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Górska E, Tylicka M, Kamińska J, Hermanowicz A, Matuszczak E, Ołdak Ł, Gorodkiewicz E, Karpińska E, Socha K, Kochanowicz J, Jakoniuk M, Homšak E, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM. 20S constitutive proteasome, 20S immunoproteasome, and cathepsin S are high-sensitivity and independent markers of immunological activity in relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38923513 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Research on the markers of autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still of great importance. The aim of our study was the evaluation of plasma 20S constitutive proteasome, 20S immunoproteasome, and cathepsin S concentrations as potential biomarkers of a relapsing-remitting type of MS (RRMS). Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) biosensors were used for the evaluation of protein concentrations. Plasma 20S constitutive proteasome, 20S immunoproteasome, and cathepsin S concentrations were significantly higher in RRMS patients compared to the control group. All three parameters were characterized by excellent usefulness in differentiating MS patients from healthy individuals (AUC equal to or close to 1.000). The plasma concentration of analyzed parameters was not correlated with severity of disability in the course of RRMS (EDSS value), the number of years from the first MS symptoms, the number of years from MS diagnosis, or the number of relapses within the 24-month observational period. Our study has shown that plasma concentrations of 20S constitutive proteasome, 20S immunoproteasome, and cathepsin S have promising potential in differentiating RRMS patients from healthy individuals. All of the analyzed parameters were found to be independent of the time of MS relapse and the severity of neurological symptoms. Hence, their potential as highly sensitive and independent circulating markers of RRMS suggests a stronger association with immunological activity (inflammatory processes) than with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Górska
- Neurological Private Practice, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Tylicka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Hermanowicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Matuszczak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Łukasz Ołdak
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Gorodkiewicz
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Karpińska
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Socha
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan Kochanowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marta Jakoniuk
- Department of Invasive Neurology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Evgenija Homšak
- Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department for Clinical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Kong L, Ji H, Gan X, Cao S, Li Z, Jin Y. Knockdown of CD44 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells accompanied by downregulation of cathepsin S. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:154. [PMID: 35264209 PMCID: PMC8905747 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumour of mesenchymal origin. These tumours are characterised by rich vascularisation, therefore promoting rapid proliferation and facilitating metastasis. CD44 has been reported to be involved in OS, but its role and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the disease are not fully determined. METHODS In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of CD44 on the development of OS and further explored the molecular mechanisms. The expression of CD44, cathepsin S and MMP-9 was detected by Western blot (WB) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in different cell lines (MG63, U2OS OS and hFOB 1.19). To elucidate the role of CD44 in OS, MG63 and U2OS cells were treated with small interference RNA (siRNA) to knock down CD44, and the knockdown efficiency was validated with GFP and RT-qPCR. Furthermore, cell proliferation was assayed using Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays, and cell migration and invasion were assayed by transwell and wound-healing assays. RESULTS We found that CD44 expression in the MG63 and U2OS OS cell lines was markedly increased compared to that of the human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell line. Knockdown of CD44 inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of MG63 and U2OS cells. Cathepsin S expression in the MG63 and U2OS OS cell lines was increased compared to that of the human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell line. When CD44 was knocked down, its expression level went down. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data reinforced the evidence that CD44 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion of OS cells accompanied by altered expression of cathepsin S. These findings offer new clues for OS development and progression, suggesting CD44 as a potential therapeutic target for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, No. 1 Nanyingzi Street, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Hairu Ji
- Pathology Teaching and Research Section, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Xintian Gan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, No. 1 Nanyingzi Street, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, No. 1 Nanyingzi Street, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhehong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, No. 1 Nanyingzi Street, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, No. 1 Nanyingzi Street, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Monocytes upon Fingolimod Treatment in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4816-4827. [PMID: 34181235 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY), a second-line oral drug approved for relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) acts in preventing lymphocyte migration outside lymph nodes; moreover, several lines of evidence suggest that it also inhibits myeloid cell activation. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional changes induced by FTY in monocytes in order to better elucidate its mechanism of action. CD14+ monocytes were collected from 24 RRMS patients sampled at baseline and after 6 months of treatment and RNA profiles were obtained through next-generation sequencing. We conducted pathway and sub-paths analysis, followed by centrality analysis of cell-specific interactomes on differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We investigated also the predictive role of baseline monocyte transcription profile in influencing the response to FTY therapy. We observed a marked down-regulation effect (60 down-regulated vs. 0 up-regulated genes). Most of the down-regulated DEGs resulted related with monocyte activation and migration like IL7R, CCR7 and the Wnt signaling mediators LEF1 and TCF7. The involvement of Wnt signaling was also confirmed by subpaths analyses. Furthermore, pathway and network analyses showed an involvement of processes related to immune function and cell migration. Baseline transcriptional profile of the HLA class II gene HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DPA1 were associated with evidence of disease activity after 2 years of treatment. Our data support the evidence that FTY induces major transcriptional changes in monocytes, mainly regarding genes involved in cell trafficking and immune cell activation. The baseline transcriptional levels of genes associated with antigen presenting function were associated with disease activity after 2 years of FTY treatment.
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Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Response to Interferon Beta Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4716-4726. [PMID: 34169444 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
First-line therapy with interferon beta (IFN-β), involved in gene expression modulation in immune response, is widely used for multiple sclerosis. However, 30-50% of patients do not respond optimally. Variants in CBLB, CTSS, GRIA3, OAS1 and TNFRSF10A genes have been proposed to contribute to the variation in the individual response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of gene polymorphisms on the IFN-β response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. CBLB (rs12487066), GRIA3 (rs12557782), CTSS (rs1136774), OAS1 (rs10774671) and TNFRSF10A (rs20576) polymorphisms were analysed by Taqman in 137 RRMS patients. Response to IFN-β and change in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) after 24 months were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Carriers of at least one copy of the C allele of CTSS-rs1136774 had a better response to IFN-β (p = 0.0423; OR = 2.94; CI95% = 1.03, 8.40). Carriers of TT genotype of TNFRSF10A-rs20576 had a higher probability of maintaining their EDSS stable after 24 months of IFN-β treatment (p = 0.0251; OR = 5.71; CI95% = 1.39, 31.75). No influence of CBLB (rs12487066), OAS1 (rs10774671) and GRIA3 (rs12557782) gene polymorphisms in the variation of the individual response to IFN-β was shown. Our results suggest that the TNFRSF10A-rs20576 and CTSS-rs1136774 gene polymorphisms influence the response to IFN-β after 24 months, while the CBLB (rs12487066), OAS1 (rs10774671) or GRIA3 (rs12557782) gene polymorphisms had no effect on the variation of the individual response to IFN-β.
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The Effect of a Peptide Substrate Containing an Unnatural Branched Amino Acid on Chymotrypsin Activity. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) is a low molecular weight fluorescent probe that can be attached to a peptide to enable the detection of specific proteases, such as chymotrypsin, expressed in certain diseases. Because this detection depends on the specificity of the protease toward the peptidyl AMC, the development of specific substrates is required. To investigate the specificity of chymotrypsin, peptidyl AMC compounds incorporating four different amino acid residues were prepared by liquid-phase synthesis. Two unnatural amino acids, 2-amino-4-ethylhexanoic acid (AEH) and cyclohexylalanine (Cha), were used to investigate the substrate specificity as these amino acids have structures different from natural amino acids. AEH was synthesized using diethyl acetamidemalonate as a starting material. The substrate containing Cha had high hydrophobicity and showed a high reaction velocity with chymotrypsin. Although the AEH substrate with a branched side chain had high hydrophobicity, it showed a low reaction velocity. The substrate containing the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine was less hydrophobic than the Cha and AEH substrates, but chymotrypsin showed the highest specificity for this compound. These results demonstrated that the substrate specificity of chymotrypsin is not only affected by the hydrophobicity and aromaticity, but also by the structural expanse of amino acid residues in the substrate.
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Thanei S, Theron M, Silva AP, Reis B, Branco L, Schirmbeck L, Kolb FA, Haap W, Schindler T, Trendelenburg M. Cathepsin S inhibition suppresses autoimmune-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:151-164. [PMID: 28987592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In several types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), Cathepsin S (CatS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of MHC class II surface expression and consequently influences antigen (Ag) presentation of APCs to CD4+ T cells. During the assembly of MHC class II-Ag peptide complexes, CatS cleaves the invariant chain p10 (Lip10) - a fragment of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain peptide. In this report, we used a selective, high-affinity CatS inhibitor to suppress the proteolytic activity of CatS in lymphoid and myeloid cells. CatS inhibition resulted in a concentration-dependent Lip10 accumulation in B cells from both healthy donors and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, CatS inhibition led to a decreased MHC class II expression on B cells, monocytes, and proinflammatory macrophages. In SLE patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CatS inhibition led to a suppressed secretion of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10. In a second step, we tested the effect of CatS inhibition on macrophages being exposed to patient-derived autoantibodies against C1q (anti-C1q) that are known to be associated with severe lupus nephritis. As shown previously, those SLE patient-derived high-affinity anti-C1q bound to immobilized C1q induce a proinflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Using this human in vitro model of autoimmunity, we found that CatS inhibition reduces the inflammatory responses of macrophages as demonstrated by a decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, the downregulation of MHC class II and CD80. In summary, we can show that the used CatS inhibitor is able to block Lip10 degradation in healthy donor- and SLE patient-derived B cells and inhibits the induction of proinflammatory macrophages. Thus, CatS inhibition seems to be a promising future treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Thanei
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michel Theron
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Patricia Silva
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Reis
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leonore Branco
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Schirmbeck
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice A Kolb
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases Discovery and Therapeutic Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schindler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Krause M, Foks H, Gobis K. Pharmacological Potential and Synthetic Approaches of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030399. [PMID: 28273868 PMCID: PMC6155225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural resemblance between the fused imidazopyridine heterocyclic ring system and purines has prompted biological investigations to assess their potential therapeutic significance. They are known to play a crucial role in numerous disease conditions. The discovery of their first bioactivity as GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators divulged their medicinal potential. Proton pump inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, and NSAIDs were also found in this chemical group. Imidazopyridines have the ability to influence many cellular pathways necessary for the proper functioning of cancerous cells, pathogens, components of the immune system, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, etc. The collective results of biochemical and biophysical properties foregrounded their medicinal significance in central nervous system, digestive system, cancer, inflammation, etc. In recent years, new preparative methods for the synthesis of imidazopyridines using various catalysts have been described. The present manuscript to the best of our knowledge is the complete compilation on the synthesis and medicinal aspects of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines reported from the year 2000 to date, including structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Krause
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Henryk Foks
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gobis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Gen. Hallera Ave., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Symbiotic gut commensal bacteria act as host cathepsin S activity regulators. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:82-95. [PMID: 27484364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a lysosomal protease whose activity regulation is important for MHC-II signaling and subsequent activation of CD4+ T cell mediated immune responses. Dysregulation of its enzymatic activity or enhanced secretion into extracellular environments is associated with the induction or progression of several autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate that commensal intestinal bacteria influence secretion rates and intracellular activity of host CTSS and that symbiotic bacteria, i.e. Bacteroides vulgatus mpk, may actively regulate this process and help to maintain physiological levels of CTSS activities in order to prevent from induction of pathological inflammation. The symbiont-controlled regulation of CTSS activity is mediated by anticipating reactive oxygen species induction in dendritic cells which, in turn, maintains cystatin C (CysC) monomer binding to CTSS. CysC monomers are potent endogenous CTSS inhibitors. This Bacteroides vulgatus caused and CysC dependent CTSS activity regulation is involved in the generation of tolerant intestinal dendritic cells contributing to prevention of T-cell mediated induction of colonic inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that symbionts of the intestinal microbiota regulate host CTSS activity and secretion and might therefore be an attractive approach to deal with CTSS associated autoimmune diseases.
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