1
|
Min KY, Kim DK, Jo MG, Choi MY, Lee D, Park JW, Park YJ, Chung Y, Kim YM, Park YM, Kim HS, Choi WS. IL-27-induced PD-L1 highSca-1 + innate lymphoid cells suppress contact hypersensitivity in an IL-10-dependent manner. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:616-629. [PMID: 38424193 PMCID: PMC10984996 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and various inflammatory responses. ILCs are typically classified into three subsets, as is the case for T-cells. Recent studies have reported that IL-10-producing type 2 ILCs (ILC210s) have an immunoregulatory function dependent on IL-10. However, the surface markers of ILC210s and the role of ILC210s in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) are largely unknown. Our study revealed that splenic ILC210s are extensively included in PD-L1highSca-1+ ILCs and that IL-27 amplifies the development of PD-L1highSca-1+ ILCs and ILC210s. Adoptive transfer of PD-L1highSca-1+ ILCs suppressed oxazolone-induced CHS in an IL-10-dependent manner Taken together, our results demonstrate that ILC210s are critical for the control of CHS and suggest that ILC210s can be used as target cells for the treatment of CHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Young Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Geun Jo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Choi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural Science and Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural Science and Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamaguchi HL, Yamaguchi Y, Peeva E. Role of Innate Immunity in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12975. [PMID: 37629154 PMCID: PMC10455292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of allergic contact dermatitis mechanisms has progressed over the past decade. Innate immune cells that are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis include Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. ILCs can be subcategorized as group 1 (natural killer cells; ILC1) in association with Th1, group 2 (ILC2) in association with Th2, and group 3 (lymphoid tissue-inducer cells; ILC3) in association with Th17. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) in innate immune cells recognize damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cascade the signal to produce several cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-23. Here we discuss the recent findings showing the roles of the innate immune system in allergic contact dermatitis during the sensitization and elicitation phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Yamaguchi
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Elena Peeva
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borgia F, Li Pomi F, Alessandrello C, Vaccaro M, Gangemi S. Potential Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Skin Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12083043. [PMID: 37109379 PMCID: PMC10144013 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are lymphoid cells that are resident in mucosal tissues, especially the skin, which, once stimulated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, release IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4, as the effectors of type 2 immune responses. This research aims to evaluate the role of ILC2s in the pathogenesis of skin diseases, with a particular focus on inflammatory cutaneous disorders, in order to also elucidate potential therapeutic perspectives. The research has been conducted in articles, excluding reviews and meta-analyses, on both animals and humans. The results showed that ILC2s play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic skin manifestations, prognosis, and severity, while a potential antimelanoma role is emerging from the new research. Future perspectives could include the development of new antibodies targeting or stimulating ILC2 release. This evidence could add a new therapeutic approach to inflammatory cutaneous conditions, including allergic ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Clara Alessandrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schroeder JH, Beattie G, Lo JW, Zabinski T, Powell N, Neves JF, Jenner RG, Lord GM. CD90 is not constitutively expressed in functional innate lymphoid cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113735. [PMID: 37114052 PMCID: PMC10126679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Huge progress has been made in understanding the biology of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) by adopting several well-known concepts in T cell biology. As such, flow cytometry gating strategies and markers, such as CD90, have been applied to indentify ILC. Here, we report that most non-NK intestinal ILC have a high expression of CD90 as expected, but surprisingly a sub-population of cells exhibit low or even no expression of this marker. CD90-negative and CD90-low CD127+ ILC were present amongst all ILC subsets in the gut. The frequency of CD90-negative and CD90-low CD127+ ILC was dependent on stimulatory cues in vitro and enhanced by dysbiosis in vivo. CD90-negative and CD90-low CD127+ ILC were a potential source of IL-13, IFNγ and IL-17A at steady state and upon dysbiosis- and dextran sulphate sodium-elicited colitis. Hence, this study reveals that, contrary to expectations, CD90 is not constitutively expressed by functional ILC in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Schroeder
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Beattie
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) City of London Centre Single Cell Genomics Facility, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Genomics Translational Technology Platform, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W. Lo
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana F. Neves
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Jenner
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Lord
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Graham M. Lord,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sasse C, Barinberg D, Obermeyer S, Debus A, Schleicher U, Bogdan C. Eosinophils, but Not Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells, Are the Predominant Source of Interleukin 4 during the Innate Phase of Leishmania major Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080828. [PMID: 35894051 PMCID: PMC9331382 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 plays a central role in the initiation of a type 2 T helper cell (Th2) response, which leads to non-healing and progressive infections with the protozoan parasite Leishmania (L.) major. Here, we tested the hypothesis that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which promote the development of Th2 cells, form an important source of IL-4 early after intradermal or subcutaneous L. major infection. Lineage-marker negative CD90.2+CD127+PD1− ILC2 were readily detectable in the ear or foot skin, but hardly in the draining lymph nodes of both naïve and L. major-infected self-healing C57BL/6 and non-healing BALB/c mice and made up approximately 20% to 30% of all CD45+SiglecF− cells. Dermal ILC2 of C57BL/6 mice expressed the inducible T cell-costimulator (ICOS, CD278), whereas BALB/C ILC2 were positive for the stem cell antigen (Sca)-1. Within the first 5 days of infection, the absolute numbers of ILC2 did not significantly change in the dermis, which is in line with the unaltered expression of cytokines activating (IL-18, IL-25, IL-33, TSLP) or inhibiting ILC2 (IL-27, IFN-γ). At day 5 to 6 post infection, we observed an upregulation of IL-4, but not of IL-5, IL-10 or IL-13 mRNA. Using IL-4-reporter (4get) mice, we found that the production of IL-4 by C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice was largely restricted to CD45+SiglecF+ cells of high granularity, i.e., eosinophils. From these data, we conclude that eosinophils, but not ILC2, are a major innate source of IL-4 at the skin site of L. major infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Sasse
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - David Barinberg
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Stephanie Obermeyer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Andrea Debus
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (C.B.); Tel.: +49-9131-852-3647 (U.S.); +49-9131-852-2551 (C.B.); Fax: +49-9131-852-2573 (U.S. & C.B.)
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (C.B.); Tel.: +49-9131-852-3647 (U.S.); +49-9131-852-2551 (C.B.); Fax: +49-9131-852-2573 (U.S. & C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song J, Song H, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z, Peng H. Requirement of RORα for maintenance and antitumor immunity of liver-resident natural killer cells/ILC1s. Hepatology 2022; 75:1181-1193. [PMID: 34510508 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD AND AIMS Liver type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s), also known as liver-resident natural killer (LrNK) cells, comprise a high proportion of total hepatic ILCs. However, factors regulating their maintenance and function remain unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we found high expression of retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor alpha (RORα) in LrNK cells/ILC1s. Mice with conditional ablation of retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor alpha (Rorα) in LrNK cells/ILC1s and conventional natural killer (cNK) cells had decreased LrNK cells/ILC1s but normal numbers of cNK cells. RORα-deficient LrNK cells/ILC1s displayed increased apoptosis and significantly altered transcriptional profile. Using a murine model of colorectal cancer liver metastasis, we found that RORα conditional deficiency resulted in more aggressive liver tumor progression and impaired effector molecule expression in LrNK cells/ILC1s. Consequently, treatment with the RORα agonist efficiently limited liver metastases and promoted effector molecule expression of LrNK cells/ILC1s. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a role of RORα in LrNK cell/ILC1 maintenance and function, providing insights into the harnessing of LrNK cell/ILC1 activity in the treatment of liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Hao Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Rui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Research Unit of NK Cell StudyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Hui Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina.,Institute of ImmunologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johansen JD, Bonefeld CM, Schwensen JFB, Thyssen JP, Uter W. Novel insights into contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1162-1171. [PMID: 35183605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis is a common disease, caused by repeated skin contact to contact allergens or irritants, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and/or irritant contact dermatitis. Attempts have been made to identify biomarkers to distinguish irritant and allergic patch test reactions, which could aid diagnosis. Some promising candidates have recently been identified, but verification and validation in clinical cases still need to be done. New causes of ACD are constantly recognized. In this review, 10 new contact allergens from recent years, were identified, several relating to anti-age products. Frequent allergens causing considerable morbidity in the population such as the preservative methylisothiazolinone (MI) have been regulated in EU. A significant drop in cases has been seen, while high rates are still occurring in other areas such as North America. Other frequent causes are fragrance allergens especially widely used terpenes and acrylates used in medical devises for control of diabetes. These represent unsolved problems. Recent advances in immunology have opened for a better understanding of the complexity of contact dermatitis, especially ACD. The disease may be more heterogenous that previous understood with several subtypes. With the rapidly evolving molecular understanding of the disease, the potential for development of new drugs for personalized treatment of contact dermatitis is considerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - C M Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - J F B Schwensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - W Uter
- Dept. of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Univ. Erlangen / Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chemokines and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Skin Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113074. [PMID: 34831296 PMCID: PMC8621478 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the outermost barrier, skin plays an important role in protecting our bodies against outside invasion. Under stable conditions or during inflammation, leukocytes migration is essential for restoring homeostasis in the skin. Immune cells trafficking is orchestrated by chemokines; leukocytes express receptors that bind to chemokines and trigger migration. The homeostasis of the immune ecosystem is an extremely complicated dynamic process that requires the cooperation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Emerging studies have been shedding a light on the unique characteristics of skin-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). In this review, we discuss how chemokines orchestrate skin ILCs trafficking and contribute to tissue homeostasis and how abnormal chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions contribute to and augment skin inflammation, as seen in conditions such as contact hypersensitivity, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mirzoeva S, Yang Y, Klopot A, Budunova I, Brown MA. Early Stress-Response Gene REDD1 Controls Oxazolone-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1747-1754. [PMID: 34452931 PMCID: PMC9714560 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REDD1 is an energy sensor and stress-induced mTOR inhibitor. Recently, its novel role in linking metabolism and inflammation/immune responses has emerged. In this study, we assessed the role of REDD1 in murine oxazolone-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a T cell-dependent model with features of human ACD. A variety of immune indices, including edema, cellular infiltration, inflammatory gene expression, and glucocorticoid response, were compared in Redd1 knockout (KO) and isogenic (C57BL/6 × 129)F1 wild-type mice after sensitization and subsequent ear challenge with oxazolone. Despite relatively normal thymic profiles and similar T cell populations in the lymph nodes of naive Redd1 KO mice, early T cell expansion and cytokine production were profoundly impaired after sensitization. Surprisingly, higher steady-state populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophages (CD45+/Ly-6G-/CD11b+), dendritic cells (CD45+/Ly-6G-/CD11c+), neutrophils (CD45+/Ly-6G+/CD11b+), and innate lymphoid cells (CD45+/Lineage-/IL-7Ra+/ST2+/c-Kit+), were observed in the ears of naive Redd1 KO mice. Upon challenge, ear edema, T cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell infiltration into the ear was significantly reduced in Redd1 KO animals. Accordingly, we observed significantly lower induction of IFN-γ, IL-4, and other cytokines as well as proinflammatory factors, including TSLP, IL-33, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in challenged ears of Redd1 KO mice. The response to glucocorticoid treatment was also diminished. Taken together, these data establish REDD1 as an essential immune modulator that influences both the initiation of ACD disease, by driving naive T cell activation, and the effector phase, by promoting immune cell trafficking in T cell-mediated skin inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salida Mirzoeva
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Anna Klopot
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Busada JT, Peterson KN, Khadka S, Xu X, Oakley RH, Cook DN, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids and Androgens Protect From Gastric Metaplasia by Suppressing Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Activation. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:637-652.e4. [PMID: 33971182 PMCID: PMC8328958 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The immune compartment is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis. A weak immune response increases susceptibility to infection, but immune hyperactivation causes tissue damage, and chronic inflammation may lead to cancer development. In the stomach, inflammation damages the gastric glands and drives the development of potentially preneoplastic metaplasia. Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory steroid hormones that are required to suppress gastric inflammation and metaplasia. However, these hormones function differently in males and females. Here, we investigate the impact of sex on the regulation of gastric inflammation. METHODS Endogenous glucocorticoids and male sex hormones were removed from mice using adrenalectomy and castration, respectively. Mice were treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to test the effects of androgens on regulating gastric inflammation. Single-cell RNA sequencing of gastric leukocytes was used to identify the leukocyte populations that were the direct targets of androgen signaling. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were depleted by treatment with CD90.2 antibodies. RESULTS We show that adrenalectomized female mice develop spontaneous gastric inflammation and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) but that the stomachs of adrenalectomized male mice remain quantitatively normal. Simultaneous depletion of glucocorticoids and sex hormones abolished the male-protective effects and triggered spontaneous pathogenic gastric inflammation and SPEM. Treatment of female mice with DHT prevented gastric inflammation and SPEM development when administered concurrent with adrenalectomy and also reversed the pathology when administered after disease onset. Single-cell RNAseq of gastric leukocytes revealed that ILC2s expressed abundant levels of both the glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) and androgen receptor (Ar). We demonstrated that DHT treatment potently suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines Il13 and Csf2 by ILC2s. Moreover, ILC2 depletion protected the stomach from SPEM development. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report a novel mechanism by which glucocorticoids and androgens exert overlapping effects to regulate gastric inflammation. Androgen signaling within ILC2s prevents their pathogenic activation by suppressing the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. This work revealed a critical role for sex hormones in regulating gastric inflammation and metaplasia.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adrenalectomy
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Gastric Mucosa/drug effects
- Gastric Mucosa/immunology
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gastric Mucosa/pathology
- Gastritis, Atrophic/immunology
- Gastritis, Atrophic/metabolism
- Gastritis, Atrophic/pathology
- Gastritis, Atrophic/prevention & control
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-33/genetics
- Interleukin-33/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Metaplasia
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Orchiectomy
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Sex Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- Thy-1 Antigens/metabolism
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Busada
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, North Carolina; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | - Kylie N Peterson
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, North Carolina
| | - Stuti Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, North Carolina
| | - Robert H Oakley
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, North Carolina
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, North Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lefevre MA, Vocanson M, Nosbaum A. Role of tissue-resident memory T cells in the pathophysiology of allergic contact dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 21:355-360. [PMID: 34155157 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We bring updated knowledge on tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), underlining their major role in the recurrence and the severity of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). RECENT FINDINGS ACD is a frequently encountered skin disease. It is defined as a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction initiated by the recruitment of antigen-specific T cells into the skin of sensitized patients. ACD lesions tend to develop on already-exposed areas and worsen over time. That clinical observation has raised questions on the contribution of TRM to ACD recurrence and severity. TRM are memory T cells that persist in peripheral tissues, such as the skin, without recirculating through the blood. These cells provide effective immune memory against pathogens, but they may also participate in the development or exacerbation of numerous inflammatory diseases, including skin allergies. Recent works have demonstrated a major role for TRM in ACD pathophysiology. SUMMARY In ACD, TRM accumulate preferentially at the allergen contact site during the sensitization phase. Thereafter, these cells cause a rapid and intense response to any new allergen exposure. They also play a key role in flare-ups of ACD and the chronicity and severity of the disease. These aspects suggest that TRM may have an interest as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine-Alexia Lefevre
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team Epidermal Immunity and Allergy), INSERM, U1111, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team Epidermal Immunity and Allergy), INSERM, U1111, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team Epidermal Immunity and Allergy), INSERM, U1111, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon
- Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique, Pierre-Benite, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng H, Zhang Y, Pan J, Liu N, Qin Y, Qiu L, Liu M, Wang T. The Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:586078. [PMID: 34177881 PMCID: PMC8220221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.586078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are significant diseases that affect many patients worldwide. In the past few decades, the incidence of allergic diseases has increased significantly due to environmental changes and social development, which has posed a substantial public health burden and even led to premature death. The understanding of the mechanism underlying allergic diseases has been substantially advanced, and the occurrence of allergic diseases and changes in the immune system state are known to be correlated. With the identification and in-depth understanding of innate lymphoid cells, researchers have gradually revealed that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play important roles in many allergic diseases. However, our current studies of ILC2s are limited, and their status in allergic diseases remains unclear. This article provides an overview of the common phenotypes and activation pathways of ILC2s in different allergic diseases as well as potential research directions to improve the understanding of their roles in different allergic diseases and ultimately find new treatments for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachuang Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qiu
- Journal Press of Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bartemes KR, Kita H. Roles of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in allergic diseases: The 10-year anniversary for ILC2s. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1531-1547. [PMID: 33965091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 12 years since the discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), our knowledge of their immunobiology has expanded rapidly. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) respond rapidly to allergen exposure and environmental insults in mucosal organs, producing type 2 cytokines. Early studies showed that epithelium-derived cytokines activate ILC2s, resulting in eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and remodeling of mucosal tissues. We now know that ILC2s are regulated by other cytokines, eicosanoids, and neuropeptides as well, and interact with both immune and stromal cells. Furthermore, ILC2s exhibit plasticity by adjusting their functions depending on their tissue environment and may consist of several heterogeneous subpopulations. Clinical studies show that ILC2s are involved in asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, food allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. However, much remains unknown about the immunologic mechanisms involved. Beneficial functions of ILCs in maintenance or restoration of tissue well-being and human health also need to be clarified. As our understanding of the crucial functions ILCs play in both homeostasis and disease pathology expands, we are poised to make tremendous strides in diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with allergic diseases. This review summarizes discoveries in immunobiology of ILCs and their roles in allergic diseases in the past 5 years, discusses controversies and gaps in our knowledge, and suggests future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bartemes
- Division of Allergic Diseases and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song MH, Gupta A, Kim HO, Oh K. Lysophosphatidylcholine aggravates contact hypersensitivity by promoting neutrophil infiltration and IL17 expression. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33172544 PMCID: PMC8093940 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.4.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hye Song
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Anupriya Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Kwonik Oh
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Azeem M, Kader H, Kerstan A, Hetta HF, Serfling E, Goebeler M, Muhammad K. Intricate Relationship Between Adaptive and Innate Immune System in Allergic Contact Dermatitis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:699-709. [PMID: 33380932 PMCID: PMC7757059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a complex immunological allergic disease characterized by the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system. Initially, the role of the innate immune system was believed to be confined to the initial sensitization phase, while adaptive immune reactions were linked with the advanced elicitation phase. However, recent data predicted a comparatively mixed and interdependent role of both immune systems throughout the disease progression. Therefore, the actual mechanisms of disease progression are more complex and interlinked. The aim of this review is to combine such findings that enhanced our understanding of the pathomechanisms of ACD. Here, we focused on the main cell types from both immune domains, which are involved in ACD, such as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Such insights can be useful for devising future therapeutic interventions for ACD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of
Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hidaya Kader
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab
Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology,
University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of
Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology,
University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab
Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Type 1 innate lymphoid cells: Soldiers at the front line of immunity. Biomed J 2020; 44:115-122. [PMID: 33839081 PMCID: PMC8178574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident innate lymphocytes that have functions to protect the hosts against pathogens and that regulate tissue inflammation and homeostasis. ILC subsets rapidly produce particular cytokines in response to infection, inflammation, and tissue injury at the local environment. Type 1 ILCs (ILC1s) promptly and abundantly produce interferon (IFN)-γ but lack appreciable cytotoxic activity. ILC1s share many phenotypic, developmental, and functional characteristics with natural killer (NK) cells, which are circulating innate lymphocytes with potent natural cytotoxicity. However, recent studies have established ILC1s as distinct from NK cells. ILC1s predominantly reside in the liver—they initially were discovered as a liver-resident ILC subset—as well as in other lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ILC1s play an important and unique role in host protection and in immunomodulation in their resident organs. However, the pathophysiological role of tissue-resident ILC1s remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence showing that ILC1s not only contribute to inflammation to protect against pathogens but also promote tissue protection and metabolism. We highlight a unique function of ILC1s in their resident tissues.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hirose S, Jahani PS, Wang S, Jaggi U, Tormanen K, Yu J, Kato M, Akbari O, Ghiasi H. Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Induce CNS Demyelination in an HSV-IL-2 Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. iScience 2020; 23:101549. [PMID: 33083718 PMCID: PMC7522755 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that infection of different mouse strains with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) caused CNS demyelination. Histologic examination of infected IL-2rα-/-, IL-2rβ-/-, and IL-2rγ-/- mice showed demyelination in the CNS of IL-2rα-/- and IL-2rβ-/- mice but not in the CNS of IL-2rγ-/--infected mice. No demyelination was detected in mice infected with control virus. IL-2rγ-/- mice that lack type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and ILCs, play important roles in host defense and inflammation. We next infected ILC1-/-, ILC2-/-, and ILC3-/- mice with HSV-IL-2 or wild-type (WT) HSV-1. In contrast to ILC1-/- and ILC3-/- mice, no demyelination was detected in the CNS of ILC2-/--sinfected mice. However, transfer of ILC2s from WT mice to ILC2-/- mice restored demyelination in infected recipient mice. CNS demyelination correlated with downregulation of CCL5 and CXCL10. This study demonstrates that ILC2s contribute to HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirose
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pedram Shafiei Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jack Yu
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mihoko Kato
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Innate lymphoid cells control signaling circuits to regulate tissue-specific immunity. Cell Res 2020; 30:475-491. [PMID: 32376911 PMCID: PMC7264134 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted organization of the immune system involves not only patrolling lymphocytes that constantly monitor antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs but also immune cells that establish permanent tissue-residency. The integration in the respective tissue and the adaption to the organ milieu enable tissue-resident cells to establish signaling circuits with parenchymal cells to coordinate immune responses and maintain tissue homeostasis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident innate immune cells that have a similar functional diversity to T cells including lineage-specifying transcription factors that drive certain effector programs. Since their formal discovery 10 years ago, it has become clear that ILCs are present in almost every tissue but strongly enriched at barrier surfaces, where they regulate immunity to infection, chronic inflammation, and tissue maintenance. In this context, recent research has identified ILCs as key in orchestrating tissue homeostasis through their ability to sustain bidirectional interactions with epithelial cells, neurons, stromal cells, adipocytes, and many other tissue-resident cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion of recent studies that define the development and heterogeneity of ILC populations and their impact on innate and adaptive immunity. Further, we discuss emerging research on the influence of the nervous system, circadian rhythm, and developmental plasticity on ILC function. Uncovering the signaling circuits that control development and function of ILCs will provide an integrated view on how immune responses in tissues are synchronized with functional relevance far beyond the classical view of the role of the immune system in discrimination between self/non-self and host defense.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ronchese F, Hilligan KL, Mayer JU. Dendritic cells and the skin environment. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:56-62. [PMID: 32387901 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skin is inhabited by several immune cell populations that serve as a first line of defence against pathogen invasion. Amongst these populations are dendritic cells, which play an essential sentinel function by taking up antigen or infectious agents and transporting them to the lymph node for T cell recognition and the priming of immune responses. In this review, we briefly summarise recent advances showing how skin dendritic cells are connected to a network of epithelial and stromal cells, which provide structural support, growth factors, spatial cues, contact with the external environment and the skin microbiome, and favour interactions with other immune cells. We propose that this network creates a unique skin environment that may condition dendritic cell phenotype and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Johannes U Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou S, Li Q, Wu H, Lu Q. The pathogenic role of innate lymphoid cells in autoimmune-related and inflammatory skin diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:335-346. [PMID: 32203190 PMCID: PMC7109064 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), as an important component of the innate immune system, arise from a common lymphoid progenitor and are located in mucosal barriers and various tissues, including the intestine, skin, lung, and adipose tissue. ILCs are heterogeneous subsets of lymphocytes that have emerging roles in orchestrating immune response and contribute to maintain metabolic homeostasis and regulate tissue inflammation. Currently, more details about the pathways for the development and differentiation of ILCs have largely been elucidated, and cytokine secretion and downstream immune cell responses in disease pathogenesis have been reported. Recent research has identified that several distinct subsets of ILCs at skin barriers are involved in the complex regulatory network in local immunity, potentiating adaptive immunity and the inflammatory response. Of note, additional studies that assess the effects of ILCs are required to better define how ILCs regulate their development and functions and how they interact with other immune cells in autoimmune-related and inflammatory skin disorders. In this review, we will distill recent research progress in ILC biology, abnormal functions and potential pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune-related skin diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma and inflammatory diseases, as well as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD), thereby giving a comprehensive review of the diversity and plasticity of ILCs and their unique functions in disease conditions with the aim to provide new insights into molecular diagnosis and suggest potential value in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the pathogenesis of contact allergy in recent years has increasingly focused on the mechanisms of the innate immune response, valid therapeutic options are still lacking. AIMS This article intends to shed light on the background of contact allergy development as well as possible risk factors and to highlight potential new therapeutic options. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) as well as the sensitization and trigger phase, potential risk factors as well as the therapy options including (current) PubMed-listed literature are described. RESULTS Inflammation plays a central role in ACD. The innate immune system responds to contact allergens as well as to infection. Elucidation of the mechanisms will enable a targeted therapeutic intervention in the future. CONCLUSION Although there is still a need for research, many parts of the contact allergy pathogenesis are now better understood. In particular, the essential role of the innate immune response not only for the sensitization but also for the elicitation phase seems to be established. Implementation of today's knowledge into new therapeutic approaches and their application testing remains important and exciting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Esser
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Forschergruppe Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Forschergruppe Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin SF, Bonefeld CM. Mechanisms of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_59-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Brys AK, Rodriguez-Homs LG, Suwanpradid J, Atwater AR, MacLeod AS. Shifting Paradigms in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: The Role of Innate Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:21-28. [PMID: 31101475 PMCID: PMC6854274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of the innate immune system in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) has traditionally been confined to the initial antigen sensitization phase. However, more recent findings have shown the role of innate immunity in additional aspects of ACD, including the effector phase of the classic type IV hypersensitivity reaction. As a result, the precise immunologic mechanisms mediating ACD are more complex than previously believed. The aim of this review is to provide insight into recent advances in understanding the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of ACD, including novel mechanistic roles for macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, innate γδ T cells, and other signaling molecules. These insights provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in ACD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Brys
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Larissa G Rodriguez-Homs
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amber Reck Atwater
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rafei-Shamsabadi DA, Klose CSN, Halim TYF, Tanriver Y, Jakob T. Context Dependent Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2591. [PMID: 31781103 PMCID: PMC6851052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) has profoundly influenced the understanding of innate and adaptive immune crosstalk in health and disease. ILC and T cells share developmental and functional characteristics such as the lineage-specifying transcription factors and effector cytokines, but importantly ILC do not display rearranged antigen-specific receptors. Similar to T cells ILC are subdivided into 3 different helper-like subtypes, namely ILC1-3, and a killer-like subtype comprising natural killer (NK) cells. Increasing evidence supports the physiological relevance of ILC, e.g., in wound healing and defense against parasites, as well as their pathogenic role in allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases or psoriasis. Group 2 ILC have been attributed to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Other inflammatory skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis are profoundly shaped by inflammatory NK cells. This article reviews the role of ILC in allergic skin diseases with a major focus on ILC2. While group 2 ILC are suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 dominated inflammation as seen in atopic dermatitis, we have shown that lack of ILC2 in type 1 dominated contact hypersensitivity results in enhanced inflammation, suggesting a regulatory role of ILC2 in this context. We provide a concept of how ILC2 may influence context dependent the mutual counterbalance between type I and type II immune responses in allergic skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rafei-Shamsabadi
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S. N. Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maintenance of Type 2 Response by CXCR6-Deficient ILC2 in Papain-Induced Lung Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215493. [PMID: 31690060 PMCID: PMC6862482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are important players of early immune defenses in situations like lymphoid organogenesis or in case of immune response to inflammation, infection and cancer. Th1 and Th2 antagonism is crucial for the regulation of immune responses, however mechanisms are still unclear for ILC functions. ILC2 and NK cells were reported to be both involved in allergic airway diseases and were shown to be able to interplay in the regulation of the immune response. CXCR6 is a common chemokine receptor expressed by all ILC, and its deficiency affects ILC2 and ILC1/NK cell numbers and functions in lungs in both steady-state and inflammatory conditions. We determined that the absence of a specific ILC2 KLRG1+ST2− subset in CXCR6-deficient mice is probably dependent on CXCR6 for its recruitment to the lung under inflammation. We show that despite their decreased numbers, lung CXCR6-deficient ILC2 are even more activated cells producing large amount of type 2 cytokines that could drive eosinophilia. This is strongly associated to the decrease of the lung Th1 response in CXCR6-deficient mice.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hirose S, Wang S, Tormanen K, Wang Y, Tang J, Akbari O, Ghiasi H. Roles of Type 1, 2, and 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:e00523-19. [PMID: 31019056 PMCID: PMC6580970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00523-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play important roles in host defense and inflammation. They are classified into three distinct groups based on their cytokine and chemokine secretion patterns and transcriptome profiles. Here, we show that ILCs isolated from mice can be infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) but that subsequent replication of the virus is compromised. After infection, type 2 ILCs expressed significantly higher levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-9, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL3, and CCL4 than infected type 1 or type 3 ILCs. Transcriptome-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the ILCs 24 h after HSV-1 infection revealed that 77 herpesvirus genes were detected in the infected type 3 ILCs, whereas only 11 herpesvirus genes were detected in infected type 1 ILCs and 27 in infected type 2 ILCs. Compared with uninfected cells, significant upregulation of over 4,000 genes was seen in the HSV-1-infected type 3 ILCs, whereas 414 were upregulated in the infected type 1 ILCs and 128 in the infected type 2 ILCs. In contrast, in all three cell types, only a limited number of genes were significantly downregulated. Type 1, type 2, and type 3 ILC-deficient mice were used to gain insights into the effects of the ILCs on the outcome of ocular HSV-1 infection. No significant differences were found on comparison with similarly infected wild-type mice or on comparison of the three strains of deficient mice in terms of virus replication in the eyes, levels of corneal scarring, latency-reactivation in the trigeminal ganglia, or T-cell exhaustion. Although there were no significant differences in the survival rates of infected ILC-deficient mice and wild-type mice, there was significantly reduced survival of the infected type 1 or type 3 ILC-deficient mice compared with type 2 ILC-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of wild-type T cells did not alter survival or any other parameters tested in the infected mice. Our results indicate that type 1, 2, and 3 ILCs respond differently to HSV-1 infection in vitro and that the absence of type 1 or type 3, but not type 2, ILCs affects the survival of ocularly infected mice.IMPORTANCE In this study, we investigated for the first time what roles, if any, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play in HSV-1 infection. Analysis of isolated ILCs in vitro revealed that all three subtypes could be infected with HSV-1 but that they were resistant to replication. The expression profiles of HSV-1-induced cytokines/chemokines and cellular and viral genes differed among the infected type 1, 2, and 3 ILCs in vitro While ILCs play no role or a redundant role in the outcomes of latency-reactivation in infected mice, absence of type 1 and type 3, but not type 2, ILCs affects the survival of infected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gaudenzio N, Marichal T, Galli SJ, Reber LL. Genetic and Imaging Approaches Reveal Pro-Inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Roles of Mast Cells in Contact Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1275. [PMID: 29922295 PMCID: PMC5996070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a common T cell-mediated skin disease induced by epicutaneous sensitization to haptens. Mast cells (MCs) are widely deployed in the skin and can be activated during CHS responses to secrete diverse products, including some with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Conflicting results have been obtained regarding pathogenic versus protective roles of MCs in CHS, and this has been attributed in part to the limitations of certain models for studying MC functions in vivo. This review discusses recent advances in the development and analysis of mouse models to investigate the roles of MCs and MC-associated products in vivo. Notably, fluorescent avidin-based two-photon imaging approaches enable in vivo selective labeling and simultaneous tracking of MC secretory granules (e.g., during MC degranulation) and MC gene activation by real-time longitudinal intravital microscopy in living mice. The combination of such genetic and imaging tools has shed new light on the controversial role played by MCs in mouse models of CHS. On the one hand, they can amplify CHS responses of mild severity while, on the other hand, can limit the inflammation and tissue injury associated with more severe or chronic models, in part by representing an initial source of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), UMR 1056, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liege University, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liège, Belgium
- WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laurent L. Reber
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, INSERM Unit 1222, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|