1
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Mauldin E, Bradley C, Casal M, Meyer J, Crumrine D, Kiener S, Leeb T, Elias PM. Skin barrier, phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of autosomal recessive ichthyosis in TGM1-deficient Jack Russell Terriers and response to topical ceramide. Vet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39118209 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive ichthyosis leads to structural or biochemical changes that impair skin barrier function. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To assess (1) the phenotype and genotype in a litter of Jack Russell Terriers with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), and (2) the defective skin barrier and determine if a topical ceramide can modulate the barrier. ANIMALS A healthy dam and litter of Jack Russell Terrier puppies (healthy male, affected male and female), one affected adult Jack Russell Terrier and one unrelated healthy Jack Russell Terrier. MATERIALS AND METHODS A severe cornification defect was identified via examination of affected puppies. As the phenotype worsened, the affected puppies received a topical application of ω-0-acylceramide for 10 days. Before humane euthanasia, the skin barrier was evaluated via transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometry and pH in affected dogs. Genomic testing was performed, and skin samples were analysed by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Affected puppies were homozygous for the 1980 bp LINE-1 insertion in the TGM1 (transglutaminase 1) gene; the unaffected littermate and the dam were heterozygous carriers. ARCI puppies were underweight and had a severe hyperkeratotic phenotype that impaired mobility. TEWL was markedly higher in affected dogs. The cutaneous pH of affected puppies was higher than the normal littermate. Treatment of the skin with ω-0-acylceramide normalised the pH to match the littermate and decreased TEWL. Electron microscopy revealed marked attenuation of the cornified envelope. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs with TGM1-deficient ARCI have an impaired skin barrier. Topical therapy can partially repair the barrier defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margret Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Meyer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Elias
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Dwivedi A, Mazumder A, Pullmannová P, Paraskevopoulou A, Opálka L, Kováčik A, Macháček M, Jančálková P, Svačinová P, Peterlik H, Maixner J, Vávrová K. Lipid Monolayer on Cell Surface Protein Templates Functional Extracellular Lipid Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307793. [PMID: 38243890 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
When the ancestors of men moved from aquatic habitats to the drylands, their evolutionary strategy to restrict water loss is to seal the skin surface with lipids. It is unknown how these rigid ceramide-dominated lipids with densely packed chains squeeze through narrow extracellular spaces and how they assemble into their complex multilamellar architecture. Here it is shown that the human corneocyte lipid envelope, a monolayer of ultralong covalently bound lipids on the cell surface protein, templates the functional barrier assembly by partly fluidizing and rearranging the free extracellular lipids in its vicinity during the sculpting of a functional skin lipid barrier. The lipid envelope also maintains the fluidity of the extracellular lipids during mechanical stress. This local lipid fluidization does not compromise the permeability barrier. The results provide new testable hypotheses about epidermal homeostasis and the pathophysiology underlying diseases with impaired lipid binding to corneocytes, such as congenital ichthyosis. In a broader sense, this lipoprotein-mediated fluidization of rigid (sphingo)lipid patches may also be relevant to lipid rafts and cellular signaling events and inspire new functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupma Dwivedi
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Anisha Mazumder
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pullmannová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Paraskevopoulou
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jančálková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Svačinová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 50005, Czech Republic
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3
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Steinbinder J, Sachslehner AP, Holthaus KB, Eckhart L. Comparative genomics of sirenians reveals evolution of filaggrin and caspase-14 upon adaptation of the epidermis to aquatic life. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9278. [PMID: 38653760 PMCID: PMC11039687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian epidermis has evolved to protect the body in a dry environment. Genes of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), such as FLG (filaggrin), are implicated in the barrier function of the epidermis. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of the EDC in sirenians (manatees and dugong), which have adapted to fully aquatic life, in comparison to the EDC of terrestrial mammals and aquatic mammals of the clade Cetacea (whales and dolphins). We show that the main subtypes of EDC genes are conserved or even duplicated, like late cornified envelope (LCE) genes of the dugong, whereas specific EDC genes have undergone inactivating mutations in sirenians. FLG contains premature stop codons in the dugong, and the ortholog of human CASP14 (caspase-14), which proteolytically processes filaggrin, is pseudogenized in the same species. As FLG and CASP14 have also been lost in whales, these mutations represent convergent evolution of skin barrier genes in different lineages of aquatic mammals. In contrast to the dugong, the manatee has retained functional FLG and CASP14 genes. FLG2 (filaggrin 2) is truncated in both species of sirenians investigated. We conclude that the land-to-water transition of sirenians was associated with modifications of the epidermal barrier at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steinbinder
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Oliw EH. Thirty years with three-dimensional structures of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109874. [PMID: 38145834 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structures of soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) and rabbit 15-LOX were reported in the 1990s. Subsequent 3D structures demonstrated a conserved U-like shape of the substrate cavities as reviewed here. The 8-LOX:arachidonic acid (AA) complex showed AA bound to the substrate cavity carboxylate-out with C10 at 3.4 Å from the iron metal center. A recent cryo-electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the 12-LOX:AA complex illustrated AA in the same position as in the 8-LOX:AA complex. The 15- and 12-LOX complexes with isoenzyme-specific inhibitors/substrate mimics confirmed the U-fold. 5-LOX oxidizes AA to leukotriene A4, the first step in biosynthesis of mediators of asthma. The X-ray structure showed that the entrance to the substrate cavity was closed to AA by Phe and Tyr residues of a partly unfolded α2-helix. Recent X-ray analysis revealed that soaking with inhibitors shifted the short α2-helix to a long and continuous, which opened the substrate cavity. The α2-helix also adopted two conformations in 15-LOX. 12-LOX dimers consisted of one closed and one open subunit with an elongated α2-helix. 13C-ENDOR-MD computations of the 9-MnLOX:linoleate complex showed carboxylate-out position with C11 placed 3.4 ± 0.1 Å from the catalytic water. 3D structures have provided a solid ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Bolsoni J, Liu D, Mohabatpour F, Ebner R, Sadhnani G, Tafech B, Leung J, Shanta S, An K, Morin T, Chen Y, Arguello A, Choate K, Jan E, Ross CJ, Brambilla D, Witzigmann D, Kulkarni J, Cullis PR, Hedtrich S. Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Hit-and-Run Approaches Yield Efficient and Safe In Situ Gene Editing in Human Skin. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22046-22059. [PMID: 37918441 PMCID: PMC10655174 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite exciting advances in gene editing, the efficient delivery of genetic tools to extrahepatic tissues remains challenging. This holds particularly true for the skin, which poses a highly restrictive delivery barrier. In this study, we ran a head-to-head comparison between Cas9 mRNA or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver gene editing tools into epidermal layers of human skin, aiming for in situ gene editing. We observed distinct LNP composition and cell-specific effects such as an extended presence of RNP in slow-cycling epithelial cells for up to 72 h. While obtaining similar gene editing rates using Cas9 RNP and mRNA with MC3-based LNPs (10-16%), mRNA-loaded LNPs proved to be more cytotoxic. Interestingly, ionizable lipids with a pKa ∼ 7.1 yielded superior gene editing rates (55%-72%) in two-dimensional (2D) epithelial cells while no single guide RNA-dependent off-target effects were detectable. Unexpectedly, these high 2D editing efficacies did not translate to actual skin tissue where overall gene editing rates between 5%-12% were achieved after a single application and irrespective of the LNP composition. Finally, we successfully base-corrected a disease-causing mutation with an efficacy of ∼5% in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis patient cells, showcasing the potential of this strategy for the treatment of monogenic skin diseases. Taken together, this study demonstrates the feasibility of an in situ correction of disease-causing mutations in the skin that could provide effective treatment and potentially even a cure for rare, monogenic, and common skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bolsoni
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Danny Liu
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Ronja Ebner
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Gaurav Sadhnani
- Berlin
Institute of Health @ Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Belal Tafech
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Jerry Leung
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Selina Shanta
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin An
- NanoVation
Therapeutics, 2405 Wesbrook
Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Tessa Morin
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Yihang Chen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Alfonso Arguello
- University
of Montréal, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montréal H3T 1J4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keith Choate
- Departments
of Dermatology, Genetics, and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, Connecticut, United States
| | - Eric Jan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J.D. Ross
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Davide Brambilla
- University
of Montréal, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montréal H3T 1J4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- NanoVation
Therapeutics, 2405 Wesbrook
Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Jayesh Kulkarni
- NanoVation
Therapeutics, 2405 Wesbrook
Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Pieter R. Cullis
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
- Berlin
Institute of Health @ Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité -
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate
member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Max-Delbrück
Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
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6
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Zaver SA, Sarkar MK, Egolf S, Zou J, Tiwaa A, Capell BC, Gudjonsson JE, Simpson CL. Targeting SERCA2 in organotypic epidermis reveals MEK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for Darier disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170739. [PMID: 37561594 PMCID: PMC10561730 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the ATP2A2 gene encoding sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) was linked to Darier disease more than 2 decades ago; however, there remain no targeted therapies for this disorder causing recurrent skin blistering and infections. Since Atp2a2-knockout mice do not phenocopy its pathology, we established a human tissue model of Darier disease to elucidate its pathogenesis and identify potential therapies. Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9, we generated human keratinocytes lacking SERCA2, which replicated features of Darier disease, including weakened intercellular adhesion and defective differentiation in organotypic epidermis. To identify pathogenic drivers downstream of SERCA2 depletion, we performed RNA sequencing and proteomics analysis. SERCA2-deficient keratinocytes lacked desmosomal and cytoskeletal proteins required for epidermal integrity and exhibited excess MAPK signaling, which modulates keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation. Immunostaining patient biopsies substantiated these findings, with lesions showing keratin deficiency, cadherin mislocalization, and ERK hyperphosphorylation. Dampening ERK activity with MEK inhibitors rescued adhesive protein expression and restored keratinocyte sheet integrity despite SERCA2 depletion or chemical inhibition. In sum, coupling multiomic analysis with human organotypic epidermis as a preclinical model, we found that SERCA2 haploinsufficiency disrupts critical adhesive components in keratinocytes via ERK signaling and identified MEK inhibition as a treatment strategy for Darier disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam A. Zaver
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mrinal K. Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shaun Egolf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Afua Tiwaa
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Brian C. Capell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Cory L. Simpson
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Kiener S, Castilla E, Jagannathan V, Welle M, Leeb T. SDR9C7
missense variant in a Chihuahua with non‐epidermolytic ichthyosis. Anim Genet 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/age.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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8
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Zaver SA, Sarkar MK, Egolf S, Zou J, Tiwaa A, Capell BC, Gudjonsson JE, Simpson CL. Targeting SERCA2 in organotypic epidermis reveals MEK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for Darier disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531620. [PMID: 36945477 PMCID: PMC10028894 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the ATP2A2 gene encoding sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) was linked to Darier disease more than two decades ago; however, there remain no targeted therapies for this disorder causing recurrent skin blistering and infections. Since Atp2a2 knockout mice do not phenocopy its pathology, we established a human tissue model of Darier disease to elucidate its pathogenesis and identify potential therapies. Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9, we generated human keratinocytes lacking SERCA2, which replicated features of Darier disease, including weakened intercellular adhesion and defective differentiation in organotypic epidermis. To identify pathogenic drivers downstream of SERCA2 depletion, we performed RNA sequencing and proteomic analysis. SERCA2-deficient keratinocytes lacked desmosomal and cytoskeletal proteins required for epidermal integrity and exhibited excess MAP kinase signaling, which modulates keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation. Immunostaining patient biopsies substantiated these findings with lesions showing keratin deficiency, cadherin mis-localization, and ERK hyper-phosphorylation. Dampening ERK activity with MEK inhibitors rescued adhesive protein expression and restored keratinocyte sheet integrity despite SERCA2 depletion or chemical inhibition. In sum, coupling multi-omic analysis with human organotypic epidermis as a pre-clinical model, we found that SERCA2 haploinsufficiency disrupts critical adhesive components in keratinocytes via ERK signaling and identified MEK inhibition as a treatment strategy for Darier disease.
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9
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Meyer JM, Vávrová K, Radner FPW, Schneider H, Dick A, Mauro TM, Elias PM. ALOX12B and PNPLA1 Have Distinct Roles in Epidermal Lipid Lamellar Organization. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:332-335.e4. [PMID: 36116510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Meyer
- Dermatology Service, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennesse, USA; Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesse, USA.
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angela Dick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Branch, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Branch, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Gutiérrez-Cerrajero C, Sprecher E, Paller AS, Akiyama M, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Hernández-Martín A, González-Sarmiento R. Ichthyosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36658199 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ichthyoses are a large, heterogeneous group of skin cornification disorders. They can be inherited or acquired, and result in defective keratinocyte differentiation and abnormal epidermal barrier formation. The resultant skin barrier dysfunction leads to increased transepidermal water loss and inflammation. Disordered cornification is clinically characterized by skin scaling with various degrees of thickening, desquamation (peeling) and erythema (redness). Regardless of the type of ichthyosis, many patients suffer from itching, recurrent infections, sweating impairment (hypohidrosis) with heat intolerance, and diverse ocular, hearing and nutritional complications that should be monitored periodically. The characteristic clinical features are considered to be a homeostatic attempt to repair the skin barrier, but heterogeneous clinical presentation and imperfect phenotype-genotype correlation hinder diagnosis. An accurate molecular diagnosis is, however, crucial for predicting prognosis and providing appropriate genetic counselling. Most ichthyoses severely affect patient quality of life and, in severe forms, may cause considerable disability and even death. So far, treatment provides only symptomatic relief. It is lifelong, expensive, time-consuming, and often provides disappointing results. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these conditions is essential for designing pathogenesis-driven and patient-tailored innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gutiérrez-Cerrajero
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Paediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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11
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Menon GK, Elias PM, Wakefield JS, Crumrine D. Cetacean epidermal specialization: A review. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:563-575. [PMID: 35758554 PMCID: PMC9464690 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cetacean skin continues to be the investigative focus of researchers from several different scientific disciplines. Yet, most research on the basic functions of lipo-keratinocytes, which constitute most of the cetacean epidermis, providing the first layer of protection against various environmental aggressors (including an ever-increasing level of pollutants), is restricted to specialized literature on the permeability barrier only. In this review, we have attempted to bring together much of the recent research on the functional biology of cetacean skin, including special adaptations at the cellular, genetic and molecular level. We have correlated these data with the cetacean permeability barrier's unique structural and metabolic adaptations to fully aquatic life, including the development of secondary barriers to ward off challenges such as biofouling as well as exposure to extreme cold for the epidermis, which is outside of the insulation provided by blubber. An apparent contradiction exists between some of the reported gene loss for lipogenic enzymes in cetacean skin and the high degree of cetacean epidermal lipogenesis, as well as loss of desmocollin 1 and desmoplakin genes [while immunolocalization of these proteins is reported (Journal of Anatomy, 234, 201)] warrants a re-evaluation of the gene loss data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan K. Menon
- Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Joan S. Wakefield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
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12
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Tarshish E, Hermoni K, Sharoni Y, Wertz PW, Dayan N. Effects of golden tomato extract on skin appearance-outlook into gene expression in cultured dermal fibroblasts and on trans-epidermal water loss and skin barrier in human subjects. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:3022-3030. [PMID: 34668310 PMCID: PMC9545714 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Two experiments were performed to test the effects of rich tomato extract (Golden Tomato Extract, GTE) on human skin. In one experiment, the effects of this extract on gene expression in cultured human dermal fibroblasts were examined. In a second experiment, human subjects consumed the extract and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and aspects of skin appearance were monitored. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary human dermal fibroblasts in culture were treated with the extract. After six hours, RNA was extracted, and gene expression was examined using Affymetrix Human Clariom D array processing. For the clinical study, 65 human subjects consumed a capsule once a day for 16 weeks, and various skin parameters were assessed at predetermined time intervals. Among the genes upregulated by GTE are genes that augment innate immunity, enhance DNA repair, and the ability to detoxify xenobiotics. GTE significantly reduced TEWL in subjects who had high TEWL at baseline, but it had no effect on TEWL in subjects who had lower TEWL at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Golden tomato extract may provide benefits to the skin by enhancing innate immunity and other defense mechanisms in the dermis and by providing antioxidants to the skin surface to optimize TEWL and the appearance of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoav Sharoni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
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13
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Aibara D, Matsuo K, Matsusue K. Lipase family member N is a novel target gene for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α in type 2 diabetic model mouse liver. Endocr J 2022; 69:567-575. [PMID: 35082200 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) is a transcription factor abundantly expressed in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which C/EBPα regulates the lipase family member N (Lipn) gene in the mouse liver. Mouse Lipn consists of non-coding exon 1 and the translation start site located in exon 2. Lipn expression in the fatty liver of ob/ob mice was significantly higher than that in OB/OB mice and was significantly repressed by liver-specific C/EBPα deficiency. Lipn expression in ob/ob mice was detected in the liver, epididymal WAT (eWAT), subcutaneous WAT (sWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle, but not in the kidney, brain, and heart. Lipn expression in the liver, eWAT, and sWAT of wild-type mice was undetectable, although C/EBPα was highly expressed in these tissues. The database analysis revealed four putative C/EBP-responsive elements (CEBPREs), highly homologous with the typical CEBPRE consensus sequence at positions -2,686/-2,678, -1,364/-1,356, -106/-98, and -45/-37 from the transcription start site (+1) of Lipn. Reporter assays using reporter constructs with serial or internal deletions of the 5'-flanking regions of Lipn showed that two functional CEBPREs (-106/-98 and -45/-37) in the Lipn promoter region are essential for enhancing Lipn transcriptional activity by C/EBPα. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that C/EBPα/β binds to CEBPRE (-106/-98). These results suggest that C/EBPα and type 2 diabetic environment may be required for hepatic Lipn expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aibara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Matsusue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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14
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Opálka L, Meyer JM, Ondrejčeková V, Svatošová L, Radner FPW, Vávrová K. ω-O-Acylceramides but not ω-hydroxy ceramides are required for healthy lamellar phase architecture of skin barrier lipids. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100226. [PMID: 35568253 PMCID: PMC9192818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal omega-O-acylceramides (ω-O-acylCers) are essential components of a competent skin barrier. These unusual sphingolipids with ultralong N-acyl chains contain linoleic acid esterified to the terminal hydroxyl of the N-acyl, the formation of which requires the transacylase activity of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 1 (PNPLA1). In ichthyosis with dysfunctional PNPLA1, ω-O-acylCer levels are significantly decreased, and ω-hydroxylated Cers (ω-OHCers) accumulate. Here we explore the role of the linoleate moiety in ω-O-acylCers in the assembly of the skin lipid barrier. Ultrastructural studies of skin samples from neonatal Pnpla1+/+ and Pnpla1-/- mice showed that the linoleate moiety in ω-O-acylCers is essential for lamellar pairing in lamellar bodies, as well as for stratum corneum lipid assembly into the long periodicity lamellar phase (LPP). To further study the molecular details of ω-O-acylCer deficiency on skin barrier lipid assembly, we built in vitro lipid models composed of major stratum corneum lipid subclasses containing either ω-O-acylCer (healthy skin model), ω-OHCer (Pnpla1-/- model), or combination of the two. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and permeability studies indicated that ω-OHCers could not substitute for ω-O-acylCers, although in favorable conditions, they form a medium lamellar phase with a 10.8 nm-repeat distance and permeability barrier properties similar to LPP. In the absence of ω-O-acylCers, skin lipids were prone to separation into two phases with diminished barrier properties. The models combining ω-OHCers with ω-O-acylCers indicated that accumulation of ω-OHCers does not prevent ω-O-acylCer-driven lamellar stacking. These data suggest that ω-O-acylCer supplementation may be a viable therapeutic option in patients with PNPLA1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Opálka
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Veronika Ondrejčeková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Svatošová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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15
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Loricrin at the Boundary between Inside and Outside. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050673. [PMID: 35625601 PMCID: PMC9138667 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornification is a specialized mode of the cell-death program exclusively allowed for terrestrial amniotes. Recent investigations suggest that loricrin (LOR) is an important cornification effector. As the connotation of its name (“lorica” meaning an armor in Latin) suggests, the keratin-associated protein LOR promotes the maturation of the epidermal structure through organizing covalent cross-linkages, endowing the epidermis with the protection against oxidative injuries. By reviewing cornification mechanisms, we seek to classify ichthyosiform dermatoses based on their function, rather than clinical manifestations. We also reviewed recent mechanistic insights into the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with the cap “n” collar homology-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in skin health and diseases, as LOR and NRF2 coordinate the epidermis-intrinsic xenobiotic metabolism. Finally, we refine the theoretical framework of cross-talking between keratinocytes and epidermal resident leukocytes, dissecting an LOR immunomodulatory function.
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16
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Sagrafena I, Paraskevopoulos G, Pullmannová P, Opálka L, Nováčková A, Lourantou O, Vávrová K. Assembly of Human Stratum Corneum Lipids In Vitro: Fluidity Matters. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:2036-2039.e3. [PMID: 34942198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sagrafena
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Georgios Paraskevopoulos
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pullmannová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Nováčková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ourania Lourantou
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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17
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Mauldin EA, Elias PM. Ichthyosis and hereditary cornification disorders in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:567-e154. [PMID: 34796560 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis, serves a crucial role in maintaining body hydration and protection from environmental insults. When the stratum corneum is injured or when the genetic blueprints are flawed, the body is at risk of dehydration, secondary infections and allergen sensitization. Advancements in veterinary dermatology have revealed a wide gamut of disease from relatively benign to lethal that specifically arise from flawed structural proteins, enzymes or lipids needed to create the corneocytes and lipid bilayers of the SC. Some conditions closely mimic their human counterparts while others are unique to the dog. This review will focus on forms of ichthyosis in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, California, Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Franciso, California, 150 Clement Street, Dermatology MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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18
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Shintani A, Sakata-Haga H, Moriguchi K, Tomosugi M, Sakai D, Tsukada T, Taniguchi M, Asano M, Shimada H, Otani H, Shoji H, Hatta J, Mochizuki T, Hatta T. MC5R Contributes to Sensitivity to UVB Waves and Barrier Function in Mouse Epidermis. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100024. [PMID: 34909724 PMCID: PMC8659802 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MC5R is known for its role in the exocrine function of sebaceous glands, but other functions in the epidermis remain unclear. This study focused on the relationship between MC5R and homeostasis in the epidermis and examined the role of MC5R in mice whose skin was irradiated with UVB waves. UVB irradiation-induced skin ulcers and severe inflammation at lower doses in homozygotes of MC5R-deficient (i.e., MC5R -/- ) mice (150 mJ/cm2) than the doses in wild-type mice (500 mJ/cm2). Transepidermal water loss was increased (approximately 10-fold) in adult MC5R -/- mice compared with that in wild-type mice. In neonates, a dye exclusion assay showed no remarkable difference between MC5R -/- and wild-type mice. After UVB irradiation, compared with wild-type mice, MC5R -/- mice showed increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis of the ulcerative region, significantly increased thickness of the epidermis in the nonulcerative region, significantly more prickle cells in the nonulcerative region, and increased serum IL-6 levels but decreased IL-10 levels. Transmission electron microscopy revealed fewer lamellar granules, less lipid secretion, and an expansion of the trans-Golgi network in the epidermis in MC5R -/- mice. This study elucidated the increased sensitivity to UVB irradiation and decreased barrier function in MC5R -/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Shintani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Keiichi Moriguchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tomosugi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsukada
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Medical Science, School of Nursing, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Junko Hatta
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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19
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Uche L, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA, Beddoes CM. Increased Levels of Short-Chain Ceramides Modify the Lipid Organization and Reduce the Lipid Barrier of Skin Model Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9478-9489. [PMID: 34319754 PMCID: PMC8389989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The skin barrier function is attributed to the stratum corneum (SC) intercellular lipid matrix, which is composed primarily of ceramides (CERs), free fatty acids, and cholesterol. These lipids are organized in two lamellar phases: the short and long periodicity phases (SPP and LPP), respectively. The LPP is considered important for the skin barrier function. High levels of short-chain CERs are observed in various inflammatory skin diseases and have been correlated with barrier dysfunction. In this research, we investigated how the increase in the fraction of the short-chain CER with a nonhydroxy C16 acyl chain linked to a C18 sphingosine base CER NS(C16) at the expense of the physiological chain length CER NS with a C24 acyl chain (CER NS(C24)) impacts the microstructure and barrier function of a lipid model that mimicked certain characteristics of the SC lipid organization. The permeability and lipid organization of the model membranes were compared with that of a control model without CER NS(C16). The permeability increased significantly when ≥50% of CER NS(C24) was substituted with CER NS(C16). Employing biophysical techniques, we showed that the lipid packing density reduced with an increasing proportion of CER NS(C16). Substitution of 75% of CER NS(C24) by CER NS(C16) resulted in the formation of phase-separated lipid domains and alteration of the LPP structure. Using deuterium-labeled lipids enabled simultaneous characterization of the C24 and C16 acyl chains in the lipid models, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the reduced skin barrier function in diseased skin.
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20
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Uberoi A, Bartow-McKenney C, Zheng Q, Flowers L, Campbell A, Knight SAB, Chan N, Wei M, Lovins V, Bugayev J, Horwinski J, Bradley C, Meyer J, Crumrine D, Sutter CH, Elias P, Mauldin E, Sutter TR, Grice EA. Commensal microbiota regulates skin barrier function and repair via signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1235-1248.e8. [PMID: 34214492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis forms a barrier that defends the body from desiccation and entry of harmful substances, while also sensing and integrating environmental signals. The tightly orchestrated cellular changes needed for the formation and maintenance of this epidermal barrier occur in the context of the skin microbiome. Using germ-free mice, we demonstrate the microbiota is necessary for proper differentiation and repair of the epidermal barrier. These effects are mediated by microbiota signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in keratinocytes, a xenobiotic receptor also implicated in epidermal differentiation. Mice lacking keratinocyte AHR are more susceptible to barrier damage and infection, during steady-state and epicutaneous sensitization. Colonization with a defined consortium of human skin isolates restored barrier competence in an AHR-dependent manner. We reveal a fundamental mechanism whereby the microbiota regulates skin barrier formation and repair, which has far-reaching implications for the numerous skin disorders characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Uberoi
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Casey Bartow-McKenney
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Laurice Flowers
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Amy Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Simon A B Knight
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Neal Chan
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Monica Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Lovins
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Julia Bugayev
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Horwinski
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Charles Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jason Meyer
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Hayes Sutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Elias
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Thomas R Sutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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21
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Tyrrell VJ, Ali F, Boeglin WE, Andrews R, Burston J, Birchall JC, Ingram JR, Murphy RC, Piguet V, Brash AR, O'Donnell VB, Thomas CP. Lipidomic and transcriptional analysis of the linoleoyl-omega-hydroxyceramide biosynthetic pathway in human psoriatic lesions. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100094. [PMID: 34171322 PMCID: PMC8326207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex assembly of lipids including fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides is vital to the integrity of the mammalian epidermal barrier. The formation of this barrier requires oxidation of the substrate fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), which is initiated by the enzyme 12R-lipoxygenase (LOX). In the epidermis, unoxidized LA is primarily found in long-chain acylceramides termed esterified omega-hydroxy sphingosine (EOS)/phytosphingosine/hydroxysphingosine (collectively EOx). The precise structure and localization of LOX-oxidized EOx in the human epidermis is unknown, as is their regulation in diseases such as psoriasis, one of the most common inflammatory diseases affecting the skin. Here, using precursor LC/MS/MS, we characterized multiple intermediates of EOx, including 9-HODE, 9,10-epoxy-13-HOME, and 9,10,13-TriHOME, in healthy human epidermis likely to be formed via the epidermal LOX pathways. The top layers of the skin contained more LA, 9-HODE, and 9,10,13-TriHOME EOSs, whereas 9,10-epoxy-13-HOME EOS was more prevalent deeper in the stratum corneum. In psoriatic lesions, levels of native EOx and free HODEs and HOMEs were significantly elevated, whereas oxidized species were generally reduced. A transcriptional network analysis of human psoriatic lesions identified significantly elevated expression of the entire biosynthetic/metabolic pathway for oxygenated ceramides, suggesting a regulatory function for EOx lipids in reconstituting epidermal integrity. The role of these new lipids in progression or resolution of psoriasis is currently unknown. We also discovered the central coordinated role of the zinc finger protein transcription factor, ZIC1, in driving the phenotype of this disease. In summary, long-chain oxygenated ceramide metabolism is dysregulated at the lipidomic level in psoriasis, likely driven by the transcriptional differences also observed, and we identified ZIC1 as a potential regulatory target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Tyrrell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Faraz Ali
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, University Hospital of Wales, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert Andrews
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Burston
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James C Birchall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John R Ingram
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, University Hospital of Wales, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, University Hospital of Wales, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher P Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Aurora, CO, USA.
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22
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Wertz PW. Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105229. [PMID: 34063352 PMCID: PMC8155912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial mammals, birds, and reptiles, the skin’s permeability barrier is provided by ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the outermost layers of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. This layer consists of about 10–20 layers of cornified cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It effectively prevents loss of water and electrolytes from the underlying tissue, and it limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. In the oral cavity, the regions of the gingiva and hard palate are covered by keratinized epithelia that much resemble the epidermis. The oral stratum corneum contains a lipid mixture similar to that in the epidermal stratum corneum but in lower amounts and is accordingly more permeable. The superficial regions of the nonkeratinized oral epithelia also provide a permeability barrier. These epithelial regions do contain ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which may underlie barrier function. The oral epithelial permeability barriers primarily protect the underlying tissue by preventing the penetration of potentially toxic substances, including microbial products. Transdermal drug delivery, buccal absorption, and lipid-related disease are discussed.
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23
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Luger T, Amagai M, Dreno B, Dagnelie MA, Liao W, Kabashima K, Schikowski T, Proksch E, Elias PM, Simon M, Simpson E, Grinich E, Schmuth M. Atopic dermatitis: Role of the skin barrier, environment, microbiome, and therapeutic agents. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:142-157. [PMID: 34116898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous and pruritic skin lesions. In recent decades, the prevalence of AD has increased worldwide, most notably in developing countries. The enormous progress in our understanding of the complex composition and functions of the epidermal barrier allows for a deeper appreciation of the active role that the skin barrier plays in the initiation and maintenance of skin inflammation. The epidermis forms a physical, chemical, immunological, neuro-sensory, and microbial barrier between the internal and external environment. Not only lesional, but also non-lesional areas of AD skin display many morphological, biochemical and functional differences compared with healthy skin. Supporting this notion, genetic defects affecting structural proteins of the skin barrier, including filaggrin, contribute to an increased risk of AD. There is evidence to suggest that natural environmental allergens and man-made pollutants are associated with an increased likelihood of developing AD. A compromised epidermal barrier predisposes the skin to increased permeability of these compounds. Numerous topical and systemic therapies for AD are currently available or in development; while anti-inflammatory therapy is central to the treatment of AD, some existing and novel therapies also appear to exert beneficial effects on skin barrier function. Further research on the skin barrier, particularly addressing epidermal differentiation and inflammation, lipid metabolism, and the role of bacterial communities for skin barrier function, will likely expand our understanding of the complex etiology of AD and lead to identification of novel targets and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- Dermatology Department, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Ange Dagnelie
- Dermatology Department, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter M Elias
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Inserm, University of Toulouse, U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Erin Grinich
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Nováčková A, Sagrafena I, Pullmannová P, Paraskevopoulos G, Dwivedi A, Mazumder A, Růžičková K, Slepička P, Zbytovská J, Vávrová K. Acidic pH Is Required for the Multilamellar Assembly of Skin Barrier Lipids In Vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1915-1921.e4. [PMID: 33675786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid membrane remodeling belongs to the most fundamental processes in the body. The skin barrier lipids, which are ceramide dominant and highly rigid, must attain an unusual multilamellar nanostructure with long periodicity to restrict water loss and prevent the entry of potentially harmful environmental factors. Our data suggest that the skin acid mantle, apart from regulating enzyme activities and keeping away pathogens, may also be a prerequisite for the multilamellar assembly of the skin barrier lipids. Atomic force microscopy on monolayers composed of synthetic or human stratum corneum lipids showed multilayer formation (approximately 10-nm step height) in an acidic but not in a neutral environment. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and permeability studies showed markedly altered lipid nanostructure and increased water loss at neutral pH compared with that at acidic pH. These findings are consistent with the data on the altered organization of skin lipids and increased transepidermal water loss under conditions such as inadequate skin acidification, for example, in neonates, the elderly, and patients with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nováčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Irene Sagrafena
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pullmannová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anupma Dwivedi
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anisha Mazumder
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Růžičková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slepička
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Zbytovská
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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25
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Meyer JM, Crumrine D, Schneider H, Dick A, Schmuth M, Gruber R, Radner FPW, Grond S, Wakefield JS, Mauro TM, Elias PM. Unbound Corneocyte Lipid Envelopes in 12R-Lipoxygenase Deficiency Support a Specific Role in Lipid-Protein Cross-Linking. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:921-929. [PMID: 33607042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in arachidonate lipoxygenase 12B (ALOX12B) are an important cause of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX), the protein product of ALOX12B, has been proposed to covalently bind the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) to the proteinaceous corneocyte envelope, thereby providing a scaffold for the assembly of barrier-providing, mature lipid lamellae. To test this hypothesis, an in-depth ultrastructural examination of CLEs was performed in ALOX12B-/- human and Alox12b-/- mouse epidermis, extracting samples with pyridine to distinguish covalently attached CLEs from unbound (ie, noncovalently bound) CLEs. ALOX12B--/- stratum corneum contained abundant pyridine-extractable (ie, unbound) CLEs, compared with normal stratum corneum. These unbound CLEs were associated with defective post-secretory lipid processing, and were specific to 12R-LOX deficiency, because they were not observed with deficiency of the related ARCI-associated proteins, patatin-like phospholipase 1 (Pnpla1) or abhydrolase domain containing 5 (Abhd5). These results suggest that 12R-LOX contributes specifically to CLE-corneocyte envelope cross-linking, which appears to be a prerequisite for post-secretory lipid processing, and provide insights into the pathogenesis of 12R-LOX deficiency in this subtype of ARCI, as well as other conditions that display a defective CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Meyer
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California.
| | - Debra Crumrine
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, San Francisco, California
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Angela Dick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Grond
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter M Elias
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California
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26
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Wertz PW. Lipid Metabolic Events Underlying the Formation of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:38-50. [PMID: 33567435 DOI: 10.1159/000513261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cornified cells of the stratum corneum have a monolayer of an unusual lipid covalently attached to the outer surface. This is referred to as the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). It consists of a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides covalently attached to the outer surface of the cornified envelope. The CLE is essential for proper barrier function of the skin and is derived from linoleate-rich acylglucosylceramides synthesized in the viable epidermis. Biosynthesis of acylglucosylceramide and its conversion to the cornified envelope is complex. Acylglucosylceramide in the bounding membrane of the lamellar granule is the precursor of the CLE. The acylglucosylceramide in the limiting membrane of the lamellar granule may be oriented with the glucosyl moiety on the inside. Conversion of the acylglucosylceramide to the CLE requires removal of the glucose by action of a glucocerebrosidase. The ester-linked fatty acid may be removed by an as yet unidentified esterase, and the resulting ω-hydroxyceramide may become ester linked to the outer surface of the cornified envelope through action of transglutaminase 1. Prior to removal of ester-linked fatty acids, linoleate is oxidized to an epoxy alcohol through action of 2 lipoxygenases. This can be further oxidized to an epoxy-enone, which can spontaneously attach to the cornified envelope through Schiff's base formation. Mutations of genes coding for enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the CLE result in ichthyosis, often accompanied by neurologic dysfunction. The CLE is recognized as essential for barrier function of skin, but many questions about details of this essentiality remain. What are the relative roles of the 2 mechanisms of lipid attachment? What is the orientation of acylglucosylceramide in the bounding membrane of lamellar granules? Some evidence supports a role for CLE as a scaffold upon which intercellular lamellae unfold, but other evidence does not support this role. There is also controversial evidence for a role in stratum corneum cohesion. Evidence is presented to suggest that covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides serve as a reservoir for free sphingosine that can serve in communicating with the viable epidermis and act as a potent broad-acting antimicrobial at the skin surface. Many questions remain.
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27
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Multi-Gene Next-Generation Sequencing for Molecular Diagnosis of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis: A Genotype-Phenotype Study of Four Italian Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10120995. [PMID: 33255364 PMCID: PMC7760754 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10120995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI) are rare genodermatosis disorders characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. At least fourteen genes so far have been related to ARCI; however, despite genetic heterogeneity, phenotypes associated with mutation of different ARCI genes may overlap, thereby making difficult their clinical and molecular classification. In addition, molecular tests for diagnosis of such an extremely rare heterogeneous inherited disease are not easily available in clinical settings. In the attempt of identifying the genetic cause of the disease in four Italian patients with ARCI, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis targeting 4811 genes that have been previously linked to human genetic diseases; we focused our analysis on the 13 known ARCI genes comprised in the panel. Nine different variants including three novel small nucleotide changes and two novel large deletions have been identified and validated in the ABCA12, ALOX12B, CYP4F22, and SULT2B1 genes. Notably, two patients had variants in more than one gene. The identification and validation of new pathogenic ABCA12, ALOX12B, CYP4F22, and SULT2B1 variants through multi-gene NGS in four cases of ARCI further highlight the importance of these genes in proper skin function and development.
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28
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Uche LE, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA, Beddoes CM. High concentration of the ester-linked ω-hydroxy ceramide increases the permeability in skin lipid model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183487. [PMID: 33068546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ester-linked ω-hydroxy acyl chain linked to a sphingosine base referred to as CER EOS is essential for the skin barrier lipid organization. While the majority of the skin lipids form a dense, crystalline structure, associated with low permeability, the unsaturated moiety of CER EOS, (either the linoleate or the oleate chain) exists in a liquid phase at the skin's physiological temperature. Thus, the relationship between CER EOS and barrier function is not entirely comprehended. We studied the permeability and lipid organization in skin lipid models, gradually increasing in CER EOS concentration, mixed with non-hydroxy sphingosine-based ceramide (CER NS) in an equimolar ratio of CERs, cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFAs) mimicking the ratio in the native skin. A significant increase in the orthorhombic-hexagonal phase transition temperature was recorded when CER EOS concentration was raised to 70 mol% of the total CER content and higher, rendering a higher fraction of lipids in the orthorhombic phase at the expense of the hexagonal phase at physiological temperature. The model's permeability did not differ when CER EOS concentration ranged between 10 and 30% but increased significantly at 70% and higher. Using CER EOS with a perdeuterated oleate chain, it was shown that the fraction of lipids in a liquid phase increased with CER EOS concentration, while the neighboring CERs and FFAs remained in a crystalline state. The increased fraction of the liquid phase therefore, had a stronger effect on permeability than the increased fraction of lipids forming an orthorhombic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorretta E Uche
- Division BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte M Beddoes
- Division BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
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29
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Takeichi T, Hirabayashi T, Miyasaka Y, Kawamoto A, Okuno Y, Taguchi S, Tanahashi K, Murase C, Takama H, Tanaka K, Boeglin WE, Calcutt MW, Watanabe D, Kono M, Muro Y, Ishikawa J, Ohno T, Brash AR, Akiyama M. SDR9C7 catalyzes critical dehydrogenation of acylceramides for skin barrier formation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:890-903. [PMID: 31671075 DOI: 10.1172/jci130675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The corneocyte lipid envelope, composed of covalently bound ceramides and fatty acids, is important to the integrity of the permeability barrier in the stratum corneum, and its absence is a prime structural defect in various skin diseases associated with defective skin barrier function. SDR9C7 encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7) recently found mutated in ichthyosis. In a patient with SDR9C7 mutation and a mouse Sdr9c7-KO model, we show loss of covalent binding of epidermal ceramides to protein, a structural fault in the barrier. For reasons unresolved, protein binding requires lipoxygenase-catalyzed transformations of linoleic acid (18:2) esterified in ω-O-acylceramides. In Sdr9c7-/- epidermis, quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectometry (LC-MS) assays revealed almost complete loss of a species of ω-O-acylceramide esterified with linoleate-9,10-trans-epoxy-11E-13-ketone; other acylceramides related to the lipoxygenase pathway were in higher abundance. Recombinant SDR9C7 catalyzed NAD+-dependent dehydrogenation of linoleate 9,10-trans-epoxy-11E-13-alcohol to the corresponding 13-ketone, while ichthyosis mutants were inactive. We propose, therefore, that the critical requirement for lipoxygenases and SDR9C7 is in producing acylceramide containing the 9,10-epoxy-11E-13-ketone, a reactive moiety known for its nonenzymatic coupling to protein. This suggests a mechanism for coupling of ceramide to protein and provides important insights into skin barrier formation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Takeichi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akane Kawamoto
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shijima Taguchi
- Division of Dermatology, Mito Kyodo General Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kana Tanahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murase
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takama
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kosei Tanaka
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - M Wade Calcutt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Muro
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junko Ishikawa
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alan R Brash
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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30
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Akiyama M. Acylceramide is a key player in skin barrier function: insight into the molecular mechanisms of skin barrier formation and ichthyosis pathogenesis. FEBS J 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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31
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Shin KO, Ha DH, Kim JO, Crumrine DA, Meyer JM, Wakefield JS, Lee Y, Kim B, Kim S, Kim HK, Lee J, Kwon HH, Park GH, Lee JH, Lim J, Park S, Elias PM, Park K, Yi YW, Cho BS. Exosomes from Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Epidermal Barrier Repair by Inducing de Novo Synthesis of Ceramides in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2020; 9:E680. [PMID: 32164386 PMCID: PMC7140723 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease associated with epidermal barrier disruption and intense systemic inflammation. Previously, we showed that exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-exosomes) attenuate AD-like symptoms by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels. Here, we investigated ASC-exosomes' effects on skin barrier restoration by analyzing protein and lipid contents. We found that subcutaneous injection of ASC-exosomes in an oxazolone-induced dermatitis model remarkably reduced trans-epidermal water loss, while enhancing stratum corneum (SC) hydration and markedly decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, and TSLP, all in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, ASC-exosomes induced the production of ceramides and dihydroceramides. Electron microscopic analysis revealed enhanced epidermal lamellar bodies and formation of lamellar layer at the interface of the SC and stratum granulosum with ASC-exosomes treatment. Deep RNA sequencing analysis of skin lesions demonstrated that ASC-exosomes restores the expression of genes involved in skin barrier, lipid metabolism, cell cycle, and inflammatory response in the diseased area. Collectively, our results suggest that ASC-exosomes effectively restore epidermal barrier functions in AD by facilitating the de novo synthesis of ceramides, resulting in a promising cell-free therapeutic option for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (Y.L.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Dae Hyun Ha
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Jin Ock Kim
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Debra A. Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; (D.A.C.); (J.M.M.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.E.)
| | - Jason M. Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; (D.A.C.); (J.M.M.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.E.)
| | - Joan S. Wakefield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; (D.A.C.); (J.M.M.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.E.)
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (Y.L.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Bogyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (Y.L.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (Y.L.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Hyun-keun Kim
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Joon Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea;
| | | | - Gyeong-Hun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, Korea;
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Jihye Lim
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Sejeong Park
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; (D.A.C.); (J.M.M.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.E.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (Y.L.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Byong Seung Cho
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (J.O.K.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.); (S.P.)
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32
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Opálka L, Kováčik A, Pullmannová P, Maixner J, Vávrová K. Effects of omega- O-acylceramide structures and concentrations in healthy and diseased skin barrier lipid membrane models. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:219-228. [PMID: 31857390 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides (Cers) with ultralong (∼32-carbon) chains and ω-esterified linoleic acid, composing a subclass called omega-O-acylceramides (acylCers), are indispensable components of the skin barrier. Normal barriers typically contain acylCer concentrations of ∼10 mol%; diminished concentrations, along with altered or missing long periodicity lamellar phase (LPP), and increased permeability accompany an array of skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and ichthyoses. We developed model membranes to investigate the effects of the acylCer structure and concentration on skin lipid organization and permeability. The model membrane systems contained six to nine Cer subclasses as well as fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol sulfate; acylCer content-namely, acylCers containing sphingosine (Cer EOS), dihydrosphingosine (Cer EOdS), and phytosphingosine (Cer EOP) ranged from zero to 30 mol%. Systems with normal physiologic concentrations of acylCer mixture mimicked the permeability and nanostructure of human skin lipids (with regard to LPP, chain order, and lateral packing). The models also showed that the sphingoid base in acylCer significantly affects the membrane architecture and permeability and that Cer EOP, notably, is a weaker barrier component than Cer EOS and Cer EOdS. Membranes with diminished or missing acylCers displayed some of the hallmarks of diseased skin lipid barriers (i.e., lack of LPP, less ordered lipids, less orthorhombic chain packing, and increased permeability). These results could inform the rational design of new and improved strategies for the barrier-targeted treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Opálka
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pullmannová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lin MH, Hsu FF, Crumrine D, Meyer J, Elias PM, Miner JH. Fatty acid transport protein 4 is required for incorporation of saturated ultralong-chain fatty acids into epidermal ceramides and monoacylglycerols. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13254. [PMID: 31519952 PMCID: PMC6744566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) is an acyl-CoA synthetase that is required for normal permeability barrier in mammalian skin. FATP4 (SLC27A4) mutations cause ichthyosis prematurity syndrome, a nonlethal disorder. In contrast, Fatp4-/- mice die neonatally from a defective barrier. Here we used electron microscopy and lipidomics to characterize defects in Fatp4-/- mice. Mutants showed lamellar body, corneocyte lipid envelope, and cornified envelope abnormalities. Lipidomics identified two lipids previously speculated to be present in mouse epidermis, sphingosine β-hydroxyceramide and monoacylglycerol; mutants displayed decreased proportions of these and the two ceramide classes that carry ultralong-chain, amide-linked fatty acids (FAs) thought to be critical for barrier function, unbound ω-O-acylceramide and bound ω-hydroxyceramide, the latter constituting the major component of the corneocyte lipid envelope. Other abnormalities included elevated amounts of sphingosine α-hydroxyceramide, phytosphingosine non-hydroxyceramide, and 1-O-acylceramide. Acyl chain length alterations in ceramides also suggested roles for FATP4 in esterifying saturated non-hydroxy and β-hydroxy FAs with at least 25 carbons and saturated or unsaturated ω-hydroxy FAs with at least 30 carbons to CoA. Our lipidomic analysis is the most thorough such study of the Fatp4-/- mouse skin barrier to date, providing information about how FATP4 can contribute to barrier function by regulating fatty acyl moieties in various barrier lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, United States
| | - Jason Meyer
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, United States
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States.
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States.
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Krieg P, Dick A, Latzko S, Rosenberger S, Meyer J, Crumrine D, Hielscher T, Elias PM, Rauh M, Schneider H. Conditional Alox12b Knockout: Degradation of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope in a Mouse Model of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:249-253.e6. [PMID: 31276677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krieg
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Dick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Latzko
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenberger
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jason Meyer
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Guneri D, Voegeli R, Munday MR, Lane ME, Rawlings AV. 12R-lipoxygenase activity is reduced in photodamaged facial stratum corneum. A novel activity assay indicates a key function in corneocyte maturation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:274-280. [PMID: 30993698 PMCID: PMC6852689 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background During the late stage of keratinocyte differentiation, corneocytes gain a strong protein–lipid structure: the corneocyte envelopes (CE), composed of the inner corneocyte protein envelope (CPE) and the outer corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). The hydrophobicity of CEs depends on the covalent attachment of linoleoyl‐acyl‐ceramides by transglutaminases (TG). These ceramides are processed by a range of other enzymes, including 12R‐lipoxygenase (12R‐LOX), before the covalent attachment of the free ω‐hydroxyceramides to the CPE surface to form the CLE. The mechanical strength of CE is obtained with the formation of isodipeptide bonds by TG. The increase in hydrophobicity and rigidity leads to CE maturation which supports the integrity and mechanical resistance of the stratum corneum (SC). Objectives The aim of this work was to develop and validate a novel enzyme activity assay for 12R‐LOX in tape strippings of photo‐exposed (PE) cheek and photo‐protected (PP) post‐auricular SC of healthy Chinese volunteers (n = 12; age 25 ± 3 years). Results A fluorescence‐based assay was developed with ethyl linoleic acid as the substrate and a polyclonal antibody against 12R‐LOX as an inhibitor. The specificity was shown by the lack of effect by a LOX inhibitor (ML351) and an epidermal‐type lipoxygenase 3 (eLOX3) antibody on the acquired 12R‐LOX activity. Reduced 12R‐LOX activity was observed in the outer compared to the inner SC layers. Moreover, dramatically lower activity was shown in the PE vs. PP samples. Furthermore, the enzyme activity has a positive correlation (r = 0.94 ± 0.03) with CE maturity, in particular hydrophobicity, and a negative correlation (r = −0.96 ± 0.01) with transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Conclusion This novel enzyme assay revealed a lower 12R‐LOX activity in tape strippings from PE cheek for the first time. This finding is in line with less mature CEs and higher TEWL compared to PP post‐auricular samples. This study indicates a strong link between 12R‐LOX activity and CE maturation and SC integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guneri
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugust, Switzerland
| | | | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - A V Rawlings
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK.,AVR Consulting Ltd, Northwich, UK
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Dunn TM, Tifft CJ, Proia RL. A perilous path: the inborn errors of sphingolipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:475-483. [PMID: 30683667 PMCID: PMC6399501 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipid (SL) metabolic pathway generates structurally diverse lipids that have roles as membrane constituents and as bioactive signaling molecules. The influence of the SL metabolic pathway in biology is pervasive; it exists in all mammalian cells and has roles in many cellular and physiological pathways. Human genetic diseases have long been recognized to be caused by mutations in the pathway, but until recently these mutational defects were only known to affect lysosomal SL degradation. Now, with a nearly complete delineation of the genes constituting the SL metabolic pathway, a growing number of additional genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes within other sectors of the pathway (de novo ceramide synthesis, glycosphingolipid synthesis, and nonlysosomal SL degradation) have been recognized. Although these inborn disorders of SL metabolism are clinically heterogeneous, some common pathogenic mechanisms, derived from the unique properties and functions of the SLs, underlie several of the diseases. These mechanisms include overaccumulation of toxic or bioactive lipids and the disruption of specific critical cellular and physiological processes. Many of these diseases also have commonalities in physiological systems affected, such as the nervous system and skin. While inborn disorders of SL metabolism are rare, gene variants in the pathway have been linked to increased susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease and childhood asthma, implying that the SL metabolic pathway may have a role in these disorders. A more complete understanding of the inborn errors of SL metabolism promises new insights into the convergence of their pathogenesis with those of common human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Office of the Clinical Director and Medical Genetics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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