [PMID: 37034498 PMCID: PMC10068876 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c07622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As recently highlighted by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, viruses have become an increasing burden for health, global economy, and environment. The control of transmission by contact with contaminated materials represents a major challenge, particularly in hospital environments. However, the current disinfection methods in hospital settings suffer from numerous drawbacks. As a result, several medical supplies that cannot be properly disinfected are not reused, leading to severe shortages and increasing amounts of waste, thus prompting the search for alternative solutions. In this work, we report that non-thermal plasma (NTP) can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 from non-porous and porous materials commonly found in healthcare facilities. We demonstrated that 5 min treatment with a dielectric barrier discharge NTP can inactivate 100% of SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan and Omicron strains) from plastic material. Using porcine respiratory coronavirus (surrogate for SARS-CoV-2) and coxsackievirus B3 (highly resistant non-enveloped virus), we tested the NTP virucidal activity on hospital materials and obtained complete inactivation after 5 and 10 min, respectively. We hypothesize that the produced reactive species and local acidification contribute to the overall virucidal effect of NTP. Our results demonstrate the potential of dielectric barrier discharge NTPs for the rapid, efficient, and low-cost disinfection of healthcare materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sahun
- Plasma
Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine—Antwerp
(PLASMANT), Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Privat-Maldonado
- Plasma
Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine—Antwerp
(PLASMANT), Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Center
for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision
Oncology Network (IPPON), University of
Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abraham Lin
- Plasma
Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine—Antwerp
(PLASMANT), Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Center
for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision
Oncology Network (IPPON), University of
Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Naomi De Roeck
- Laboratory
for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical,
Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Van der Heyden
- Plasma
Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine—Antwerp
(PLASMANT), Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Center
for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision
Oncology Network (IPPON), University of
Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michaël Hillen
- Industrial
Vision Lab (InViLab), Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Michiels
- Virology
Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gunther Steenackers
- Industrial
Vision Lab (InViLab), Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center
for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision
Oncology Network (IPPON), University of
Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Laboratory
for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical,
Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Virology
Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe G. Jorens
- Department
of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University
Hospital, Wilrijkstraat
10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory
for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical,
Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Plasma
Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine—Antwerp
(PLASMANT), Department of Chemistry, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Ashok D, Taheri M, Garg P, Webb D, Parajuli P, Wang Y, Funnell B, Taylor B, Tscharke DC, Tsuzuki T, Verma NK, Tricoli A, Nisbet DR. Shielding Surfaces from Viruses and Bacteria with a Multiscale Coating. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201415. [PMID: 35657076 PMCID: PMC9376840 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spread of viral and bacterial pathogens mediated by contact with surfaces is a leading cause of infection worldwide. COVID-19 and the continuous rise of deaths associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria highlight the need to impede surface-mediated transmission. A sprayable coating with an intrinsic ability to resist the uptake of bacteria and viruses from surfaces and droplets, such as those generated by sneezing or coughing, is reported. The coating also provides an effective microbicidal functionality against bacteria, providing a dual barrier against pathogen uptake and transmission. This antimicrobial functionality is fully preserved following scratching and other induced damage to its surface or 9 days of submersion in a highly concentrated suspension of bacteria. The coatings also register an 11-fold decrease in viral contamination compared to the noncoated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu Ashok
- Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsResearch School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryResearch School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Mahdiar Taheri
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanomaterials for SustainabilityResearch School of ElectricalEnergy and Materials EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Puneet Garg
- Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsResearch School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryResearch School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Daryl Webb
- Centre for Advanced MicroscopyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Pawan Parajuli
- Division of Biomedical Science and BiochemistryResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsResearch School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Bronte Funnell
- Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsResearch School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Bradley Taylor
- Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsResearch School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical ResearchAustralian National University131 Garran RoadActonACT2601Australia
| | - Takuya Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Advanced Nanomaterials for SustainabilityResearch School of ElectricalEnergy and Materials EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Naresh K. Verma
- Division of Biomedical Science and BiochemistryResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryResearch School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryFaculty of EngineeringThe University of SydneySydney2006Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsResearch School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberra2601Australia
- The Graeme Clark InstituteFaculty of Engineering and Information Technology and Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health ServicesThe University of MelbourneMelbourne3010Australia
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7
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Jiang AZ, Nian F, Chen H, McBean EA. Passive Samplers, an Important Tool for Continuous Monitoring of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32326-32334. [PMID: 35137317 PMCID: PMC9072756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has resulted in major costs around the world, costs with dimensions in every aspect, from peoples' daily living to the global economy. As the pandemic progresses, the virus evolves, and more vaccines become available, and the 'battle against the virus' continues. As part of the battle, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) technologies are being widely deployed in essential roles for SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring. While focusing on demonstrating the advantages of passive samplers as a tool in WBE, this review provides a holistic view of the current WBE applications in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 with the integration of the most up-to-date data. A novel scenario example based on a recent Nanjing (China) outbreak in July 2021 is used to illustrate the potential benefits of using passive samplers to monitor COVID-19 and to facilitate effective control of future major outbreaks. The presented contents and how the application of passive samplers indicates that this technology can be beneficial at different levels, varying from building to community to regional. Countries and regions that have the pandemic well under control or have low positive case occurrences have the potential to significantly benefit from deploying passive samplers as a measure to identify and suppress outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Z. Jiang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Fulin Nian
- Department of Digestive, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Affiliated Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399 China
| | - Han Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Edward A. McBean
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
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8
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Nastasi N, Renninger N, Bope A, Cochran SJ, Greaves J, Haines SR, Balasubrahmaniam N, Stuart K, Panescu J, Bibby K, Hull NM, Dannemiller KC. Persistence of viable MS2 and Phi6 bacteriophages on carpet and dust. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12969. [PMID: 34882845 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resuspension of dust from flooring is a major source of human exposure to microbial contaminants, but the persistence of viruses on dust and carpet and the contribution to human exposure are often unknown. The goal of this work is to determine viability of MS2 and Phi6 bacteriophages on cut carpet, looped carpet, and house dust both over time and after cleaning. Bacteriophages were nebulized onto carpet or dust in artificial saliva. Viability was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h and after cleaning by vacuum, steam, hot water extraction, and disinfection. MS2 bacteriophages showed slower viability decay rates in dust (-0.11 hr-1 ), cut carpet (-0.20 hr-1 ), and looped carpet (-0.09 hr-1 ) compared to Phi6 (-3.36 hr-1 , -1.57 hr-1 , and -0.20 hr-1 , respectively). Viable viral concentrations were reduced to below the detection limit for steam and disinfection for both MS2 and Phi6 (p < 0.05), while vacuuming and hot water extraction showed no significant changes in concentration from uncleaned carpet (p > 0.05). These results demonstrate that MS2 and Phi6 bacteriophages can remain viable in carpet and dust for several hours to days, and cleaning with heat and disinfectants may be more effective than standard vacuuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nastasi
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicole Renninger
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ashleigh Bope
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Samuel J Cochran
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Justin Greaves
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Sarah R Haines
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neeraja Balasubrahmaniam
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Katelyn Stuart
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenny Panescu
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Sustainability Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Karen C Dannemiller
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Sustainability Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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9
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Barr KL, Sturdivant RX, Williams DN, Harris D. Bacteria Associated with Healthcare-Associated Infections on Environmental Samples Obtained from Two Fire Departments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211885. [PMID: 34831638 PMCID: PMC8621870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Firefighters spend about 64% of their time responding to medical emergencies and providing medical care without a patient history, which can render them vulnerable to healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Infection prevention, control, and surveillance systems have been instituted at hospitals. However, the prevalence of firefighters’ exposure to HAI is unknown. The objective of this study was to document evidence of HAI on surfaces in fire stations and engines to inform disinfection procedures and identify which pathogens might contribute to occupational exposures. (2) Methods: High-touch or high-use surfaces of two fire departments were sampled during five separate occasions. One fire station from one fire department was sampled over a 4-week period, whereas four fire stations were sampled from a different fire department only once. Sampled surfaces included: entryway floor, washing machine, medical bag, back seat of engine, keyboard of reporting computer, engine console, and uniform pants. (3) Results: Multiple statistical models determined that bacterial contamination was similar between the two fire departments and their stations. Keyboards were the most contaminated surface for all fire stations and departments, E. coli was the most common bacteria detected, and C. difficile was the least detected bacteria. Adjustments for rates of contamination found that contamination rates varied between fire stations. (4) Conclusions: Comprehensive environmental sampling and clinical studies are needed to better understand occupational exposures of firefighters to HAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. Barr
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 10921, USA;
| | | | - Denise N. Williams
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, College of Health and Human Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Debra Harris
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, College of Health and Human Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-254-710-7255
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10
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Suzuki Y, Hishiki T, Emi A, Sakaguchi S, Itamura R, Yamamoto R, Matsuzawa T, Shimotohno K, Mizokami M, Nakano T, Yamamoto N. Strong alkaline electrolyzed water efficiently inactivates SARS-CoV-2, other viruses, and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 575:36-41. [PMID: 34455219 PMCID: PMC8381626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Air spaces and material surfaces in a pathogen-contaminated environment can often be a source of infection to humans, and disinfection has become a common intervention focused on reducing the contamination levels. In this study, we examined the efficacy of SAIW, a unique electrolyzed water with chlorine-free, high pH, high concentration of dissolved hydrogen, and low oxygen reduction potential, for the inactivation of several viruses and bacteria. Infectivity assays revealed that initial viral titers of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human coronavirus, feline calicivirus, and canine parvovirus, were reduced by 2.9- to 5.5-log10 within 30 s of SAIW exposure. Similarly, the culturability of three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Legionella) dropped down by 1.9- to 4.9-log10 within 30 s of SAIW treatment. Mechanistically, treatment with SAIW was found to significantly decrease the binding and subsequent entry efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 on Vero cells. Finally, we showed that this chlorine-free electrolytic ion water had no acute inhalation toxicity in mice, demonstrating that SAIW holds promise for a safer antiviral and antibacterial disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki, Japan
| | - Akino Emi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Ronko Itamura
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rain Yamamoto
- Intelligence for Medical and Nutritional Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan.
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11
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Hosoi H, Murata S, Suzuki T, Li TC, Hatanaka K, Tanaka-Taya K, Mushino T, Kuriyama K, Tamura S, Hanaoka N, Sonoki T. A cluster of BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13736. [PMID: 34546601 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKV) can cause hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in immunocompromised patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It remains unclear whether nosocomial BKV infections occur. During a 9-month period, an increase in BKV-associated HC (BKV-HC) cases was observed at our institution. AIM The BKV-HC cluster population was compared with populations of HSCT patients from before and after the BKV-HC cluster to evaluate whether nosocomial BKV transmission had occurred. METHODS A retrospective analysis was carried out to assess the risk of patients developing BKV-HC after HSCT. The background data of the cluster patients were compared with those of the patients who underwent HSCT before or after the cluster, and the collected BKV isolates were serotyped. RESULTS BKV-HC involving grade ≥2 hematuria occurred in six of 15 HSCT recipients during a 9-month period. The incidence of BKV-HC was significantly higher in this period than in the other periods (p = 0.0014). There were no significant differences in the patients' background data between the cluster and non-cluster periods, including in terms of risk factors for BKV-HC. Serotype analyses of BKV revealed that the BKV detected in the urine samples from four of the six BKV-HC patients belonged to subtype Ic. The gene sequences of these four BKV exhibited >99.5% homology. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that nosocomial BKV infections may occur after HSCT. Although many cases of BKV-HC are caused by the reactivation of a latent virus, it is necessary to employ appropriate hygiene measures when cases of BKV-HC occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hosoi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shogo Murata
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hatanaka
- Department of Hematology, Sakai City Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mushino
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kodai Kuriyama
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tamura
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hanaoka
- Department of General Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kumamotominami National Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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12
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Park S, Tae H, Cho NJ. Biophysical Measurement Strategies for Antiviral Drug Development: Recent Progress in Virus-Mimetic Platforms Down to the Single Particle Level. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3204-3214. [PMID: 34346210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth in the global human population has increased the prevalence of emerging infectious diseases, which poses a major risk to public health. In search of effective clinical solutions, the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of biomolecular processes associated with viral pathogens represents a prerequisite. In this context, biophysical engineering approaches are particularly promising since they can resolve biomolecular interactions systematically by circumventing the complexities associated with experiments involving natural biological systems. The engineering approaches encompass the design and construction of biomimetic platforms that simulate the physiological system. This approach enables us to characterize, measure, and quantitatively analyze biomolecular interactions.In this Account, we summarize biophysical measurements that our group has successfully adopted to develop broad-spectrum antiviral drugs based on the lipid envelope antiviral disruption (LEAD) strategy, targeting the structural integrity of the outer viral membrane to abrogate viral infectivity. We particularly focus on the engineering aspects related to the design and construction of the tethered lipid vesicle platform, which closely mimics the viral membrane. We first outline the development of the LEAD agents screening platform that integrates soft matter design components with biomaterials and surface functionalization strategies to facilitate parallel measurements tracking peptide-induced destabilization of nanoscale, virus-mimicking vesicles with tunable size and composition. Then, we describe how this platform can be effectively employed to gain insights into the membrane curvature dependency of certain peptides. The fundamental knowledge acquired through this systematic process is crucial in the identification and subsequent development of antiviral drug candidates. In particular, we highlight the development of curvature-sensitive α-helical (AH) peptides as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that has been demonstrated as an effective therapeutic treatment against multiple enveloped viruses. Also, we introduce a tethered cluster of vesicles to mimic clusters of enveloped viruses, exhibiting higher infectivity levels in the biological system. Then, we discuss key considerations, including experimental artifacts, namely dye leakage and imaging-related photobleaching, and corresponding corrective measures to improve the accuracy of quantitative interpretation. With the ongoing development and application of the tethered lipid vesicle platform, there is a compelling opportunity to explore fundamental biointerfacial science and develop a new class of broad-spectrum antiviral agents to prepare for the future membrane-enveloped viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hyunhyuk Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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13
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Marzoli F, Bortolami A, Pezzuto A, Mazzetto E, Piro R, Terregino C, Bonfante F, Belluco S. A systematic review of human coronaviruses survival on environmental surfaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146191. [PMID: 33714096 PMCID: PMC7927581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led people to implement preventive measures, including surface disinfection and use of alcohol-based hand gel, in order to avoid viral transmission via fomites. However, the role of surface transmission is still debated. The present systematic review aims to summarize all the evidence on surface survival of coronaviruses infecting humans. The analysis of 18 studies showed the longest coronavirus survival time is 28 days at room temperature (RT) on different surfaces: polymer banknotes, vinyl, steel, glass, and paper banknotes. Concerning SARS-CoV-2 human infection from contaminated surfaces, dangerous viral load on surfaces for up to 21 days was determined on polymer banknotes, steel, glass and paper banknotes. For viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, the longest period of survival was 14 days, recorded on glass. Environmental conditions can affect virus survival, and indeed, low temperatures and low humidity support prolonged survival of viruses on contaminated surfaces independently of surface type. Furthermore, it has been shown that exposure to sunlight significantly reduces the risk of surface transmission. Although studies are increasingly investigating the topic of coronavirus survival, it is difficult to compare them, given the methodology differences. For this reason, it is advisable to define a reference working protocol for virus survival trials, but, as an immediate measure, there is also a need for further investigations of coronavirus survival on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pezzuto
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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14
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Chen AP, Chu IY, Yeh M, Chen Y, Lee C, Lin H, Chan Y, Chen H. Differentiating impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions on non-coronavirus disease-2019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital-based retrospective observational study in Taiwan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:478-487. [PMID: 33825310 PMCID: PMC8189242 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Since January 2020, Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored. METHODS This retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre-COVID (January-December 2019) to post-COVID period (January-May 2020). Patients with respiratory syndromes were tested for both enveloped (eg, influenza virus and seasonal coronavirus) and non-enveloped RVs (eg, enterovirus and rhinovirus) using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Monthly positivity rates of NCRVs among adult and pediatric patients were analyzed with comparison between pre- and post-COVID periods. RESULTS A total of 9693 patients underwent 12 127 multiplex RT-PCR tests. The average positivity rate of NCRVs reduced by 11.2% (25.6% to 14.4%) after nationwide PHIs. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the most commonly identified enveloped and non-enveloped viruses were influenza virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus, respectively. Observed reduction in NCRV incidence was predominantly contributed by enveloped NCRVs including influenza viruses. We did not observe epidemiological impacts of NPIs on non-enveloped viruses but an increasing trend in enterovirus/rhinovirus test positivity rate among pediatric patients. Our data were validated using Taiwan's national notification database. CONCLUSIONS Our frontline investigation suggests that the current NPIs in Taiwan might not effectively control the transmission of non-enveloped respiratory viruses, despite their protective effects against influenza and seasonal coronavirus. Health authorities may consider using hydrogen peroxide or chloride-based disinfectants as additional preventative strategies against non-enveloped respiratory viruses in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Po‐Liang Chen
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Isaac Yen‐Hao Chu
- Department of Public Health, Environments and SocietyFaculty of Public Health and PolicySchool of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mei‐Lin Yeh
- Nursing DepartmentTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yin‐Yin Chen
- Department of Infection ControlTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Public HealthSchool of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Lin Lee
- Division MicrobiologyDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsiao‐Hsuan Lin
- Division MicrobiologyDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Jiun Chan
- Institute of Public HealthSchool of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Division MicrobiologyDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsin‐Pai Chen
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- School of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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15
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Ahmed J, Jaman MH, Saha G, Ghosh P. Effect of environmental and socio-economic factors on the spreading of COVID-19 at 70 cities/provinces. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06979. [PMID: 33969235 PMCID: PMC8098045 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this article is to demonstrate the impact of environmental and socio-economic factors on the spreading of COVID-19. In this research, data has been collected from 70 cities/provinces of different countries around the world that are affected by COVID-19. In this research, environmental data such as temperatures, humidity, air quality and population density and socio-economic data such as GDP (PPP) per capita, per capita health expenditure, life expectancy and total test in each of these cities/provinces are considered. This data has been analyzed using statistical models such as Poisson and negative binomial models. It is found that a negative binomial regression model is the best fit for our data. Our results reveal higher population density to be an important factor for the quick spread of COVID-19 as maintenance of social distancing requirements are more difficult in urban areas. Moreover, GDP (PPP) and PM2.5 are linked with fewer cases of COVID-19 whereas PM10, and total number of tests are strongly associated with the increase of COVID-19 case counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Ahmed
- Department of Computer Science, Bowling Green State University, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hasnat Jaman
- Department of Geology and Mining, University of Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Goutam Saha
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pratyya Ghosh
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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16
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Silva-Santana G, Silva CMF, Olivella JGB, Silva IF, Fernandes LMO, Sued-Karam BR, Santos CS, Souza C, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Worldwide survey of Corynebacterium striatum increasingly associated with human invasive infections, nosocomial outbreak, and antimicrobial multidrug-resistance, 1976-2020. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1863-1880. [PMID: 33625540 PMCID: PMC7903872 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium striatum is part of microbiota of skin and nasal mucosa of humans and has been increasingly reported as the etiologic agent of community-acquired and nosocomial diseases. Antimicrobial multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. striatum strains have been increasingly related to various nosocomial diseases and/or outbreaks worldwide, including fatal invasive infections in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. Although cases of infections by C. striatum still neglected in some countries, the improvement of microbiological techniques and studies led to the increase of survival of patients with C. striatum nosocomial infections at different levels of magnitude. Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces contributes for the persistence of virulent C. striatum and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in hospital environment. Besides that, empirical antibiotic therapy can select multi-resistant strains and transfer intra and interspecies genes horizontally. In this study, a worldwide survey of C. striatum human infections and nosocomial outbreaks was accomplished by the analysis of clinical–epidemiological and microbiological features of reported cases from varied countries, during a 44-year period (1976–2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Silva-Santana
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Health Sciences Center, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Cecília Maria Ferreira Silva
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julianna Giordano Botelho Olivella
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Ferreira Silva
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Menegoi Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Ribeiro Sued-Karam
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassius Souza
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- The Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria/National Health Foundation/Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. Unlocking the surge in demand for personal and protective equipment (PPE) and improvised face coverings arising from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic - Implications for efficacy, re-use and sustainable waste management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142259. [PMID: 33207488 PMCID: PMC7481258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective vaccine for tackling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 with the occurrence of repeat waves of infection frequently stretching hospital resources beyond capacity. Disease countermeasures rely upon preventing person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV2 so as to protect front-line healthcare workers (HCWs). COVID-19 brings enormous challenges in terms of sustaining the supply chain for single-use-plastic personal and protective equipment (PPE). Post-COVID-19, the changes in medical practice will drive high demand for PPE. Important countermeasures for preventing COVID-19 transmission include mitigating potential high risk aerosol transmission in healthcare setting using medical PPE (such as filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs)) and the appropriate use of face coverings by the general public that carries a lower transmission risk. PPE reuse is a potential short term solution during COVID-19 pandemic where there is increased evidence for effective deployment of reprocessing methods such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide (30 to 35% VH2O2) used alone or combined with ozone, ultraviolet light at 254 nm (2000 mJ/cm2) and moist heat (60 °C at high humidity for 60 min). Barriers to PPE reuse include potentially trust and acceptance by HCWs. Efficacy of face coverings are influenced by the appropriate wearing to cover the nose and mouth, type of material used, number of layers, duration of wearing, and potentially superior use of ties over ear loops. Insertion of a nose clip into cloth coverings may help with maintaining fit. Use of 60 °C for 60 min (such as, use of domestic washing machine and spin dryer) has been advocated for face covering decontamination. Risk of virus infiltration in improvised face coverings is potentially increased by duration of wearing due to humidity, liquid diffusion and virus retention. Future sustained use of PPE will be influenced by the availability of recyclable PPE and by innovative biomedical waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Department of Nursing and Healthcare, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Lough Boora, Co. Offaly, Ireland.
| | - John G Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
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18
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Belluco S, Mancin M, Marzoli F, Bortolami A, Mazzetto E, Pezzuto A, Favretti M, Terregino C, Bonfante F, Piro R. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on inanimate surfaces: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:685-707. [PMID: 34313896 PMCID: PMC8313411 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease affecting many people and able to be transmitted through direct and perhaps indirect contact. Direct contact transmission, mediated by aerosols or droplets, is widely demonstrated, whereas indirect transmission is only supported by collateral evidence such as virus persistence on inanimate surfaces and data from other similar viruses. The present systematic review aims to estimate SARS-CoV-2 prevalence on inanimate surfaces, identifying risk levels according to surface characteristics. Data were obtained from studies in published papers collected from two databases (PubMed and Embase) with the last search on 1 September 2020. Included studies had to be papers in English, had to deal with coronavirus and had to consider inanimate surfaces in real settings. Studies were coded according to our assessment of the risk that the investigated surfaces could be contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. A meta-analysis and a metaregression were carried out to quantify virus RNA prevalence and to identify important factors driving differences among studies. Thirty-nine out of forty retrieved paper reported studies carried out in healthcare settings on the prevalence of virus RNA, five studies carry out also analyses through cell culture and six tested the viability of isolated viruses. Overall prevalences of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on high-, medium- and low-risk surfaces were 0.22 (CI95 [0.152-0.296]), 0.04 (CI95 [0.007-0.090]), and 0.00 (CI95 [0.00-0.019]), respectively. The duration surfaces were exposed to virus sources (patients) was the main factor explaining differences in prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pezzuto
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michela Favretti
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Rockey N, Arts PJ, Li L, Harrison KR, Langenfeld K, Fitzsimmons WJ, Lauring AS, Love NG, Kaye KS, Raskin L, Roberts WW, Hegarty B, Wigginton KR. Humidity and Deposition Solution Play a Critical Role in Virus Inactivation by Heat Treatment of N95 Respirators. mSphere 2020. [PMID: 33087516 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.22.20137448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Supply shortages of N95 respirators during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have motivated institutions to develop feasible and effective N95 respirator reuse strategies. In particular, heat decontamination is a treatment method that scales well and can be implemented in settings with variable or limited resources. Prior studies using multiple inactivation methods, however, have often focused on a single virus under narrowly defined conditions, making it difficult to develop guiding principles for inactivating emerging or difficult-to-culture viruses. We systematically explored how temperature, humidity, and virus deposition solutions impact the inactivation of viruses deposited and dried on N95 respirator coupons. We exposed four virus surrogates across a range of structures and phylogenies, including two bacteriophages (MS2 and phi6), a mouse coronavirus (murine hepatitis virus [MHV]), and a recombinant human influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (IAV), to heat treatment for 30 min in multiple deposition solutions across several temperatures and relative humidities (RHs). We observed that elevated RH was essential for effective heat inactivation of all four viruses tested. For heat treatments between 72°C and 82°C, RHs greater than 50% resulted in a >6-log10 inactivation of bacteriophages, and RHs greater than 25% resulted in a >3.5-log10 inactivation of MHV and IAV. Furthermore, deposition of viruses in host cell culture media greatly enhanced virus inactivation by heat and humidity compared to other deposition solutions, such as phosphate-buffered saline, phosphate-buffered saline with bovine serum albumin, and human saliva. Past and future heat treatment methods must therefore explicitly account for deposition solutions as a factor that will strongly influence observed virus inactivation rates. Overall, our data set can inform the design and validation of effective heat-based decontamination strategies for N95 respirators and other porous surfaces, especially for emerging viruses that may be of immediate and future public health concern.IMPORTANCE Shortages of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, during the coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have highlighted the need to develop effective decontamination strategies for their reuse. This is particularly important in health care settings for reducing exposure to respiratory viruses, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. Although several treatment methods are available, a widely accessible strategy will be necessary to combat shortages on a global scale. We demonstrate that the combination of heat and humidity inactivates a range of RNA viruses, including both viral pathogens and common viral pathogen surrogates, after deposition on N95 respirators and achieves the necessary virus inactivation detailed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines to validate N95 respirator decontamination technologies. We further demonstrate that depositing viruses onto surfaces when suspended in culture media can greatly enhance observed inactivation, adding caution to how heat and humidity treatment methods are validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rockey
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J Arts
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucinda Li
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine R Harrison
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn Langenfeld
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William J Fitzsimmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William W Roberts
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bridget Hegarty
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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Rockey N, Arts PJ, Li L, Harrison KR, Langenfeld K, Fitzsimmons WJ, Lauring AS, Love NG, Kaye KS, Raskin L, Roberts WW, Hegarty B, Wigginton KR. Humidity and Deposition Solution Play a Critical Role in Virus Inactivation by Heat Treatment of N95 Respirators. mSphere 2020; 5:e00588-20. [PMID: 33087516 PMCID: PMC7580954 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00588-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supply shortages of N95 respirators during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have motivated institutions to develop feasible and effective N95 respirator reuse strategies. In particular, heat decontamination is a treatment method that scales well and can be implemented in settings with variable or limited resources. Prior studies using multiple inactivation methods, however, have often focused on a single virus under narrowly defined conditions, making it difficult to develop guiding principles for inactivating emerging or difficult-to-culture viruses. We systematically explored how temperature, humidity, and virus deposition solutions impact the inactivation of viruses deposited and dried on N95 respirator coupons. We exposed four virus surrogates across a range of structures and phylogenies, including two bacteriophages (MS2 and phi6), a mouse coronavirus (murine hepatitis virus [MHV]), and a recombinant human influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (IAV), to heat treatment for 30 min in multiple deposition solutions across several temperatures and relative humidities (RHs). We observed that elevated RH was essential for effective heat inactivation of all four viruses tested. For heat treatments between 72°C and 82°C, RHs greater than 50% resulted in a >6-log10 inactivation of bacteriophages, and RHs greater than 25% resulted in a >3.5-log10 inactivation of MHV and IAV. Furthermore, deposition of viruses in host cell culture media greatly enhanced virus inactivation by heat and humidity compared to other deposition solutions, such as phosphate-buffered saline, phosphate-buffered saline with bovine serum albumin, and human saliva. Past and future heat treatment methods must therefore explicitly account for deposition solutions as a factor that will strongly influence observed virus inactivation rates. Overall, our data set can inform the design and validation of effective heat-based decontamination strategies for N95 respirators and other porous surfaces, especially for emerging viruses that may be of immediate and future public health concern.IMPORTANCE Shortages of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, during the coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have highlighted the need to develop effective decontamination strategies for their reuse. This is particularly important in health care settings for reducing exposure to respiratory viruses, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. Although several treatment methods are available, a widely accessible strategy will be necessary to combat shortages on a global scale. We demonstrate that the combination of heat and humidity inactivates a range of RNA viruses, including both viral pathogens and common viral pathogen surrogates, after deposition on N95 respirators and achieves the necessary virus inactivation detailed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines to validate N95 respirator decontamination technologies. We further demonstrate that depositing viruses onto surfaces when suspended in culture media can greatly enhance observed inactivation, adding caution to how heat and humidity treatment methods are validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rockey
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J Arts
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucinda Li
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine R Harrison
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn Langenfeld
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William J Fitzsimmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William W Roberts
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bridget Hegarty
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Sars-CoV-2 Outbreak. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.3.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a family of viruses causing mild to severe upper respiratory tract syndrome. Recent pandemic threat caused by SARS-CoV-2 first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Whether the COVID-19 might be affected by warming global temperatures like some of previous pandemic flues. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The confirmed cases of COVID-19 in 31 different provinces in China and 274 provinces and/or countries were obtained from an online database. The real time temperature and humidity of the respective regions were taken from another online weather reporting data source. Spearman [R(s)] rank correlation was performed to identify the relationship between the variables (e.g., temperature, number of confirmed cases etc.). The overall spreading of SARS-CoV-2 in relations to temperature was inversely correlated. Among 29 of 31 provinces of China the overall correlation coeffient of the relationship between temperature and viral spread was negative [-R(s)] where in 15 provinces the correlation was at significant level (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship observed between the SARS-CoV-2 spreading and air temperature throughout the 274 provinces and/or countries of the world. However, there was no significant co-relationship between humidity and COVID-19 spreading either in China or among countries and/or various regions of the world. The SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to be spread in a wide range of temperature throughout the world. Thus, several factors including temperature, may influnce the SARS-CoV-2 spreading. As a results, relatively elevated air temperature could not completely prevent viral spread but it might be one of the important detrimental factors for SARS-CoV-2 rapid spread.
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Bekeschus S, Kramer A, Suffredini E, von Woedtke T, Colombo V. Gas Plasma Technology-An Asset to Healthcare During Viral Pandemics Such as the COVID-19 Crisis? IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 4:391-399. [PMID: 34192214 PMCID: PMC8043491 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2020.3002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis profoundly disguised the vulnerability of human societies and healthcare systems in the situation of a pandemic. In many instances, it became evident that the quick and safe reduction of viral load and spread is the foremost principle in the successful management of such a pandemic. However, it became also clear that many of the established routines in healthcare are not always sufficient to cope with the increased demand for decontamination procedures of items, healthcare products, and even infected tissues. For the last 25 years, the use of gas plasma technology has sparked a tremendous amount of literature on its decontaminating properties, especially for heat-labile targets, such as polymers and tissues, where chemical decontamination often is not appropriate. However, while the majority of earlier work focused on bacteria, only relatively few reports are available on the inactivation of viruses. We here aim to provide a perspective for the general audience of the chances and opportunities of gas plasma technology for supporting healthcare during viral pandemics such as the COVID-19 crisis. This includes possible real-world plasma applications, appropriate laboratory viral test systems, and critical points on the technical and safety requirements of gas plasmas for virus inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)17489GreifswaldGermany
- Leibniz Networks on Health Technologies and Immune-mediated Diseases
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald University Medical Center17489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public HealthIstituto Superiore di Sanità00161RomeItaly
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)17489GreifswaldGermany
- Leibniz Network on Health Technologies
| | - Vittorio Colombo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Interdepartmental Center for Agri-food Industrial Research, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials TechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna40136BolognaItaly
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23
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Stuart J, Chewins J, Tearle J. Comparing the Efficacy of Formaldehyde with Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation on Infectious Bronchitis Virus. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2020; 25:83-89. [PMID: 34191920 PMCID: PMC7307011 DOI: 10.1177/1535676020909998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent reclassification of formaldehyde as a presumed carcinogen prompted the investigation into the comparative efficacy of hydrogen peroxide as a fumigant in microbiological safety cabinets. INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to quantify the biocidal efficacy of formaldehyde fumigation, including variables such as exposure time and concentration, and then to compare this to the biocidal efficacy achieved from a hydrogen peroxide vapor fumigation system. The study also investigated the ability of both fumigants to permeate the microbiological safety cabinet (MBSC), including the workspace, under the work tray, and after the HEPA filters. Furthermore, the effect of organic soiling on efficacy was also assessed. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was used as the biological target to develop this study model. METHODS A model using IBV was developed to determine the efficacy of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide as fumigants. Virus was dried on stainless steel discs, and variables including concentration, time, protein soiling, and location within an MBSC were assessed. RESULTS It was demonstrated that formaldehyde fumigation could achieve a 6-log reduction in the titer of the virus throughout the cabinet, and high protein soiling in the presentation did not affect efficacy. Appropriate cycle parameters for the hydrogen peroxide system were developed, and when challenged with IBV, it was shown that vaporized hydrogen peroxide could achieve an equal 6-log titer reduction as formaldehyde within the cabinet workspace and overcome the presence of soiling. CONCLUSION Hydrogen peroxide was demonstrated to be a viable alternative to formaldehyde under most situations tested. However, the hydrogen peroxide system did not achieve an equal titer reduction above the cabinet's first HEPA filter using the cabinet workspace cycle, and further optimization of the hydrogen peroxide cycle parameters, including pulsing of the cabinet fans, may be required to achieve this.
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Lin Q, Lim JYC, Xue K, Yew PYM, Owh C, Chee PL, Loh XJ. Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection. VIEW 2020; 1:e16. [PMID: 34766164 PMCID: PMC7267133 DOI: 10.1002/viw2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral epidemics develop from the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses. The lack of effective antiviral treatments for the new viral infections coupled with rapid community spread of the infection often result in major human and financial loss. Viral transmissions can occur via close human-to-human contact or via contacting a contaminated surface. Thus, careful disinfection or sanitization is essential to curtail viral spread. A myriad of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents are available that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent upon many factors such as concentration of agent, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this work, we review common commercially available disinfectants agents available on the market and evaluate their effectiveness under various application conditions. In addition, this work also seeks to debunk common myths about viral inactivation and highlight new exciting advances in the development of potential sanitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Lin
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jason Y. C. Lim
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Kun Xue
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Pek Yin Michelle Yew
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
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Hirose R, Nakaya T, Naito Y, Daidoji T, Bandou R, Inoue K, Dohi O, Yoshida N, Konishi H, Itoh Y. Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients. mSphere 2019; 4:e00474-19. [PMID: 31533996 PMCID: PMC6751490 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00474-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both antiseptic hand rubbing (AHR) using ethanol-based disinfectants (EBDs) and antiseptic hand washing (AHW) are important means of infection control to prevent seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks. However, previous reports suggest a reduced efficacy of ethanol disinfection against pathogens in mucus. We aimed to elucidate the situations and mechanisms underlying the reduced efficacy of EBDs against IAV in infectious mucus. We evaluated IAV inactivation and ethanol concentration change using IAV-infected patients' mucus (sputum). Additionally, AHR and AHW effectiveness against infectious mucus adhering to the hands and fingers was evaluated in 10 volunteers. Our clinical study showed that EBD effectiveness against IAV in mucus was extremely reduced compared to IAV in saline. IAV in mucus remained active despite 120 s of AHR; however, IAV in saline was completely inactivated within 30 s. Due to the low rate of diffusion/convection because of the physical properties of mucus as a hydrogel, the time required for the ethanol concentration to reach an IAV inactivation level and thus for EBDs to completely inactivate IAV was approximately eight times longer in mucus than in saline. On the other hand, AHR inactivated IAV in mucus within 30 s when the mucus dried completely because the hydrogel characteristics were lost. Additionally, AHW rapidly inactivated IAV. Until infectious mucus has completely dried, infectious IAV can remain on the hands and fingers, even after appropriate AHR using EBD, thereby increasing the risk of IAV transmission. We clarified the ineffectiveness of EBD use against IAV in infectious mucus.IMPORTANCE Antiseptic hand rubbing (AHR) and antiseptic hand washing (AHW) are important to prevent the spread of influenza A virus (IAV). This study elucidated the situations/mechanisms underlying the reduced efficacy of AHR against infectious mucus derived from IAV-infected individuals and indicated the weaknesses of the current hand hygiene regimens. Due to the low rate of diffusion/convection because of the physical properties of mucus as a hydrogel, the efficacy of AHR using ethanol-based disinfectant against mucus is greatly reduced until infectious mucus adhering to the hands/fingers has completely dried. If there is insufficient time before treating the next patient (i.e., if the infectious mucus is not completely dry), medical staff should be aware that effectiveness of AHR is reduced. Since AHW is effective against both dry and nondry infectious mucus, AHW should be adopted to compensate for these weaknesses of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Bandou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Forensics Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naohisa Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Konishi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Comparison of genotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of oral and non oral Enterococcus faecalis from Brazil, Japan and the United Kingdom. J Dent 2019; 84:49-54. [PMID: 30862557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether phenotypic and genotypic differences amongst isolates ofEnterococcus faecalis relate to geographical and clinical origin. METHODS E. faecalis from primary endodontic infections in Brazilian patients (n = 20), oral infections in UK patients (n = 10), and non-oral infections in Japanese patients (n = 9) were studied. In addition, 20 environmental vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) isolates from a UK hospital were analysed. For all isolates, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence, whilst randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) was used to produce molecular profiles. RESULTS Gelatinase gene (gelE) was prevalent amongst isolates (77-100%) and for oral isolates, genes of aggregation substances (agg), immune evasion protein (esp), cytolysin (cylB), tetracycline resistance (tetM; tetL) and erythromycin resistance (ermB) were detected to varying extent. Japanese non-oral isolates had a similar genetic profile to oral isolates, but with higher prevalence of ermB and cylB. All VRE isolates were positive for gelE, esp, agg, vanA, ermB and tetM, 95% were positive for cylB and 17% positive for tetL. All isolates were negative for ermA, asa373 vanB, vanC1 and vanC2/3. RAPD-PCR revealed clustering of VRE isolates. CONCLUSIONS RAPD-PCR analysis revealed extensive genetic variability among the tested isolates. Oral isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes for tetracycline and whilst they possessed genes that could contribute to pathogenicity, these were detected at lower incidence compared with non-oral and VRE isolates. RAPD-PCR proved to be a useful approach to elucidate relatedness of disparate isolates.
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27
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Virological factors that increase the transmissibility of emerging human viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4170-5. [PMID: 27001840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521582113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The early detection of pathogens with epidemic potential is of major importance to public health. Most emerging infections result in dead-end "spillover" events in which a pathogen is transmitted from an animal reservoir to a human but is unable to achieve the sustained human-to-human transmission necessary for a full-blown epidemic. It is therefore critical to determine why only some virus infections are efficiently transmitted among humans whereas others are not. We sought to determine which biological features best characterized those viruses that have achieved sustained human transmission. Accordingly, we compiled a database of 203 RNA and DNA human viruses and used an information theoretic approach to assess which of a set of key biological variables were the best predictors of human-to-human transmission. The variables analyzed were as follows: taxonomic classification; genome length, type, and segmentation; the presence or absence of an outer envelope; recombination frequency; duration of infection; host mortality; and whether or not a virus exhibits vector-borne transmission. This comparative analysis revealed multiple strong associations. In particular, we determined that viruses with low host mortality, that establish long-term chronic infections, and that are nonsegmented, nonenveloped, and, most importantly, not transmitted by vectors were more likely to be transmissible among humans. In contrast, variables including genome length, genome type, and recombination frequency had little predictive power. In sum, we have identified multiple biological features that seemingly determine the likelihood of interhuman viral transmissibility, in turn enabling general predictions of whether viruses of a particular type will successfully emerge in human populations.
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28
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Ionidis G, Hübscher J, Jack T, Becker B, Bischoff B, Todt D, Hodasa V, Brill FHH, Steinmann E, Steinmann J. Development and virucidal activity of a novel alcohol-based hand disinfectant supplemented with urea and citric acid. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:77. [PMID: 26864562 PMCID: PMC4750209 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand disinfectants are important for the prevention of virus transmission in the health care system and environment. The development of broad antiviral spectrum hand disinfectants with activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses is limited due to a small number of permissible active ingredients able to inactivate viruses. Methods A new hand disinfectant was developed based upon 69.39 % w/w ethanol and 3.69 % w/w 2-propanol. Different amounts of citric acid and urea were added in order to create a virucidal claim against poliovirus (PV), adenovirus type 5 (AdV) and polyomavirus SV40 (SV40) as non-enveloped test viruses in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) as soil load. The exposure time was fixed to 60 s. Results With the addition of 2.0 % citric acid and 2.0 % urea an activity against the three test viruses was achieved demonstrating a four log10 reduction of viral titers. Furthermore, this formulation was able to inactivate PV, AdV, SV40 and murine norovirus (MNV) in quantitative suspension assays according to German and European Guidelines within 60 s creating a virucidal claim. For inactivation of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 15 s exposure time were needed to demonstrate a 4 log10 reduction resulting in a claim against enveloped viruses. Additionally, it is the first hand disinfectant passing a carrier test with AdV and MNV. Conclusions In conclusion, this new formulation with a low alcohol content, citric acid and urea is capable of inactivating all enveloped and non-enveloped viruses as indicated in current guidelines and thereby contributing as valuable addition to the hand disinfection portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Ionidis
- Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Hübscher
- Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Jack
- Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Birte Bischoff
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Veronika Hodasa
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
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Yeargin T, Fraser A, Huang G, Jiang X. Recovery and Disinfection of Two Human Norovirus Surrogates, Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus, from Hard Nonporous and Soft Porous Surfaces. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1842-50. [PMID: 26408133 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus is a leading cause of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through many routes, including environmental exposure to fomites. In this study, both the recovery and inactivation of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV), on hard nonporous surfaces (glass) and soft porous surfaces (polyester and cotton) were evaluated by both plaque assay and reverse transcription quantitative PCR method. Two disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (8.25%) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP, at 4.25%) were evaluated for disinfection efficacy. Five coupons per surface type were used to evaluate the recovery of FCV and MNV by sonication and stomaching and the disinfection of each surface type by using 5 ml of disinfectant for a contact time of 5 min. FCV at an initial titer of ca. 7 log PFU/ml was recovered from glass, cotton, and polyester at 6.2, 5.4, and 3.8 log PFU/ml, respectively, compared with 5.5, 5.2, and 4.1 log PFU/ml, respectively, for MNV with an initial titer of ca. 6 log PFU/ml. The use of sodium hypochlorite (5,000 ppm) was able to inactivate both FCV and MNV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection on all three surface types. AHP (2,656 ppm) inactivated FCV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection for all three surface types but achieved minimal inactivation of MNV (0.17 to 1.37 log PFU/ml). Reduction of viral RNA by sodium hypochlorite corresponded to 2.72 to 4.06 log reduction for FCV and 2.07 to 3.04 log reduction for MNV on all three surface types. Reduction of viral RNA by AHP corresponded to 1.89 to 3.4 log reduction for FCV and 0.54 to 0.85 log reduction for MNV. Our results clearly indicate that both virus and surface types significantly influence recovery efficiency and disinfection efficacy. Based on the performance of our proposed testing method, an improvement in virus recovery will be needed to effectively validate virus disinfection of soft porous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yeargin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Angela Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Guohui Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Vidana R, Sillerström E, Ahlquist M, Lund B. Potential for nosocomial transmission ofEnterococcus faecalisfrom surfaces in dental operatories. Int Endod J 2014; 48:518-27. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vidana
- Division of Endodontics; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - E. Sillerström
- Division of Clinical Microbiology; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - M. Ahlquist
- Division of Endodontics; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - B. Lund
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
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Ramphal L, Suzuki S, McCracken IM, Addai A. Improving hospital staff compliance with environmental cleaning behavior. Proc AMIA Symp 2014; 27:88-91. [PMID: 24688183 PMCID: PMC3954653 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2014.11929065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated infections requires proper environmental cleanliness of frequently touched objects within the hospital environment. An intervention was launched in June 2012 and repeated in February 2013 and August 2013 to increase hospital room cleanliness with repeated education and training of nursing and environmental services staff to reduce healthcare-associated infections at Cook Children's Medical Center. Random rooms were tested, staff were trained about proper cleaning, rooms were retested for surface cleanliness, and preintervention and postintervention values were compared. The percentage of cleaned surfaces improved incrementally between the three trials-with values of 20%, 49%, and 82% showing that repeat training favorably changed behavior in the staff (P = 0.007). During the study period, during which other infection control interventions were also introduced, there was a decline from 0.27 to 0.21 per 1000 patient days for Clostridium difficile infection, 0.43 to 0.21 per 1000 patient days for ventilator-associated infections, 1.8% to 1.2% for surgical site infections, and 1.2 to 0.7 per 1000 central venous line days for central line-associated bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Ramphal
- Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (Ramphal); and the Departments of Environmental Health (Ramphal, Addai) and Biostatistics (Suzuki, McCracken), the University of North Texas School of Public Health. Dr. Ramphal is now with Blue Cross Blue Shield
| | - Sumhiro Suzuki
- Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (Ramphal); and the Departments of Environmental Health (Ramphal, Addai) and Biostatistics (Suzuki, McCracken), the University of North Texas School of Public Health. Dr. Ramphal is now with Blue Cross Blue Shield
| | - Izah Mercy McCracken
- Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (Ramphal); and the Departments of Environmental Health (Ramphal, Addai) and Biostatistics (Suzuki, McCracken), the University of North Texas School of Public Health. Dr. Ramphal is now with Blue Cross Blue Shield
| | - Amanda Addai
- Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas (Ramphal); and the Departments of Environmental Health (Ramphal, Addai) and Biostatistics (Suzuki, McCracken), the University of North Texas School of Public Health. Dr. Ramphal is now with Blue Cross Blue Shield
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Thevenin T, Lobert PE, Hober D. Inactivation of coxsackievirus B4, feline calicivirus and herpes simplex virus type 1: unexpected virucidal effect of a disinfectant on a non-enveloped virus applied onto a surface. Intervirology 2013; 56:224-30. [PMID: 23774583 DOI: 10.1159/000350556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a disinfectant onto viruses in suspension on the one hand and applied onto a surface on the other. METHODS A system combining flocked swabs to recover viruses dried onto stainless steel carriers and gel filtration to eliminate cytotoxic products has been developed to study the virucidal effect of a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant towards herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) and feline calicivirus F9 (FCV). The recovery of FCV has been estimated by RT real-time PCR. RESULTS HSV-1, CVB4 and FCV had a titer over 10(4) TCID50 · ml(-1) after 2 h drying and were recovered from the carriers using flocked swabs. HSV-1 was inactivated in suspension and on stainless steel carriers by the disinfectant (a reduction factor of 4 and 2.83 log, respectively) whereas CVB4 was resistant. The reduction of infectious titer was moderate, 1.5 log in 30 min, when FCV was in suspension, whereas it was up to 4 log in 10 min when the virus was dried on a carrier. Dried FCV was efficiently recovered from carriers as demonstrated by RT real-time PCR. CONCLUSION A non-enveloped virus, FCV, applied on a surface, but not in suspension, was inactivated by a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant. The resistance of viruses applied onto a surface to the effect of disinfectants should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thevenin
- University Lille 2, Faculty of Medicine, CHRU Lille Laboratory of Virology EA3610, Lille, France
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Abstract
This chapter summarises data on the persistence of food-and waterborne viruses in the natural environment and discusses the different factors which can affect this persistence. Conventional and alternative methods by which persistence can be studied are described, and the natural factors influencing virus persistence outside the host organism are discussed. Available data concerning virus persistence in water, soil, on surfaces and in food products are reviewed.
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Boateng M, Price S, Huddersman K, Walsh S. Antimicrobial activities of hydrogen peroxide and its activation by a novel heterogeneous Fenton’s-like modified PAN catalyst. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1533-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bartlett SJ, Rosenkrantz WS, Sanchez S. Bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:546-53. [PMID: 21645141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ear cleaning solutions are designed for repeated use, which raises the possibility for bacterial contamination leading to recurrent or persistent infectious otitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use in dogs and to describe the characteristics that are associated with contamination. Used ear cleaner bottles and information regarding their use were obtained from canine owners visiting veterinary dermatologists. Both the bottle applicator tips and the solution contents were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Bacterial contamination was present on 10% of the bottle tips and in 2% of the solutions. Isolated bacteria included Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Bacillus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Burkholderia cepacia. The contamination rate was significantly higher on the applicator tips than in the solutions (P = 0.0076). The applicator tip contamination rate was significantly higher in expired samples (17%) than in-date samples (4%; P = 0.0277). The bottle sizes were significantly larger for the samples with contaminated applicator tips compared with noncontaminated tips (P = 0.0455). The contamination rate was significantly higher when Tris-EDTA was an ingredient. Cleanliness of the bottle, contact with the ear canal and infection status of the ear at time of culture had no bearing on the contamination rate. In summary, with routine home use of commercial ear cleaners, pathogenic bacterial contamination is of minor concern. This concern may increase when expired products or larger bottles of ear cleaner are used and when Tris-EDTA is an ingredient.
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Vasickova P, Pavlik I, Verani M, Carducci A. Issues Concerning Survival of Viruses on Surfaces. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2010; 2:24-34. [PMCID: PMC7091010 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-010-9025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of an estimated 60% of human infections worldwide. The most common viral illnesses are produced by enteric and respiratory viruses. Transmission of these viruses from an infected person or animal to a new host can occur via several routes. Existing studies strongly suggest that contaminated fomites or surfaces play an important role in the spreading of viral diseases. The potential of viral spreading via contaminated surfaces depends particularly on the ability of the virus to maintain infectivity whilst it is in the environment. This is affected by a combination of biological, physical and chemical factors. This review summarises current knowledge about the influence of environmental factors on the survival and spread of viruses via contaminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vasickova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I. Pavlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M. Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35-56127 Pisa, Italy
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Magulski T, Paulmann D, Bischoff B, Becker B, Steinmann E, Steinmann J, Goroncy-Bermes P, Steinmann J. Inactivation of murine norovirus by chemical biocides on stainless steel. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:107. [PMID: 19583832 PMCID: PMC2714517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human norovirus (NoV) causes more than 80% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Europe and the United States. NoV transmission via contaminated surfaces may be significant for the spread of viruses. Therefore, measures for prevention and control, such as surface disinfection, are necessary to interrupt the dissemination of human NoV. Murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for human NoV was used to study the efficacy of active ingredients of chemical disinfectants for virus inactivation on inanimate surfaces. Methods The inactivating properties of different chemical biocides were tested in a quantitative carrier test with stainless steel discs without mechanical action. Vacuum-dried MNV was exposed to different concentrations of alcohols, peracetic acid (PAA) or glutaraldehyde (GDA) for 5 minutes exposure time. Detection of residual virus was determined by endpoint-titration on RAW 264.7 cells. Results PAA [1000 ppm], GDA [2500 ppm], ethanol [50% (v/v)] and 1-propanol [30% (v/v)] were able to inactivate MNV under clean conditions (0.03% BSA) on the carriers by ≥ 4 log10 within 5 minutes exposure time, whereas 2-propanol showed a reduced effectiveness even at 60% (v/v). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in virus reduction whatever interfering substances were used. When testing with ethanol, 1- and 2-propanol, results under clean conditions were nearly the same as in the presence of dirty conditions (0.3% BSA plus 0.3% erythrocytes). Conclusion Products based upon PAA, GDA, ethanol and 1-propanol should be used for NoV inactivation on inanimate surfaces. Our data provide valuable information for the development of strategies to control NoV transmission via surfaces.
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Morace G, Bellamy K, Maris P, Steinmann J. Evaluation of the Virucidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics: The European Point of View. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:301-2; author reply 302-4. [DOI: 10.1086/595980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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