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Bastos-Soares EA, da Silva Morais MS, Funes-Huacca M, Sousa RMO, Brilhante-Da-Silva N, Roberto SA, Prado NDR, Dos Santos CND, Marinho ACM, Soares AM, Stabeli RG, Pereira SDS, Fernandes CFC. Single-Domain Antibody-Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates as Immunosensors for the Detection of Hantaviruses. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:479-494. [PMID: 38796660 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hantavirus, a zoonotic pathogen, causes severe syndromes like hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), sometimes fatal in humans. Considering the importance of detecting the hantavirus antigen, the construction of an immunosensor is essential. The structural and functional characteristics of camelid nanobodies (VHHs) encourage their application in the areas of nanobiotechnology, therapeutics, diagnostics, and basic research. Therefore, this study aimed to standardize stable bioconjugates using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and VHHs, in order to develop immunobiosensors for the diagnosis of hantavirus infection. METHODS Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) was performed to obtain purified recombinant anti-hantavirus nucleocapsid nanobodies (anti-prNΔ85 VHH), while AuNPs were synthesized for bioconjugation. UV-visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were employed to characterize AuNPs. RESULTS The bioconjugation stability parameters (VHH-AuNPs), analyzed by spectrophotometry, showed that the ideal pH value and VHH concentration were obtained at 7.4 and 50 μg/mL, respectively, after addition of 1 M NaCl, which induces AuNP aggregation. TEM performed before and after bioconjugation showed uniform, homogeneous, well-dispersed, and spherical AuNPs with an average diameter of ~ 14 ± 0.57 nm. Furthermore, high-resolution images revealed a thin white halo on the surface of the AuNPs, indicating the coating of the AuNPs with protein. A biosensor simulation test (dot blot-like [DB-like]) was performed in stationary phase to verify the binding and detection limits of the recombinant nucleocapsid protein from the Araucária hantavirus strain (prN∆85). DISCUSSION Using AuNPs/VHH bioconjugates, a specific interaction was detected between 5 and 10 min of reaction in a dose-dependent manner. It was observed that this test was sensitive enough to detect prNΔ85 at concentrations up to 25 ng/μL. Considering that nanostructured biological systems such as antibodies conjugated with AuNPs are useful tools for the development of chemical and biological sensors, the stability of the bioconjugate indicates proficiency in detecting antigens. The experimental results obtained will be used in a future immunospot assay or lateral flow immunochromatography analysis for hantavirus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Bastos-Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Michelle Suelen da Silva Morais
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Maribel Funes-Huacca
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria O Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Sibele Andrade Roberto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anna C M Marinho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio, CE, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Fan Q, Zhao R, Chen Y, Chi L, Huang Y, Liu M, Shi G. Affinity purification of mAb from serum-containing hybridoma culture supernatant through a novel nanobody that discriminates mouse IgG from bovine IgG by recognizing the mouse kappa constant region (mCK). J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464929. [PMID: 38669942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
When purifying mAb from serum-containing hybridoma culture supernatant, it is essential that mouse IgG remains free from contaminations of bovine IgG. However, the broadly used Protein A resin cannot achieve this goal due to binding between both mouse and bovine IgG. Here, a novel nanobody-based affinity purification magnetic beads that discriminates mouse IgG from bovine IgG was developed. To bind all subtypes of mouse IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3) that contain the kappa light chain, mCK (mouse kappa constant region)-specific nanobody binders were selected from an immune phage display VHH library; this library was constructed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were collected from Bactrian camels immunized with a mix of intact mouse IgGs (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3). A novel clone that exhibited a higher expression level and a higher binding affinity was selected (4E6). Then, the 4E6 nanobody in the format of VHH-hFC (human Fc) was conjugated on magnetic beads with a maximal binding capacity of 15.41±0.69 mg mouse IgG/mL beads. Furthermore, no bovine IgG could be copurified from hybridoma culture supernatant with immunomagnetic beads. This approach is valuable for the large-scale in vitro production of highly pure antibodies by hybridoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing Scipromed Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, PR China
| | - Yinuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lida Chi
- Beijing Scipromed Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, PR China
| | - Yonglin Huang
- Beijing Scipromed Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Beijing Scipromed Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, PR China
| | - Guoqing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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3
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Hirao A, Nagatoishi S, Ikeuchi E, Yamawaki T, Mori C, Nakakido M, Tsumoto K. Design of single-domain VHH antibodies to increase the binding activity in SPR amine coupling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:54-60. [PMID: 37119766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies, or VHH, nanobodies, are attractive tools in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals due to their favorable biophysical properties. Single-domain antibodies have potential for use in sensing materials to detect antigens, and in this paper, we propose a generic design strategy of single-domain antibodies for the highly efficient use of immobilized antibodies on a sensing substrate. Amine coupling was used to immobilize the single-domain antibodies on the substrate through a robust covalent bond. First, for two model single-domain antibodies with lysines at four highly conserved positions (K48, K72, K84, and K95), we mutated the lysines to alanine and measured the binding activity of the mutants (the percentage of immobilized antibodies that can bind antigen) using surface plasmon resonance. The two model single-domain antibodies tended to have higher binding activities when K72, which is close to the antigen binding site, was mutated. Adding a Lys-tag to the C-terminus of single-domain antibodies also increased the binding activity. We also mutated the lysine for another model single-domain antibodies with the lysine in a different position than the four residues mentioned above and measured the binding activity. Thus, single-domain antibodies immobilized in an orientation accessible to the antigen tended to have a high binding activity, provided that the physical properties of the single-domain antibodies themselves (affinity and structural stability) were not significantly reduced. Specifically, the design strategy of single-domain antibodies with high binding activity included mutating the lysine at or near the antigen binding site, adding a Lys-tag to the C-terminus, and mutating a residue away from the antigen binding site to lysine. It is noteworthy that mutating K72 close to the antigen binding site was more effective in increasing the binding activity than Lys-tag addition, and immobilization at the N-terminus close to the antigen binding site did not have such a negative effect on the binding activity compared to immobilization at the K72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Hirao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Emina Ikeuchi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsukushi Yamawaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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Truong TTT, Huynh VQ, Vo NT, Nguyen HD. Studying the characteristics of nanobody CDR regions based on sequence analysis in combination with 3D structures. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:157. [DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Single-domain antibodies or nanobodies have recently attracted much attention in research and applications because of their great potential and advantage over conventional antibodies. However, isolation of candidate nanobodies in the lab has been costly and time-consuming. Screening of leading nanobody candidates through synthetic libraries is a promising alternative, but it requires prior knowledge to control the diversity of the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) while still maintaining functionality. In this work, we identified sequence characteristics that could contribute to nanobody functionality by analyzing three datasets, CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3.
Results
By classification of amino acids based on physicochemical properties, we found that two different amino acid groups were sufficient for CDRs. The nonpolar group accounted for half of the total amino acid composition in these sequences. Observation of the highest occurrence of each amino acid revealed that the usage of some important amino acids such as tyrosine and serine was highly correlated with the length of the CDR3. Amino acid repeat motifs were also under-represented and highly restricted as 3-mers. Inspecting the crystallographic data also demonstrated conservation in structural coordinates of dominant amino acids such as methionine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, and tyrosine and certain positions in the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences.
Conclusions
We identified sequence characteristics that contributed to functional nanobodies including amino acid groups, the occurrence of each kind of amino acids, and repeat patterns. These results provide a simple set of rules to make it easier to generate desired candidates by computational means; also, they can be used as a reference to evaluate synthetic nanobodies.
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Asaadi Y, Jouneghani FF, Janani S, Rahbarizadeh F. A comprehensive comparison between camelid nanobodies and single chain variable fragments. Biomark Res 2021; 9:87. [PMID: 34863296 PMCID: PMC8642758 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By the emergence of recombinant DNA technology, many antibody fragments have been developed devoid of undesired properties of natural immunoglobulins. Among them, camelid heavy-chain variable domains (VHHs) and single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are the most favored ones. While scFv is used widely in various applications, camelid antibodies (VHHs) can serve as an alternative because of their superior chemical and physical properties such as higher solubility, stability, smaller size, and lower production cost. Here, these two counterparts are compared in structure and properties to identify which one is more suitable for each of their various therapeutic, diagnosis, and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Asaadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fazlollahi Jouneghani
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Janani
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Huang Y, Fu J, Zhong Y, Shuai W, Zhang H, Li Y, He Q, Tu Z. Tandem nanobody: A feasible way to improve the capacity of affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122678. [PMID: 33839466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies, referred to the binding domain of the heavy-chain-only antibodies, are the smallest antigen recognition unit. The molecular weight of monomeric nanobodies is about one-tenth of the conventional antibodies. The small size of nanobodies facilitates genetic manipulation and recombinant expression. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nanobody multivalency on the binding capacity of affinity resin. The nanobody (namely AFV), which binds to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of immunoglobulin G (IgG), was fused to the N-terminal of HaloTag in the form of monomeric (H-AFV), dimer (H-diAFV), trimer (H-triAFV), and tetramer (H-tetAFV). The fusion proteins were solubly expressed in Escherichia coli yielding at least 9.9 mg L-1. The biolayer interferometry confirmed an increment of avidity as the increase of AFV valences. The four recombinant proteins in crude cell lysate were site-specifically immobilized onto the Halo ligand resin via the self-labeling HaloTag, respectively. The generated affinity resins were able to isolate high purity IgG from mouse plasma. The highest improvement of the static binding capacity was achieved 73.7% by the H-diAFV resin other than the H-triAFV or H-tetAFV, as compared to the H-AFV resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institution, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jinheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institution, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institution, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenyuan Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institution, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institution, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhui Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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7
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Bastos-Soares EA, Sousa RMO, Gómez AF, Alfonso J, Kayano AM, Zanchi FB, Funes-Huacca ME, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Pereira SS, Fernandes CFC. Single domain antibodies in the development of immunosensors for diagnostics. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2244-2252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Hinz SC, Elter A, Rammo O, Schwämmle A, Ali A, Zielonka S, Herget T, Kolmar H. A Generic Procedure for the Isolation of pH- and Magnesium-Responsive Chicken scFvs for Downstream Purification of Human Antibodies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:688. [PMID: 32656201 PMCID: PMC7324474 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity chromatography provides an excellent platform for protein purification, which is a key step in the large scale downstream processing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Protein A chromatography constitutes the gold standard for Mab purification. However, the required acidic conditions (2.8–3.5) for elution from the affinity matrix limit their applicability, particularly for next generation antibodies and antibody fusion proteins, since denaturation and irreversible aggregation can occur due to the acidic buffer conditions. Here we describe a generic procedure for the generation of antigen-specific chromatography ligands with tailor-made elution conditions. To this end, we generated a scFv-library based on mRNA from a chicken immunized with human Fc. The antibody repertoire was displayed on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae screened via FACS toward pH- and magnesium-responsive scFvs which specifically recognize human IgG antibodies. Isolated scFvs were reformatted, produced in Escherichia coli and immobilized on NHS-agarose columns. Several scFvs were identified that mediated antibody binding at neutral pH and antibody recovery at pH values of 4.5 and higher or even at neutral pH upon MgCl2 exposure. The iterative screening methodology established here is generally amenable to the straightforward isolation of stimulus-responsive antibodies that may become valuable tools for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Rammo
- Life Science Division, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Ataurehman Ali
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Herget
- Strategy und Transformation, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Buschhaus MJ, Becker S, Porter AJ, Barelle CJ. Isolation of highly selective IgNAR variable single-domains against a human therapeutic Fc scaffold and their application as tailor-made bioprocessing reagents. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:385-399. [PMID: 32119084 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of cartilaginous fish (Elasmobranchii), comprising of classical hetero-tetrameric antibodies, is enhanced through the presence of a naturally occurring homodimeric antibody-like immunoglobulin-the new antigen receptor (IgNAR). The binding site of the IgNAR variable single-domain (VNAR) offers advantages of reduced size (<1/10th of classical immunoglobulin) and extended binding topographies, making it an ideal candidate for accessing cryptic epitopes otherwise intractable to conventional antibodies. These attributes, coupled with high physicochemical stability and amenability to phage display, facilitate the selection of VNAR binders to challenging targets. Here, we explored the unique attributes of these single domains for potential application as bioprocessing reagents in the development of the SEED-Fc platform, designed to generate therapeutic bispecific antibodies. A panel of unique VNARs specific to the SEED homodimeric (monospecific) 'by-products' were isolated from a shark semi-synthetic VNAR library via phage display. The lead VNAR candidate exhibited low nanomolar affinity and superior selectivity to SEED homodimer, with functionality being retained upon exposure to extreme physicochemical conditions that mimic their applicability as purification agents. Ultimately, this work exemplifies the robustness of the semi-synthetic VNAR platform, the predisposition of the VNAR paratope to recognise novel epitopes and the potential for routine generation of tailor-made VNAR-based bioprocessing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J Buschhaus
- Elasmogen Ltd, Liberty Building, Foresterhill Health Campus, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Stefan Becker
- Merck Biopharma KGaA, Protein Engineering & Antibody Technologies, Global Research and Development, Frankfurter Str. 250 Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Andrew J Porter
- Elasmogen Ltd, Liberty Building, Foresterhill Health Campus, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Caroline J Barelle
- Elasmogen Ltd, Liberty Building, Foresterhill Health Campus, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
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Chabrol E, Stojko J, Nicolas A, Botzanowski T, Fould B, Antoine M, Cianférani S, Ferry G, Boutin JA. VHH characterization.Recombinant VHHs: Production, characterization and affinity. Anal Biochem 2019; 589:113491. [PMID: 31676284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the biological approaches to therapeutics, are the cells, such as CAR-T cells engineered or not, the antibodies armed or not, and the smaller protein scaffolds that can be modified to render them specific of other proteins, à la façon of antibodies. For several years, we explored ways to substitute antibodies by nanobodies (also known as VHHs), the smallest recognizing part of camelids' heavy-chain antibodies: production of those small proteins in host microorganisms, minute analyses, characterization, and qualification of their affinity towards designed targets. Here, we present three standard VHHs described in the literature: anti-albumin, anti-EGF receptor and anti-HER2, a typical cancer cell surface -associated protein. Because they differ slightly in global structure, they are good models to assess our body of analytical methodologies. The VHHs were expressed in several bacteria strains in order to identify and overcome the bottlenecks to obtain homogeneous preparations of this protein. A large panel of biophysical tools, ranging from spectroscopy to mass spectrometry, was here combined to assess VHH structural features and the impact of the disulfide bond. The routes are now ready to move to more complex VHHs raised against specific targets in numerous areas including oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chabrol
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Johann Stojko
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mathias Antoine
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Jean A Boutin
- PEX Biotechnologies, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France; Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 50 rue Carnot, 92284, Suresnes Cedex, France.
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11
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Structural and thermodynamic basis for the recognition of the substrate-binding cleft on hen egg lysozyme by a single-domain antibody. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15481. [PMID: 31664051 PMCID: PMC6820745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (VHHs or nanobodies), developed from heavy chain-only antibodies of camelids, are gaining attention as next-generation therapeutic agents. Despite their small size, the high affinity and specificity displayed by VHHs for antigen molecules rival those of IgGs. How such small antibodies achieve that level of performance? Structural studies have revealed that VHHs tend to recognize concave surfaces of their antigens with high shape-complementarity. However, the energetic contribution of individual residues located at the binding interface has not been addressed in detail, obscuring the actual mechanism by which VHHs target the concave surfaces of proteins. Herein, we show that a VHH specific for hen egg lysozyme, D3-L11, not only displayed the characteristic binding of VHHs to a concave region of the surface of the antigen, but also exhibited a distribution of energetic hot-spots like those of IgGs and conventional protein-protein complexes. The highly preorganized and energetically compact interface of D3-L11 recognizes the concave epitope with high shape complementarity by the classical lock-and-key mechanism. Our results shed light on the fundamental basis by which a particular VHH accommodate to the concave surface of an antigens with high affinity in a specific manner, enriching the mechanistic landscape of VHHs.
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Ramos‐de‐la‐Peña AM, González‐Valdez J, Aguilar O. Protein A chromatography: Challenges and progress in the purification of monoclonal antibodies. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1816-1827. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oscar Aguilar
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science Monterrey NL Mexico
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13
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Schumacher D, Helma J, Schneider AFL, Leonhardt H, Hackenberger CPR. Nanobodies: Chemical Functionalization Strategies and Intracellular Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2314-2333. [PMID: 28913971 PMCID: PMC5838514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies can be seen as next-generation tools for the recognition and modulation of antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and high stability, nanobodies see frequent usage in basic research, and their chemical functionalization opens the way towards promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Review, central aspects of nanobody functionalization are presented, together with selected applications. While early conjugation strategies relied on the random modification of natural amino acids, more recent studies have focused on the site-specific attachment of functional moieties. Such techniques include chemoenzymatic approaches, expressed protein ligation, and amber suppression in combination with bioorthogonal modification strategies. Recent applications range from sophisticated imaging and mass spectrometry to the delivery of nanobodies into living cells for the visualization and manipulation of intracellular antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schumacher
- Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare, Pharmakologie and Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Biology IILudwig Maximilians Universität München und Center for Integrated Protein Science MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Jonas Helma
- Department of Biology IILudwig Maximilians Universität München und Center for Integrated Protein Science MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Anselm F. L. Schneider
- Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare, Pharmakologie and Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology IILudwig Maximilians Universität München und Center for Integrated Protein Science MunichMartinsriedGermany
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Schumacher D, Helma J, Schneider AFL, Leonhardt H, Hackenberger CPR. Nanobodys: Strategien zur chemischen Funktionalisierung und intrazelluläre Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schumacher
- Chemische Biologie, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Deutschland
- Department Biologie II; Ludwig Maximilians Universität München und Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich; Martinsried Deutschland
| | - Jonas Helma
- Department Biologie II; Ludwig Maximilians Universität München und Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich; Martinsried Deutschland
| | - Anselm F. L. Schneider
- Chemische Biologie, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Deutschland
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department Biologie II; Ludwig Maximilians Universität München und Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich; Martinsried Deutschland
| | - Christian P. R. Hackenberger
- Chemische Biologie, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Deutschland
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kruljec
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Bratkovič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Godar M, Morello V, Sadi A, Hultberg A, De Jonge N, Basilico C, Hanssens V, Saunders M, Lambrecht BN, El Khattabi M, de Haard H, Michieli P, Blanchetot C. Dual anti-idiotypic purification of a novel, native-format biparatopic anti-MET antibody with improved in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31621. [PMID: 27546726 PMCID: PMC4992859 DOI: 10.1038/srep31621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are of great interest due to their ability to simultaneously bind and engage different antigens or epitopes. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to assemble, produce and/or purify them. Here we present an innovative dual anti-idiotypic purification process, which provides pure bispecific antibodies with native immunoglobulin format. Using this approach, a biparatopic IgG1 antibody targeting two distinct, HGF-competing, non-overlapping epitopes on the extracellular region of the MET receptor, was purified with camelid single-domain antibody fragments that bind specifically to the correct heavy chain/light chain pairings of each arm. The purity and functionality of the anti-MET biparatopic antibody was then confirmed by mass spectrometry and binding experiments, demonstrating its ability to simultaneously target the two epitopes recognized by the parental monoclonal antibodies. The improved MET-inhibitory activity of the biparatopic antibody compared to the parental monoclonal antibodies, was finally corroborated in cell-based assays and more importantly in a tumor xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, this approach is fast and specific, broadly applicable and results in the isolation of a pure, novel and native-format anti-MET biparatopic antibody that shows superior biological activity over the parental monospecific antibodies both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Godar
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Virginia Morello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Ava Sadi
- QVQ BV, Yalelaan 1 Androclus building, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Hultberg
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Natalie De Jonge
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Valérie Hanssens
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Michael Saunders
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans de Haard
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Paolo Michieli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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Wang Y, Fan Z, Shao L, Kong X, Hou X, Tian D, Sun Y, Xiao Y, Yu L. Nanobody-derived nanobiotechnology tool kits for diverse biomedical and biotechnology applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3287-303. [PMID: 27499623 PMCID: PMC4959585 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s107194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to peculiar properties of nanobody, including nanoscale size, robust structure, stable and soluble behaviors in aqueous solution, reversible refolding, high affinity and specificity for only one cognate target, superior cryptic cleft accessibility, and deep tissue penetration, as well as a sustainable source, it has been an ideal research tool for the development of sophisticated nanobiotechnologies. Currently, the nanobody has been evolved into versatile research and application tool kits for diverse biomedical and biotechnology applications. Various nanobody-derived formats, including the nanobody itself, the radionuclide or fluorescent-labeled nanobodies, nanobody homo- or heteromultimers, nanobody-coated nanoparticles, and nanobody-displayed bacteriophages, have been successfully demonstrated as powerful nanobiotechnological tool kits for basic biomedical research, targeting drug delivery and therapy, disease diagnosis, bioimaging, and agricultural and plant protection. These applications indicate a special advantage of these nanobody-derived technologies, already surpassing the “me-too” products of other equivalent binders, such as the full-length antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, antigen-binding fragments, targeting peptides, and DNA-based aptamers. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art in nanobody research, focusing on the nanobody structural features, nanobody production approach, nanobody-derived nanobiotechnology tool kits, and the potentially diverse applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. The future trends, challenges, and limitations of the nanobody-derived nanobiotechnology tool kits are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Bio-manufacture, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Bio-manufacture, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjuan Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Bio-manufacture, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongrui Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Bio-manufacture, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Bio-manufacture, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Bio-manufacture, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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18
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Steeland S, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Nanobodies as therapeutics: big opportunities for small antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1076-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Bernedo-Navarro RA, Yano T. Phage display and Shiga toxin neutralizers. Toxicon 2016; 113:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Davenport KR, Smith CA, Hofstetter H, Horn JR, Hofstetter O. Site-directed immobilization of a genetically engineered anti-methotrexate antibody via an enzymatically introduced biotin label significantly increases the binding capacity of immunoaffinity columns. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1021:114-121. [PMID: 26809205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of random vs. site-directed immobilization techniques on the performance of antibody-based HPLC columns was investigated using a single-domain camelid antibody (VHH) directed against methotrexate (MTX) as a model system. First, the high flow-through support material POROS-OH was activated with disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC), and the VHH was bound in a random manner via amines located on the protein's surface. The resulting column was characterized by Frontal Affinity Chromatography (FAC). Then, two site-directed techniques were explored to increase column efficiency by immobilizing the antibody via its C-terminus, i.e., away from the antigen-binding site. In one approach, a tetra-lysine tail was added, and the antibody was immobilized onto DSC-activated POROS. In the second site-directed approach, the VHH was modified with the AviTag peptide, and a biotin-residue was enzymatically incorporated at the C-terminus using the biotin ligase BirA. The biotinylated antibody was subsequently immobilized onto NeutrAvidin-derivatized POROS. A comparison of the FAC analyses, which for all three columns showed excellent linearity (R(2)>0.999), revealed that both site-directed approaches yield better results than the random immobilization; the by far highest efficiency, however, was determined for the immunoaffinity column based on AviTag-biotinylated antibody. As proof of concept, all three columns were evaluated for quantification of MTX dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Validation using UV-detection showed excellent linearity in the range of 0.04-12μM (R(2)>0.993). The lower limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were found to be independent of the immobilization strategy and were 40nM and 132nM, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision was below 11.6%, and accuracy was between 90.7% and 112%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the AviTag-system in chromatography, and the first application of immunoaffinity chromatography for the analysis of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlynn R Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA
| | - Heike Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA
| | - James R Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA
| | - Oliver Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA.
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21
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Tu Z, Xu Y, Fu J, Huang Z, Wang Y, Liu B, Tao Y. Preparation and characterization of novel IgG affinity resin coupling anti-Fc camelid single-domain antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 983-984:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Desmyter A, Spinelli S, Roussel A, Cambillau C. Camelid nanobodies: killing two birds with one stone. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 32:1-8. [PMID: 25614146 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of single-domain camelid immunoglobulins, termed vHHs or nanobodies, has seen increasing growth in biotechnology, pharmaceutical applications and structure/function research. The usefulness of nanobodies in structural biology is now firmly established, as they provide access to new epitopes in concave and hinge regions - and stabilize them. These sites are often associated with enzyme inhibition or receptor neutralization, and, at the same time, provide favorable surfaces for crystal packing. Remarkable results have been achieved by using nanobodies with flexible multi-domain proteins, large complexes and, last but not least, membrane proteins. While generating nanobodies is still a rather long and expensive procedure, the advent of naive libraries might be expected to facilitate the whole process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Desmyter
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFMB, UMR 7257, case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Silvia Spinelli
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFMB, UMR 7257, case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFMB, UMR 7257, case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFMB, UMR 7257, case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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23
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Lim BN, Tye GJ, Choong YS, Ong EBB, Ismail A, Lim TS. Principles and application of antibody libraries for infectious diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2381-92. [PMID: 25214212 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have been used efficiently for the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. Recombinant antibody technology allows the generation of fully human antibodies. Phage display is the gold standard for the production of human antibodies in vitro. To generate monoclonal antibodies by phage display, the generation of antibody libraries is crucial. Antibody libraries are classified according to the source where the antibody gene sequences were obtained. The most useful library for infectious diseases is the immunized library. Immunized libraries would allow better and selective enrichment of antibodies against disease antigens. The antibodies generated from these libraries can be translated for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review focuses on the generation of immunized antibody libraries and the potential applications of the antibodies derived from these libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Nar Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia,
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24
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De Meyer T, Muyldermans S, Depicker A. Nanobody-based products as research and diagnostic tools. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:263-70. [PMID: 24698358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the serendipitous discovery 20 years ago of bona fide camelid heavy-chain antibodies, their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, known as VHHs or nanobodies, have received a progressively growing interest. As a result of the beneficial properties of these stable recombinant entities, they are currently highly valued proteins for multiple applications, including fundamental research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Today, with the original patents expiring, even more academic and industrial groups are expected to explore innovative VHH applications. Here, we provide a thorough overview of novel implementations of VHHs as research and diagnostic tools, and of the recently evaluated production platforms for several VHHs and VHH-derived antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Meyer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussel, Belgium; Research Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ann Depicker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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Hermans P, Adams H, Detmers F. Purification of antibodies and antibody fragments using CaptureSelect™ affinity resins. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1131:297-314. [PMID: 24515474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-992-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the introduction of bacterial derived surface proteins like protein A that demonstrate a natural binding reactivity towards antibodies, affinity chromatography has evolved into a well-established technology for the purification of antibodies and antibody fragments. Although high selectivity is provided by these types of affinity ligands, not all antibodies or antibody fragments are covered, which then forces the use of non-affinity-based processes that are less selective and often result in lower one-step purity and yield. To fill these gaps, we here describe a novel range of CaptureSelect(™) affinity resins that enables immunoaffinity chromatography for a much broader range of antibody targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Hermans
- BAC BV, Life Technologies, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Devoogdt N, De Pauw P, Vincke C, Muyldermans S. Nanobodies and their potential applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1013-26. [PMID: 23730699 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are recombinant, antigen-specific, single-domain, variable fragments of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. The innate supremacy of nanobodies as a renewable source of affinity reagents, together with their high production yield in a broad variety of expression systems, minimal size, great stability, reversible refolding and outstanding solubility in aqueous solutions, and ability to specifically recognize unique epitopes with subnanomolar affinity, have combined to make them a useful class of biomolecules for research and various medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This article speculates on a number of technological innovations that might be introduced in the nanobody identification platform to streamline the generation of more potent nanobodies and to expand their application range.
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Kullolli M, Warren J, Arampatzidou M, Pitteri SJ. Performance evaluation of affinity ligands for depletion of abundant plasma proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 939:10-6. [PMID: 24090752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human plasma is a commonly used diagnostic fluid in clinical chemistry. In-depth plasma proteomic analysis is performed to search for disease biomarkers, however the large dynamic range of protein abundance in plasma presents a substantial analytical challenge. Removal of abundant plasma proteins using antibody capture approaches is a common and attractive means to reduce sample complexity and to aid the analysis of lower abundance proteins of interest. A novel class of heavy chain camelid-derived affinity ligands produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has recently been developed as an alternative to antibody-based depletion methods. Here, we evaluate the performance characteristics of these ligands for removal of high abundance plasma proteins. Affinity ligands were tested for the removal of 14 abundant human plasma proteins. The performance characteristics were evaluated by gel-electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS of the bound and flow-through fractions. The capacity of a 5.6mL column was found to be 125μL of plasma. Replicate analysis demonstrated high column reproducibility and linearity, efficient removal of abundant proteins, and enrichment of lower abundance proteins observed after depletion. The novel class of affinity ligands provides an attractive alternative to traditional antibody-based immunodepletion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majlinda Kullolli
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Li P, Majkova Z, Bever CRS, Kim HJ, Zhang Q, Dechant JE, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Isolation of alpaca anti-idiotypic heavy-chain single-domain antibody for the aflatoxin immunoassay. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8298-303. [PMID: 23965250 DOI: 10.1021/ac4015885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibodies recognize the antigenic determinants of an antibody, thus they can be used as surrogate antigens. Single-domain antibodies from camlid heavy-chain antibodies with the benefit features of small size, thermostability, and ease in expression, are leading candidates to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies. In this work, we constructed an antibody phage library from the mRNA of an alpaca immunized with an antiaflatoxin monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1C11. Three anti-idiotypic VHH antibodies were isolated and applied to immunoassay toward aflatoxin as a coating antigen. The best immunoassay developed with one of these VHH antibodies shows an IC50 of 0.16 ng/mL toward aflatoxin B1 and cross-reactivity toward aflatoxin B2, G1, and G2 of 90.4%, 54.4%, and 37.7%, respectively. The VHH-based immunoassay was successfully applied to the analysis of peanuts, corn, and rice, which are the predominant commodities regularly contaminated by aflatoxins. A good correlation (r(2) = 0.89) was found between the data obtained from the conventional ELISA and the ELISA based on a VHH coating antigen for the analysis of aflatoxins in peanuts and feedstuff. The use of biotechnology in developing the surrogate, the absence of standard aflatoxin and organic solvents in the synthesis procedures, and the reproducibility of the VHH antibody makes it an ideal strategy for replacing conventional synthesized antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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Abstract
Sera of camelids contain both conventional heterotetrameric antibodies and unique functional heavy (H)-chain antibodies (HCAbs). The H chain of these homodimeric antibodies consists of one antigen-binding domain, the VHH, and two constant domains. HCAbs fail to incorporate light (L) chains owing to the deletion of the first constant domain and a reshaped surface at the VHH side, which normally associates with L chains in conventional antibodies. The genetic elements composing HCAbs have been identified, but the in vivo generation of these antibodies from their dedicated genes into antigen-specific and affinity-matured bona fide antibodies remains largely underinvestigated. However, the facile identification of antigen-specific VHHs and their beneficial biochemical and economic properties (size, affinity, specificity, stability, production cost) supported by multiple crystal structures have encouraged antibody engineering of these single-domain antibodies for use as a research tool and in biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Muyldermans
- Research Group Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Dolk E, Verrips T, de Haard H. Selection of VHHs under application conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 911:199-209. [PMID: 22886254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-968-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The successful application of antibody fragments such as VHHs in diagnostic assays, affinity purification, imaging, or therapy is not determined by the specificity and affinity of the antibody fragment alone. The ability to bind the target protein in the environment in which the antibody fragment is intended to functionally perform determines to a great extent its success. To identify antibodies with the required stability profile selection of naturally occurring variants from an immune library or mutants from an engineered library should be performed via phage display. The conditions under which the designed antibodies displayed on phage bind to the target ideally should mimic the environment in which the antibody should be effective. After selection individual antibodies need to be tested in appropriate screening assays, again taking into account the conditions under which the antibody should bind to the target and induce the desired effect.
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31
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Technology trends in antibody purification. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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de Marco A. Biotechnological applications of recombinant single-domain antibody fragments. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:44. [PMID: 21658216 PMCID: PMC3123181 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-domain antibody fragments possess structural features, such as a small dimension, an elevated stability, and the singularity of recognizing epitopes non-accessible for conventional antibodies that make them interesting for several research and biotechnological applications. RESULTS The discovery of the single-domain antibody's potentials has stimulated their use in an increasing variety of fields. The rapid accumulation of articles describing new applications and further developments of established approaches has made it, therefore, necessary to update the previous reviews with a new and more complete summary of the topic. CONCLUSIONS Beside the necessary task of updating, this work analyses in detail some applicative aspects of the single-domain antibodies that have been overseen in the past, such as their efficacy in affinity chromatography, as co-crystallization chaperones, protein aggregation controllers, enzyme activity tuners, and the specificities of the unconventional single-domain fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Vipavska 13, PO Box 301-SI-5000, Rožna Dolina (Nova Gorica), Slovenia.
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Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Sharifzadeh Z. Nanobody; an old concept and new vehicle for immunotargeting. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:299-338. [PMID: 21244216 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.542228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibodies in cancer therapy has come a long way since the day Paul Ehrlich described the concept and Kohler and Milstein devised the hybridoma technology to bring this theory to reality. The synthesis of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was the first success in this field, leading to the invention of chimerization, the production of variable fragments (Fv) with the progression to domain antibodies (dAb) and later humanization technologies to maximize the clinical utility of murine mAbs. It was just by chance that dAbs were found to exist in ?heavy chain? immunoglobulins from Camelidae family and cartilaginous fish. These unique antibody fragments interact with antigen by virtue of only one single variable domain, referred to as VHH or nanobody. Several characteristics make nanobody use superior to the abovementioned antibodies. They are non-immunogenic and show high thermal and chemical stability. There are several reports of raising specific nanobodies against enzymes, haptens, pathogens, toxins and tumor markers, which are outlined in this paper. All these characteristics make them strong candidates as targeting agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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35
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Franco EJ, Sonneson GJ, DeLegge TJ, Hofstetter H, Horn JR, Hofstetter O. Production and characterization of a genetically engineered anti-caffeine camelid antibody and its use in immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Adams H, Brummelhuis W, Maassen B, van Egmond N, El Khattabi M, Detmers F, Hermans P, Braam B, Stam J, Verrips T. Specific immuno capturing of the staphylococcal superantigen toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 in plasma. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:143-51. [PMID: 19475676 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Toxic-shock syndrome is primarily caused by the Toxic-shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), which is secreted by the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The toxin belongs to a family of superantigens (SAgs) which exhibit several shared biological properties, including the induction of massive cytokine release and V(beta)-specific T-cell proliferation. In this study we explored the possibility to use monoclonal Variable domains of Llama Heavy-chain antibodies (VHH) in the immuno capturing of TSST-1 from plasma. Data is presented that the selected VHHs are highly specific for TSST-1 and can be efficiently produced in large amounts in yeast. In view of affinity chromatography, the VHHs are easily coupled to beads, and are able to deplete TSST-1 from plasma at very low, for example, pathologically relevant, concentrations. When spiked with 4 ng/mL TSST-1 more than 96% of TSST-1 was depleted from pig plasma. These data pave the way to further explore application of high-affinity columns in the specific immuno depletion of SAgs in experimental sepsis models and in sepsis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Adams
- Faculty of Science, Department of Cellular Architecture and Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zandian M, Jungbauer A. Engineering properties of a camelid antibody affinity sorbent for Immunoglobulin G purification. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5548-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Wesolowski J, Alzogaray V, Reyelt J, Unger M, Juarez K, Urrutia M, Cauerhff A, Danquah W, Rissiek B, Scheuplein F, Schwarz N, Adriouch S, Boyer O, Seman M, Licea A, Serreze DV, Goldbaum FA, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2009; 198:157-74. [PMID: 19529959 PMCID: PMC2714450 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-009-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are important tools for experimental research and medical applications. Most antibodies are composed of two heavy and two light chains. Both chains contribute to the antigen-binding site which is usually flat or concave. In addition to these conventional antibodies, llamas, other camelids, and sharks also produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains. The antigen-binding site of these unusual heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs) is formed only by a single domain, designated VHH in camelid hcAbs and VNAR in shark hcAbs. VHH and VNAR are easily produced as recombinant proteins, designated single domain antibodies (sdAbs) or nanobodies. The CDR3 region of these sdAbs possesses the extraordinary capacity to form long fingerlike extensions that can extend into cavities on antigens, e.g., the active site crevice of enzymes. Other advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, thermal stability, refolding capacity, and good tissue penetration in vivo. Here we review the results of several recent proof-of-principle studies that open the exciting perspective of using sdAbs for modulating immune functions and for targeting toxins and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Wesolowski
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Urbas L, Brne P, Gabor B, Barut M, Strlic M, Petric TC, Strancar A. Depletion of high-abundance proteins from human plasma using a combination of an affinity and pseudo-affinity column. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2689-94. [PMID: 19010473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) represent over 75% of all proteins present in human plasma. These high-abundance proteins prevent the detection of low-abundance proteins which are potential markers for various diseases. The depletion of HSA and IgG is therefore essential for further proteome analysis. In this paper we describe the optimization of conditions for selective depletion of HSA and IgG using affinity and pseudo-affinity chromatography. A BIA Separations CIM (convective interaction media) Protein G disk was applied for the removal of IgG and the Mimetic Blue SA A6XL stationary phase for the removal of HSA. The binding and the elution buffer for CIM Protein G disk were chosen on the basis of the peak shape. The dynamic binding capacity was determined. It was shown to be dependent on the buffer system used and independent of the flow rate and of the concentration of IgG. Beside the binding capacity for the IgG standard, the binding capacity was also determined for IgG in human plasma. The Mimetic Blue SA A6XL column was characterized using human plasma. The selectivity of the depletion was dependent on the amount of human plasma that was loaded on the column. After the conditions on both supports had been optimized, the Mimetic Blue SA A6XL stationary phase was combined with the CIM Protein G disk in order to simultaneously deplete samples of human plasma. A centrifuge spin column that enables the removal of IgG and HSA from 20 microL of human plasma was designed. The results of the depletion were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Urbas
- BIA Separations d.o.o., Teslova 30, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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40
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jonsson A, Dogan J, Herne N, Abrahmsen L, Nygren PA. Engineering of a femtomolar affinity binding protein to human serum albumin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:515-27. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Wuhrer M, Stam JC, van de Geijn FE, Koeleman CAM, Verrips CT, Dolhain RJEM, Hokke CH, Deelder AM. Glycosylation profiling of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses from human serum. Proteomics 2008; 7:4070-81. [PMID: 17994628 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
All four subclasses of human serum IgG contain a single N-glycosylation site in the constant region of their heavy chain, which is occupied by biantennary, largely core-fucosylated and partially truncated oligosaccharides, that may carry a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid residues. IgG glycosylation has been shown to be altered under various physiological and pathological circumstances. IgG N-glycan profiles vary with age, and galactosylation for example is enhanced during pregnancy. Several diseases including rheumatoid arthritis are associated with a reduction in galactosylation of the IgG N-glycans. Here, we describe a robust method for the isolation of IgG subclasses using protein A (binds IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4) and protein G (binds additionally IgG3) at the 96-well plate level, which is suitable for automation. Isolated IgGs were digested with trypsin, and obtained glycopeptides were analyzed by nano-LC-MS. Glycopeptides were characterized by CID as well as electron transfer dissociation (ETD). The method provided glycosylation profiles for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 and revealed distinct differences in N-glycosylation between the four IgG subclasses. The changes in galactosylation associated with rheumatoid arthritis could readily be monitored. This method is suitable for the subclass-specific analysis of IgG glycosylation from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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