1
|
Planchette AL, Schmidt C, Burri O, Gomez de Agüero M, Radenovic A, Mylonas A, Extermann J. Optical imaging of the small intestine immune compartment across scales. Commun Biol 2023; 6:352. [PMID: 37002381 PMCID: PMC10066397 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitations of 2D microscopy constrain our ability to observe and understand tissue-wide networks that are, by nature, 3-dimensional. Optical projection tomography (OPT) enables the acquisition of large volumes (ranging from micrometres to centimetres) in various tissues. We present a multi-modal workflow for the characterization of both structural and quantitative parameters of the mouse small intestine. As proof of principle, we evidence its applicability for imaging the mouse intestinal immune compartment and surrounding mucosal structures. We quantify the volumetric size and spatial distribution of Isolated Lymphoid Follicles (ILFs) and quantify the density of villi throughout centimetre-long segments of intestine. Furthermore, we exhibit the age and microbiota dependence for ILF development, and leverage a technique that we call reverse-OPT for identifying and homing in on regions of interest. Several quantification capabilities are displayed, including villous density in the autofluorescent channel and the size and spatial distribution of the signal of interest at millimetre-scale volumes. The concatenation of 3D imaging with reverse-OPT and high-resolution 2D imaging allows accurate localisation of ROIs and adds value to interpretations made in 3D. Importantly, OPT may be used to identify sparsely-distributed regions of interest in large volumes whilst retaining compatibility with high-resolution microscopy modalities, including confocal microscopy. We believe this pipeline to be approachable for a wide-range of specialties, and to provide a new method for characterisation of the mouse intestinal immune compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Louise Planchette
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cédric Schmidt
- HEPIA/HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue de la Prairie 4, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Burri
- BioImaging & Optics Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Host-microbial interactions group, Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck research group, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alessio Mylonas
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Extermann
- HEPIA/HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue de la Prairie 4, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hazart D, Delhomme B, Oheim M, Ricard C. Label-free, fast, 2-photon volume imaging of the organization of neurons and glia in the enteric nervous system. Front Neuroanat 2023; 16:1070062. [PMID: 36844894 PMCID: PMC9948619 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1070062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), sometimes referred to as a "second brain" is a quasi-autonomous nervous system, made up of interconnected plexuses organized in a mesh-like network lining the gastrointestinal tract. Originally described as an actor in the regulation of digestion, bowel contraction, and intestinal secretion, the implications of the ENS in various central neuropathologies has recently been demonstrated. However, with a few exceptions, the morphology and pathologic alterations of the ENS have mostly been studied on thin sections of the intestinal wall or, alternatively, in dissected explants. Precious information on the three-dimensional (3-D) architecture and connectivity is hence lost. Here, we propose the fast, label-free 3-D imaging of the ENS, based on intrinsic signals. We used a custom, fast tissue-clearing protocol based on a high refractive-index aqueous solution to increase the imaging depth and allow us the detection of faint signals and we characterized the autofluorescence (AF) from the various cellular and sub-cellular components of the ENS. Validation by immunofluorescence and spectral recordings complete this groundwork. Then, we demonstrate the rapid acquisition of detailed 3-D image stacks from unlabeled mouse ileum and colon, across the whole intestinal wall and including both the myenteric and submucosal enteric nervous plexuses using a new spinning-disk two-photon (2P) microscope. The combination of fast clearing (less than 15 min for 73% transparency), AF detection and rapid volume imaging [less than 1 min for the acquisition of a z-stack of 100 planes (150*150 μm) at sub-300-nm spatial resolution] opens up the possibility for new applications in fundamental and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Hazart
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Delhomme
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Honda M, Kadohisa M, Yoshii D, Komohara Y, Hibi T. Intravital imaging of immune responses in intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:9. [PMID: 36737792 PMCID: PMC9896837 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, many kinds of immune cells have been identified, but their precise roles in intestinal immunity remain unclear. Understanding the in vivo behavior of these immune cells and their function in gastrointestinal inflammation, including colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neutrophil extracellular traps, is critical for gastrointestinal research to proceed to the next step. Additionally, understanding the immune responses involved in gastrointestinal tumors and tissue repair is becoming increasingly important for the elucidation of disease mechanisms that have been unknown. In recent years, the application of intravital microscopy in gastrointestinal research has provided novel insights into the mechanisms of intestine-specific events including innate and adaptive immunities. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of intravital imaging in gastrointestinal research and describe how to observe the intestines and immune cells using intravital microscopy. Additionally, we outline novel findings obtained by this new technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Pediatric Surgery and Transplantation, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Masashi Kadohisa
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Pediatric Surgery and Transplantation, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshii
- grid.411152.20000 0004 0407 1295Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Cell Pathology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taizo Hibi
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Pediatric Surgery and Transplantation, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Enteric bacterial infections contribute substantially to global disease burden and mortality, particularly in the developing world. In vitro 2D monolayer cultures have provided critical insights into the fundamental virulence mechanisms of a multitude of pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp., Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni, which have led to the identification of novel targets for antimicrobial therapy and vaccines. In recent years, the arsenal of experimental systems to study intestinal infections has been expanded by a multitude of more complex models, which have allowed to evaluate the effects of additional physiological and biological parameters on infectivity. Organoids recapitulate the cellular complexity of the human intestinal epithelium while 3D bioengineered scaffolds and microphysiological devices allow to emulate oxygen gradients, flow and peristalsis, as well as the formation and maintenance of stable and physiologically relevant microbial diversity. Additionally, advancements in ex vivo cultures and intravital imaging have opened new possibilities to study the effects of enteric pathogens on fluid secretion, barrier integrity and immune cell surveillance in the intact intestine. This review aims to present a balanced and updated overview of current intestinal in vitro and ex vivo methods for modeling of enteric bacterial infections. We conclude that the different paradigms are complements rather than replacements and their combined use promises to further our understanding of host-microbe interactions and their impacts on intestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayere Taebnia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- CONTACT Ute Römling Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Volker M. Lauschke Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fischer M, Edelblum KL. Intravital Microscopy to Visualize Murine Small Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Migration. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e516. [PMID: 35926140 PMCID: PMC9373685 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are critical sentinels involved in host defense and maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier. IELs expressing the γδ T-cell receptor provide continuous surveillance of the villous epithelium by migrating along the basement membrane and into the lateral intercellular space between adjacent enterocytes. Intravital imaging has furthered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which IELs navigate the epithelial compartment and interact with neighboring enterocytes at steady state and in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli. Further, evaluating IEL migratory behavior can provide additional insight into the nature and extent of cellular interactions within the intestinal mucosa. Three protocols describe methodology to visualize small intestinal IEL motility in real time using fluorescent reporter-transgenic mice and/or fluorophore-conjugated primary antibodies and spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Using Imaris image analysis software, a fourth protocol provides a framework to analyze IEL migration and quantify lymphocyte/epithelial interactions. Together, these protocols for intravital imaging and subsequent analyses provide the basis for elucidating the spatiotemporal dynamics of mucosal immune cells and interactions with neighboring enterocytes under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Mouse preparation and laparotomy Support Protocol: Antibody labeling of cell surface markers Basic Protocol 2: Image acquisition by spinning-disk confocal microscopy Basic Protocol 3: 4D analysis of images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fischer
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 S Orange Ave, Cancer Center G1228, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 S Orange Ave, Cancer Center G1228, Newark, NJ 07103
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Larsen JB, Taebnia N, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Eriksen AZ, Hjørringgaard C, Kristensen K, Larsen NW, Larsen NB, Marie R, Mündler AK, Parhamifar L, Urquhart AJ, Weller A, Mortensen KI, Flyvbjerg H, Andresen TL. Imaging therapeutic peptide transport across intestinal barriers. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1115-1143. [PMID: 34458827 PMCID: PMC8341777 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery is a highly preferred method for drug administration due to high patient compliance. However, oral administration is intrinsically challenging for pharmacologically interesting drug classes, in particular pharmaceutical peptides, due to the biological barriers associated with the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we start by summarizing the pharmacological performance of several clinically relevant orally administrated therapeutic peptides, highlighting their low bioavailabilities. Thus, there is a strong need to increase the transport of peptide drugs across the intestinal barrier to realize future treatment needs and further development in the field. Currently, progress is hampered by a lack of understanding of transport mechanisms that govern intestinal absorption and transport of peptide drugs, including the effects of the permeability enhancers commonly used to mediate uptake. We describe how, for the past decades, mechanistic insights have predominantly been gained using functional assays with end-point read-out capabilities, which only allow indirect study of peptide transport mechanisms. We then focus on fluorescence imaging that, on the other hand, provides opportunities to directly visualize and thus follow peptide transport at high spatiotemporal resolution. Consequently, it may provide new and detailed mechanistic understanding of the interplay between the physicochemical properties of peptides and cellular processes; an interplay that determines the efficiency of transport. We review current methodology and state of the art in the field of fluorescence imaging to study intestinal barrier transport of peptides, and provide a comprehensive overview of the imaging-compatible in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo platforms that currently are being developed to accelerate this emerging field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Bruun Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne Zebitz Eriksen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Claudia Hjørringgaard
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Nanna Wichmann Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Niels Bent Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Rodolphe Marie
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mündler
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ladan Parhamifar
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Andrew James Urquhart
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Arjen Weller
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Kim I Mortensen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Henrik Flyvbjerg
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jia Z, Guo Z, Yang CT, Prestidge C, Thierry B. "Mucus-on-Chip": A new tool to study the dynamic penetration of nanoparticulate drug carriers into mucus. Int J Pharm 2021; 598:120391. [PMID: 33621642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mucus covering of epithelial tissues presents one significant biological barrier to the uptake and absorption of particulate carriers. Improved understanding of the mechanisms mediating the transport of nanoparticles across such mucus layers would accelerate their development as optimised mucosal drug delivery formulations (e.g. via oral and rectal routes). Herein, an in vitro mucus model ("Mucus-on-Chip") was developed to enable the interaction and transport of functionalised nanoparticles and reconstituted mucus to be quantitatively investigated in real-time. We verified that the diffusion of nanoparticles into mucus is highly dependent on their biointerfacial properties. Muco-inert modification (PEGylation) significantly enhanced the mucopenetration of 50 nm and 200 nm nanoparticles, whereas limited mucopenetration was observed for pectin coated mucoadhesive nanoparticles. Furthermore, this model can be easily adapted to mimic specific physiological mucus environments. Mucus pre-treated with a mucolytic agent displayed reduced barrier function and therefore significantly accelerated mucopenetration of nanoparticles, which was independent of their size and biointerfacial properties. This new "Mucus-on-Chip" methodology provides detailed insight into the dynamics of nanoparticle-mucus interaction, which can be applied to refine the design of particulate formulations for more efficient mucosal drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Jia
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Zhaobin Guo
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Chih-Tsung Yang
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science and ARC Centre of Excellence Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Erreni M, Doni A, Weigert R. Method for Acute Intravital Imaging of the Large Intestine in Live Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2304:285-299. [PMID: 34028723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1402-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique aimed at the visualization of the dynamics of biological processes in live animals. In the last decade, the development of nonlinear optical microscopy has enormously increased the use of this technique, thus addressing key biological questions in different fields such as immunology, neurobiology and tumor biology. In addition, new upcoming strategies to minimize motion artifacts due to animal respiration and heartbeat have enabled the visualization in real time of biological processes at cellular and subcellular resolution. Recently, intravital microscopy has been applied to analyze different aspect of mucosal immunity in the gut. However, the majority of these studies have been performed on the small intestine. Although crucial aspects of the biology of this organ have been unveiled, the majority of intestinal pathologies in humans occur in the large intestine.Here, we describe a method to surgically expose and stabilize the large intestine in live mice and to perform short-term (up to 2 h) intravital microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Erreni
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Doni
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ortiz G, Chao C, Jamali A, Seyed-Razavi Y, Kenyon B, Harris DL, Zoukhri D, Hamrah P. Effect of Dry Eye Disease on the Kinetics of Lacrimal Gland Dendritic Cells as Visualized by Intravital Multi-Photon Microscopy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1713. [PMID: 32903439 PMCID: PMC7434984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) is the main source of the tear film aqueous layer and its dysfunction results in dry eye disease (DED), a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the ocular surface. The desiccating stress (DS) murine model that mimics human DED, results in LG dysfunction, immune cell infiltration, and consequently insufficient tear production. To date, the immune cell kinetics in DED are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to develop a murine model of intravital multi-photon microscopy (IV-MPM) for the LG, and to investigate the migratory kinetics and 3D morphological properties of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), the professional antigen presenting cells of the ocular surface, in DED. Mice were placed in a controlled environmental chamber with low humidity and increased airflow rate for 2 and 4 weeks to induce DED, while control naïve transgenic mice were housed under standard conditions. DED mice had significantly decreased tear secretion and increased fluorescein staining (p < 0.01) compared to naïve controls. Histological analysis of the LG exhibited infiltrating mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells (p < 0.05), as well as increased LG swelling (p < 0.001) in DED mice compared to controls. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased density of cDCs in DED mice (p < 0.001). IV-MPM of the LG demonstrated increased density of cDCs in the LGs of DED mice, compared with controls (p < 0.001). cDCs were more spherical in DED at both time points compared to controls (p < 0.001); however, differences in surface area were found at 2 weeks in DED compared with naïve controls (p < 0.001). Similarly, 3D cell volume was significantly lower at 2 weeks in DED vs. the naïve controls (p < 0.001). 3D instantaneous velocity and mean track speed were significantly higher in DED compared to naïve mice (p < 0.001). Finally, the meandering index, an index for directionality, was significant increased at 4 weeks after DED compared with controls and 2 weeks of DED (p < 0.001). Our IV-MPM study sheds light into the 3D morphological alterations and cDC kinetics in the LG during DED. While in naïve LGs, cDCs exhibit a more dendritic morphology and are less motile, they became more spherical with enhanced motility during DED. This study shows that IV-MPM represents a robust tool to study immune cell trafficking and kinetics in the LG, which might elucidate cellular alterations in immunological diseases, such as DED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cecilia Chao
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coste A, Oktay MH, Condeelis JS, Entenberg D. Intravital Imaging Techniques for Biomedical and Clinical Research. Cytometry A 2020; 97:448-457. [PMID: 31889408 PMCID: PMC7210060 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging, the direct visualization of cells and tissues within a living animal, is a technique that has been employed for the better part of a century. The advent of confocal and multiphoton microscopy has dramatically improved the power of intravital imaging, making it possible to obtain optical sections of tissues non-destructively. This review discusses the various techniques used for intravital imaging, describes how intravital imaging provides information about cellular and tissue dynamics not possible to be garnered by other techniques, and details several ways in which intravital imaging is making a direct impact on the clinical care of patients. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Coste
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kolesnikov M, Curato C, Zupancic E, Florindo H, Shakhar G, Jung S. Intravital visualization of interactions of murine Peyer's patch-resident dendritic cells with M cells. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:537-547. [PMID: 31856298 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine hosts specialized lymphoid structures, the Peyer's patches, that face the gut lumen and are overlaid with unique epithelial cells, called microfold (M) cells. M cells are considered to constitute an important route for antigen uptake in the mucosal immune system. Here, we used intravital microscopy to define immune cell populations, which are in close contact with M cells and potentially sample antigen. We present live evidence that DCs enter M cell pockets and highlight the abundance of mononuclear phagocytes in these structures. Taking advantage of the respective reporter animals, we focused on classical DCs that express Zbtb46 and analyzed how these cells interact with M cells in steady state and sample antigen for T cell activation in the Peyer's patches following challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masha Kolesnikov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Caterina Curato
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eva Zupancic
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guy Shakhar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun WW, Krystofiak ES, Leo-Macias A, Cui R, Sesso A, Weigert R, Ebrahim S, Kachar B. Nanoarchitecture and dynamics of the mouse enteric glycocalyx examined by freeze-etching electron tomography and intravital microscopy. Commun Biol 2020; 3:5. [PMID: 31925335 PMCID: PMC6946683 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a highly hydrated, glycoprotein-rich coat shrouding many eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The intestinal epithelial glycocalyx, comprising glycosylated transmembrane mucins, is part of the primary host-microbe interface and is essential for nutrient absorption. Its disruption has been implicated in numerous gastrointestinal diseases. Yet, due to challenges in preserving and visualizing its native organization, glycocalyx structure-function relationships remain unclear. Here, we characterize the nanoarchitecture of the murine enteric glycocalyx using freeze-etching and electron tomography. Micrometer-long mucin filaments emerge from microvillar-tips and, through zigzagged lateral interactions form a three-dimensional columnar network with a 30 nm mesh. Filament-termini converge into globular structures ~30 nm apart that are liquid-crystalline packed within a single plane. Finally, we assess glycocalyx deformability and porosity using intravital microscopy. We argue that the columnar network architecture and the liquid-crystalline packing of the filament termini allow the glycocalyx to function as a deformable size-exclusion filter of luminal contents. Sun, Krystofiak et al. show the nanoarchitecture of the murine enteric glycocalyx, glycoprotein-rich coat covering cells and assess its porosity and deformability in mice, providing a comprehensive structural framework. This study suggests that the glycocalyx may function as a deformable size-exclusion filter of luminal contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alejandra Leo-Macias
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Runjia Cui
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Sesso
- Sector of Structural Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403, Brazil
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seham Ebrahim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bechara Kachar
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kapsokalyvas D, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Molecular Imaging in Oncology: Advanced Microscopy Techniques. Recent Results Cancer Res 2020; 216:533-561. [PMID: 32594398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42618-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies usually require high levels of morphological, functional, and biochemical information at subcellular resolution. This type of information cannot be obtained from clinical imaging techniques, such as MRI, PET/CT, or US. Luckily, many microscopy techniques exist that can offer this information, also for malignant tissues and therapeutic approaches. In this overview, we discuss the various advanced optical microscopy techniques and their applications in oncological research. After a short introduction in Sect. 16.1, we continue in Sect. 16.2 with a discussion on fluorescent labelling strategies, followed in Sect. 16.3 by an in-depth description of confocal, light-sheet, two-photon, and super-resolution microscopy. We end in Sect. 16.4 with a focus on the applications, specifically in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Niz M, Meehan GR, Tavares J. Intravital microscopy: Imaging host-parasite interactions in lymphoid organs. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13117. [PMID: 31512335 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy allows imaging of biological phenomena within living animals, including host-parasite interactions. This has advanced our understanding of both, the function of lymphoid organs during parasitic infections, and the effect of parasites on such organs to allow their survival. In parasitic research, recent developments in this technique have been crucial for the direct study of host-parasite interactions within organs at depths, speeds and resolution previously difficult to achieve. Lymphoid organs have gained more attention as we start to understand their function during parasitic infections and the effect of parasites on them. In this review, we summarise technical and biological findings achieved by intravital microscopy with respect to the interaction of various parasites with host lymphoid organs, namely the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and present a view into possible future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heussler Lab, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gavin R Meehan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joana Tavares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jia L, Edelblum KL. Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31282900 DOI: 10.3791/59853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptor (γδ IEL) play a key role in immune surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. Due in part to the lack of a definitive ligand for the γδ T cell receptor, our understanding of the regulation of γδ IEL activation and their function in vivo remains limited. This necessitates the development of alternative strategies to interrogate signaling pathways involved in regulating γδ IEL function and the responsiveness of these cells to the local microenvironment. Although γδ IELs are widely understood to limit pathogen translocation, the use of intravital imaging has been critical to understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of IEL/epithelial interactions at steady-state and in response to invasive pathogens. Herein, we present a protocol for visualizing IEL migratory behavior in the small intestinal mucosa of a GFP γδ T cell reporter mouse using inverted spinning disk confocal laser microscopy. Although the maximum imaging depth of this approach is limited relative to the use of two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, spinning disk confocal laser microscopy provides the advantage of high speed image acquisition with reduced photobleaching and photodamage. Using 4D image analysis software, T cell surveillance behavior and their interactions with neighboring cells can be analyzed following experimental manipulation to provide additional insight into IEL activation and function within the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luo Jia
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Richter-Dahlfors A, Melican K. A Cinematic View of Tissue Microbiology in the Live Infected Host. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0007-2019. [PMID: 31152520 PMCID: PMC11026076 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0007-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue microbiology allows for the study of bacterial infection in the most clinically relevant microenvironment, the living host. Advancements in techniques and technology have facilitated the development of novel ways of studying infection. Many of these advancements have come from outside the field of microbiology. In this article, we outline the progression from bacteriology through cellular microbiology to tissue microbiology, highlighting seminal studies along the way. We outline the enormous potential but also some of the challenges of the tissue microbiology approach. We focus on the role of emerging technologies in the continual development of infectious disease research and highlight future possibilities in our ongoing quest to understand host-pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Scott BNV, Sarkar T, Kratofil RM, Kubes P, Thanabalasuriar A. Unraveling the host's immune response to infection: Seeing is believing. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:323-335. [PMID: 30776153 PMCID: PMC6849780 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1218-503r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that understanding the interactions between the host and the pathogens that make us sick is critical for the prevention and treatment of disease. As antibiotics become increasingly ineffective, targeting the host and specific bacterial evasion mechanisms are becoming novel therapeutic approaches. The technology used to understand host‐pathogen interactions has dramatically advanced over the last century. We have moved away from using simple in vitro assays focused on single‐cell events to technologies that allow us to observe complex multicellular interactions in real time in live animals. Specifically, intravital microscopy (IVM) has improved our understanding of infection, from viral to bacterial to parasitic, and how the host immune system responds to these infections. Yet, at the same time it has allowed us to appreciate just how complex these interactions are and that current experimental models still have a number of limitations. In this review, we will discuss the advances in vivo IVM has brought to the study of host‐pathogen interactions, focusing primarily on bacterial infections and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N V Scott
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tina Sarkar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel M Kratofil
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Seyed-Razavi Y, Lopez MJ, Mantopoulos D, Zheng L, Massberg S, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Kinetics of corneal leukocytes by intravital multiphoton microscopy. FASEB J 2019; 33:2199-2211. [PMID: 30226811 PMCID: PMC6338630 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800684rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corneal immune privilege is integral in maintaining the clear avascular window to the foreign world. The presence of distinct populations of corneal leukocytes (CLs) in the normal cornea has been firmly established. However, their precise function and kinetics remain, as of yet, unclear. Through intravital multiphoton microscopy (IV-MPM), allowing the means to accumulate critical spatial and temporal cellular information, we provide details for long-term investigation of CL morphology and kinetics under steady state and following inflammation. Significant alterations in size and morphology of corneal CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) were noted following acute sterile inflammation, including cell volume (4364.4 ± 489.6 vs. 1787.6 ± 111.0 μm3, P < 0.001) and sphericity (0.82 ± 0.01 vs. 0.42 ± 0.02, P < 0.001) compared with steady state. Furthermore, IV-MPM analyses revealed alterations in both the CD11c+ DC and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC)-II+ mature antigen-presenting cell population kinetics during inflammation, including track displacement length (CD11c: 16.57 ± 1.41 vs. 4.64 ± 0.56 μm, P < 0.001; MHC-II: 9.03 ± 0.37 vs. 4.09 ± 0.39, P < 0.001) and velocity (CD11c: 1.91 ± 0.07 μm/min vs. 1.73 ± 0.1302 μm/min; MHC-II: 2.97 ± 0.07 vs. 1.62 ± 0.08, P < 0.001) compared with steady state. Our results reveal in vivo evidence of sessile CL populations exhibiting dendritic morphology under steady state and increased velocity of spherical leukocytes following inflammation. IV-MPM represents a powerful tool to study leukocytes in corneal diseases in context.-Seyed-Razavi, Y., Lopez, M. J., Mantopoulos, D., Zheng, L., Massberg, S., Sendra, V. G., Harris, D. L., Hamrah, P. Kinetics of corneal leukocytes by intravital multiphoton microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria J. Lopez
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Mantopoulos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Victor G. Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deshea L. Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cornea Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jang WH, Park A, Wang T, Kim CJ, Chang H, Yang BG, Kim MJ, Myung SJ, Im SH, Jang MH, Kim YM, Kim KH. Two-photon microscopy of Paneth cells in the small intestine of live mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14174. [PMID: 30242205 PMCID: PMC6155010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are one of the principal epithelial cell types in the small intestine, located at the base of intestinal crypts. Paneth cells play key roles in intestinal host-microbe homeostasis via granule secretion, and their dysfunction is implicated in pathogenesis of several diseases including Crohn’s disease. Despite their physiological importance, study of Paneth cells has been hampered by the limited accessibility and lack of labeling methods. In this study, we developed a simple in vivo imaging method of Paneth cells in the intact mouse small intestine by using moxifloxacin and two-photon microscopy (TPM). Moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved antibiotic, was used for labeling cells and its fluorescence was strongly observed in Paneth cell granules by TPM. Moxifloxacin labeling of Paneth cell granules was confirmed by molecular counterstaining. Comparison of Paneth cells in wild type, genetically obese (ob/ob), and germ-free (GF) mice showed different granule distribution. Furthermore, Paneth cell degranulation was observed in vivo. Our study suggests that TPM with moxifloxacin labeling can serve as a useful tool for studying Paneth cell biology and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonchul Chang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Gie Yang
- 507 Avison Biomedical Research Center, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Jang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lock JY, Carlson TL, Carrier RL. Mucus models to evaluate the diffusion of drugs and particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:34-49. [PMID: 29117512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex hydrogel that acts as a natural barrier to drug delivery at different mucosal surfaces including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and vaginal tracts. To elucidate the role mucus plays in drug delivery, different in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo mucus models and techniques have been utilized. Drug and drug carrier diffusion can be studied using various techniques in either isolated mucus gels or mucus present on cell cultures and tissues. The species, age, and potential disease state of the animal from which mucus is derived can all impact mucus composition and structure, and therefore impact drug and drug carrier diffusion. This review provides an overview of the techniques used to characterize drug and drug carrier diffusion, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different models available to highlight the information they can afford.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Peyer's patches (PPs) are secondary lymphoid organs that coordinate the immunoglobulin A (IgA) response against commensal and pathogenic bacteria. In contrast to the immune dynamics in peripheral lymph nodes, the dynamics of immune response in PP have not been extensively characterized in vivo by two-photon microscopy, mainly due to the PP location on the anti-mesenteric side of the small intestine and the associated peristaltic movement.Here, we describe an approach based on a custom-made spring-loaded platform to immobilize PPs and allow for two-photon microscopy imaging in vivo. We also list different strategies based on fluorescent dyes, as well as Cre/Lox and Reporter-based system, that can be used to image specific immune cell populations in distinct areas of PPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schießl IM, Castrop H. Deep insights: intravital imaging with two-photon microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1505-16. [PMID: 27352273 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy is widely used to assess the structure and function of organs in live animals. Although different tissues vary in their accessibility for intravital multiphoton imaging, considerable progress has been made in the imaging quality of all tissues due to substantial technical improvements in the relevant imaging components, such as optics, excitation laser, detectors, and signal analysis software. In this review, we provide an overview of the technical background of intravital multiphoton microscopy. Then, we note a few seminal findings that were made through the use of multiphoton microscopy. Finally, we address the technical limitations of the method and provide an outlook for how these limitations may be overcome through future technical developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schießl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stolp B, Melican K. Microbial pathogenesis revealed by intravital microscopy: pros, cons and cautions. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2014-26. [PMID: 26938770 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton imaging allows visualization of infections and pathogenic mechanisms within intact organs in their physiological context. Today, most organs of mice and rats are applicable to in vivo or ex vivo imaging, opening completely new avenues for many researchers. Advances in fluorescent labeling of pathogens and infected cells, as well as improved small animal models for human pathogens, led to the increased application of in vivo imaging in infectious diseases research in recent years. Here, we review the latest literature on intravital or ex vivo imaging of viral and bacterial infections and critically discuss requirements, benefits and drawbacks of applied animal models, labeling strategies, and imaged organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Stolp
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Center of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keira Melican
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Krüger T, Engstler M. Flagellar motility in eukaryotic human parasites. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:113-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|