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Chitre SD, Crews CM, Tessema MT, Plėštytė-Būtienė I, Coffee M, Richardson ET. The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:496-507. [PMID: 38057578 PMCID: PMC10872406 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change. IMPACT: A review of the effects of climate change on viral threats to pediatric health, including zoonotic, vector-borne, water-borne, and respiratory viruses, as well as distal threats related to climate-induced migration and health systems. A unique focus on viruses offers a more in-depth look at the effect of climate change on vector competence, viral particle survival, co-morbidities, and host behavior. An examination of children as a particularly vulnerable population provokes programming tailored to their unique set of vulnerabilities and encourages reflection on equitable climate adaptation frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit D Chitre
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Crews
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mesfin Teklu Tessema
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
- International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Megan Coffee
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugene T Richardson
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Boggio GA, Moreno LB, Salbetti MBC, Villarreal V, Torres E, Adamo MP. Clinical characterization of human bocavirus 1 infection in infants hospitalized in an intensive care unit for severe acute respiratory tract disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116050. [PMID: 37597460 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections represent the leading cause of morbimortality in children and viruses are the main etiological agents. Here we describe the clinical characteristics and evolution of infants admitted to intensive care unit with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) due to Human Bocavirus 1 mono-infection in patients without previous comorbidity. We also compared them with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases. Of 141 cases included (age 5.43 ± 4.54 months, 52% male), 80% had at least 1 virus detected. RSV was the most frequent in the series (71.6%) followed by HBoV1 (28%). Five cases of HBoV1 mono-detection were identified. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome was present in both groups, HBoV1 and RSV. The clinical presentation and evolution of HBoV1 single infection was similar to RSV. HBoV1 should be included among the agents investigated in cases of SARI in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Amilcar Boggio
- Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Laura Beatriz Moreno
- Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Belén Colazo Salbetti
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Erica Torres
- Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Pilar Adamo
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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3
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Yang W, Johnson MB, Liao H, Liu Z, Zheng X, Lu C. Combined effect of preconceptional and prenatal exposure to air pollution and temperature on childhood pneumonia: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114806. [PMID: 36375503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence have linked ambient air pollution and temperature with childhood pneumonia, but it is unclear whether there is an interaction between air pollution and temperature on childhood pneumonia. We aim to assess the combined effect of ambient air pollution and temperature exposure during preconception and pregnancy on pneumonia by a case-control study of 1510 children aged 0-14 years in Changsha, China. We obtained the data of childhood pneumonia from XiangYa Hospital electrical records. We estimated personal exposure to outdoor air pollution (PM10, SO2 and NO2) by inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and temperature indicators. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of childhood pneumonia with air pollution, temperature (T), and diurnal temperature variation (DTV). We found that exposure to industry-related air pollution (PM10 and SO2) during preconception and pregnancy were associated with childhood pneumonia, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.72 (1.48-1.98) and 2.96 (2.50-3.51) during 1 year before pregnancy and 1.83 (1.59-2.11) and 3.43 (2.83-4.17) in pregnancy. Childhood pneumonia was negatively associated with T exposure during 1 year before pregnancy and pregnancy, with ORs (95% CI) of 0.57 (0.41-0.80) and 0.85 (0.74-0.98). DTV exposure during pregnancy especially during the 1st and 2nd trimesters significantly increased pneumonia risk, with ORS (95% CI) of 1.77 (1.19-2.64), 1.47 (1.18-1.83), and 1.37 (1.07-1.76) respectively. We further observed interactions of PM10 and SO2 exposure with low T and high DTV during conception and pregnancy in relation to childhood pneumonia. This study suggests that there were interactions air pollution with temperature and DTV on pneumonia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Yang
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | | | - Hongsen Liao
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zijing Liu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangrong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Al-Jwadi RF, Mills EHA, Torp-Pedersen C, Andersen MP, Jørgensen IM. Consequences of COVID-19-related lockdowns and reopenings on emergency hospitalizations in pediatric patients in Denmark during 2020-2021. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:285-293. [PMID: 36331619 PMCID: PMC9638206 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is a considerable burden of children being hospitalized due to infectious diseases worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to examine effects of worldwide efforts to control spread of infection. We aimed to investigate overall age-specific hospitalizations due to viral and bacterial infections and diseases triggered by respiratory tract infections during and after lockdown. This nationwide register-based observational study included children from 29 days to 17 years old hospitalized in all Danish pediatric emergency departments during the years 2015-2021. Main outcomes were ICD-10 diagnoses for infectious diseases and infection triggered illnesses. Fluctuations in hospitalization events were explored using figures with weekly events per 100,000. Total events followed a predictable pattern during 2015-2019. In 2020-2021, there was a drop in hospital encounters after lockdowns and surge after reopenings. In 2021, there was a surge of hospital encounters in the late summer due to respiratory syncytial virus infections and asthmatic bronchitis mostly in infants from 29 days to 2 years. For the infectious diseases, there was a dramatic decrease in events after lockdowns and immediate increase in cases that followed the same pattern of previous years after reopenings. Bacterial infections, like urinary tract infections, sepsis, and meningitis followed a steady pattern throughout all calendar-years. CONCLUSIONS Nationwide efforts to minimize infectious disease spread like lockdowns have a preventative and period lasting effect but reopenings/reunions result in surges of infectious diseases. This might be due to children not getting immunized steadily thereby increasing the pool of possible hosts for potential viral infections. WHAT IS KNOWN • There is a seasonal fluctuation in viral/respiratory infections in children with higher infection rates in the winter and lower rates in the summer. • RSV infection is a major source of concern. WHAT IS NEW • Major lockdowns and reopenings disrupt the seasonal fluctuations which can result in high surges in infections that increases the burden of children emergency departments and the risk of serious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Faris Al-Jwadi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | - Inger Merete Jørgensen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark ,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
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García-Arroyo L, Prim N, Del Cuerpo M, Marín P, Roig MC, Esteban M, Labeaga R, Martí N, Berengua C, Gich I, Navarro F, Rabella N. Prevalence and seasonality of viral respiratory infections in a temperate climate region: A 24-year study (1997-2020). Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:756-766. [PMID: 35170253 PMCID: PMC9178050 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few long‐term reports have been published on the epidemiology of respiratory viruses despite their frequent involvement in extremely common infections. The aim here was to determine the frequency and distribution of respiratory viruses in a temperate climate area (Barcelona, Spain) throughout a 24‐year period. Methods We collected data on all respiratory viruses detected from 1997 to 2020 in our institution. Clinical specimens were analyzed mainly by conventional techniques, and molecular techniques were also used. Results Of the 59,579 specimens analyzed, 21,382 (35.9%) were positive for at least one virus. The number of positive samples during cold months was significantly higher than in warm months. Respiratory virus infections were detected in patients of all ages, above all in children under 3 years of age, who were most frequently infected with the respiratory syncytial virus, whereas Influenza A virus predominated in the other groups, especially in adults. A clear demographic and seasonal pattern was established for some viruses. Circulation of other respiratory viruses during the FLUAV H1N1pdm09 and SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemics was observed. Conclusions This long‐term study provides new knowledge about the prevalence of respiratory viruses in a Mediterranean region. Throughout the study period, the frequency of some viruses remained constant, whereas others varied with the year. A clear demographic and seasonal pattern was established for some viruses. Patients suffering from severe respiratory infections should be examined for a range of respiratory viruses regardless of gender, age, or season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Arroyo
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Prim
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marga Del Cuerpo
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Marín
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Carme Roig
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mnontserrat Esteban
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Labeaga
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Martí
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Berengua
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Gich
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Rabella
- Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Shaw Stewart PD, Bach JL. Temperature dependent viral tropism: understanding viral seasonality and pathogenicity as applied to the avoidance and treatment of endemic viral respiratory illnesses. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2241. [PMID: 33942417 PMCID: PMC8209954 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review seeks to explain three features of viral respiratory illnesses that have perplexed generations of virologists: (1) the seasonal timing of respiratory illness and the rapid response of outbreaks to weather, specifically temperature; (2) the common viruses causing respiratory illness worldwide, including year-round disease in the Tropics; (3) the rapid arrival and termination of epidemics caused by influenza and other viruses. The inadequacy of the popular explanations of seasonality is discussed, and a simple hypothesis is proposed, called temperature dependent viral tropism (TDVT), that is compatible with the above features of respiratory illness. TDVT notes that viruses can spread more effectively if they moderate their pathogenicity (thereby maintaining host mobility) and suggests that endemic respiratory viruses accomplish this by developing thermal sensitivity within a range that supports organ-specific viral tropism within the human body, whereby they replicate most rapidly at temperatures below body temperature. This can confine them to the upper respiratory tract and allow them to avoid infecting the lungs, heart, gut etc. Biochemical and tissue-culture studies show that 'wild' respiratory viruses show such natural thermal sensitivity. The typical early autumn surge of colds and the occurrence of respiratory illness in the Tropics year-round at intermediate levels are explained by the tendency for strains to adapt their thermal sensitivity to their local climate and season. TDVT has important practical implications for preventing and treating respiratory illness including Covid-19. It is testable with many options for experiments to increase our understanding of viral seasonality and pathogenicity.
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Yang F, Sun Y, Wang P, Weschler LB, Sundell J. Spread of respiratory infections in student dormitories in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145983. [PMID: 33677292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Student dormitory rooms in China are characterized by small space and high occupancy. This study aims to investigate infection rates for common colds and influenza among college students in a Chinese university and their association with the dormitory environment. METHODS This study involved two phases. In Phase I, 2978 students living in 998 dorm rooms in 12 buildings responded to a questionnaire survey on infections in four seasons. In Phase II, based on the data obtained from the questionnaire survey, we selected 242 dorm rooms to measure air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration in both summer and winter. Ventilation rates at night were calculated based on measured CO2 concentrations. RESULTS We found that students had infections more often in winter, and in rooms with higher occupancy and dampness problems. The median value of the ventilation rate in dorm rooms in summer was 10.7 L/s per person, while it was 4.10 L/s per person in winter. There were significant associations between ventilation rate per person at night and common cold and influenza both in summer and winter (p < 0.05). A combination of dampness and low ventilation rate significantly increased the risk of common colds (adjusted odds ratios, AOR: 1.26-1.91) and influenza (AOR: 1.49-2.20). CONCLUSION College students living in a crowded dormitory room with low ventilation and dampness problems had more common colds and influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Built Environment and Energy Application, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Built Environment and Energy Application, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Built Environment and Energy Application, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, China
| | | | - Jan Sundell
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Built Environment and Energy Application, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, China
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Wiegele PN, Kabar I, Kerschke L, Froemmel C, Hüsing-Kabar A, Schmidt H, Vorona E, Vollenberg R, Tepasse PR. Symptom Diary-Based Analysis of Disease Course among Patients with Mild Coronavirus Disease, Germany, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1353-1361. [PMID: 33900166 PMCID: PMC8084503 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available on the clinical course of outpatients with mild coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This information is critically important to inform public health prevention strategies and to provide anticipatory guidance to patients, primary care providers, and employers. We retrospectively assessed the daily prevalence of symptoms in 313 COVID-19 outpatients for the first 20 days of illness. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the probability of symptom occurrence over time. Fatigue (91%), cough (85%), and headache (78%) were the most common symptoms and occurred a median of 1 day from symptom onset. Neurologic symptoms, such as loss of taste (66%) and anosmia (62%), and dyspnea (51%) occurred considerably later (median 3–4 days after symptom onset). Symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to those of other respiratory pathogens, so symptomatic patients should be tested more frequently for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during influenza season to prevent further spread of COVID-19.
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Palani N, Sistla S. Epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of respiratory viruses from 2012 to 2015 - A sentinel surveillance report from union territory of Puducherry, India. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020; 8:1225-1235. [PMID: 32346655 PMCID: PMC7187823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common illnesses affecting people of all ages worldwide. Viruses contribute to 30–70% of acute respiratory infections. Identification of these respiratory viruses is not given high priority except influenza; however, the knowledge about prevalence of non-influenza viruses, their seasonal pattern and genetic evolution have significant epidemiological value. Methods As a part of National Influenza-like illness surveillance programme, respiratory specimens were collected children and adults with symptoms of ILI or ARI, between January 2012 and March 2015 (including SARI cases). Real-time PCR was done to identify 13 respiratory viruses. Sequencing was done for representative isolates of each virus using ABI 3730 Genetic Analyzer. Results During the study period between January 2012 and March 2015, a total of 648 patients with symptoms of ARI were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 20.2 years (SD = 19.13, median = 18); 292 (45.1%) were children (≤13 years) and 356 (54.9%) were adults. Respiratory viruses were identified in 44% (287/648) of all patients. Influenza accounted for the maximum number of cases- 179/648 (27.6%). Among the non-influenza viruses, RSV predominated with 34 cases (5.2%), followed by HMPV 24 (3.7%) and PIV-3 20 (3%). Four patients died due to INF A/H1N1 (2012-2, 2015-2) as a result of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (CFR 3.7%). Among the non-influenza viruses, no particular seasonality pattern was observed over the different months of the study period. Conclusion Antibiotic usage in treating acute respiratory infections empirically is not justified as nearly half of ARI are due to viruses; nearly 28% of them were due to influenza viruses. Among the non-influenza viruses, RSV predominated, followed by HMPV. This study is based on an active influenza surveillance initiated after 2009 pandemic influenza outbreak, in the Union territory of Puducherry which has contributed significantly to the knowledge of the burden of influenza and non-influenza viruses among children and adults. Such surveillance network has paved the way for better diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions. First data on the epidemiology of respiratory viruses from this region after 1974. First study to report corona virus, HCoV OC43 from India, and only the second Indian study to document corona virus, HCoV229E. This study is the first study to analyse the genetic sequence of HCoV-229E and OC-43. Influenza accounted for the maximum number of cases in the study population, 27%; four patients died of Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to influenza A/H1N1; CFR- 3.7%. Among the non-influenza viruses, RSV pre-dominated followed HMPV and PIV-3. No deaths were reported due to non-influenza viral ARI. RSV was detected almost equally in adults and children. Distinct pattern was observed in seasonality of influenza viruses but not for non-influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Palani
- National Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, 600031, Chennai, India
| | - Sujatha Sistla
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, 605006, Puducherry, India
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Lagare A, Ousmane S, Dano ID, Issaka B, Issa I, Mainassara HB, Testa J, Tempia S, Mamadou S. Molecular detection of respiratory pathogens among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile acute respiratory infections: A prospective hospital-based observational study in Niamey, Niger. Health Sci Rep 2019; 2:e137. [PMID: 31768420 PMCID: PMC6869554 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In Niger, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the second most common cause of death in children aged younger than 5 years. However, the etiology of ARI is poorly understood in the country. This study aims to describe viral and bacterial infections among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile ARI at two hospitals in Niamey, Niger's capital city, and the reported clinical procedures. METHODS We conducted a prospective study among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile ARI at two national hospitals in Niamey between January and December 2015. Clinical presentation and procedures during admission were documented using a standardized case investigation form. Nasopharyngeal specimens collected from each patient were tested for a panel of respiratory viruses and bacteria using the Fast Track Diagnostic 21 Plus kit. RESULTS We enrolled and tested 638 children aged younger than 5 years, of whom 411 (64.4%) were aged younger than 1 year, and 15 (2.4%) died during the study period. Overall, 496/638 (77.7%) specimens tested positive for at least one respiratory virus or bacterium; of these, 195 (39.3%) tested positive for respiratory viruses, 126 (25.4%) tested positive for respiratory bacteria, and 175 (35.3%) tested positive for both respiratory viruses and bacteria. The predominant viruses detected were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (149/638; 23.3%), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) types 1 to 4 (78/638; 12.2%), human rhinovirus (HRV) (62/638; 9.4%), human adenovirus (HAV) (60/638; 9.4%), and influenza virus (INF) (52/638; 8.1%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (249/638; 39.0%) was the most frequently detected bacterium, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (112/638; 12.2%) and Haemophilus influenzae type B (16/638; 2.5%). Chest X-rays were performed at the discretion of the attending physician on 301 (47.2%) case patients. Of these patients, 231 (76.7%) had abnormal radiological findings. A total of 135/638 (21.2%) and 572/638 (89.7%) children received antibiotic treatment prior to admission and during admission, respectively. CONCLUSION A high proportion of respiratory viruses was detected among children aged younger than 5 years with febrile ARI, raising concerns about excessive use of antibiotics in Niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamou Lagare
- Bacteriology‐Virology UnitCentre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES)NiameyNiger
| | - Sani Ousmane
- Bacteriology‐Virology UnitCentre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES)NiameyNiger
| | - Ibrahim Dan Dano
- Bacteriology‐Virology UnitCentre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES)NiameyNiger
| | - Bassira Issaka
- Bacteriology‐Virology UnitCentre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES)NiameyNiger
| | - Idi Issa
- Bacteriology‐Virology UnitCentre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES)NiameyNiger
| | | | - Jean Testa
- Bacteriology‐Virology UnitCentre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES)NiameyNiger
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
- Influenza ProgramCenters for Disease Control and PreventionPretoriaSouth Africa
- MassGenics DuluthDuluthGeorgia
| | - Saidou Mamadou
- Faculté des Sciences de la SantéUniversité Abdou MoumouniNiameyNiger
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11
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Ference RS, Leonard JA, Stupak HD. Physiologic Model for Seasonal Patterns in Flu Transmission. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:309-313. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Ference
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head & Neck SurgeryAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - James A. Leonard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head & Neck SurgeryAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - Howard D. Stupak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head & Neck SurgeryAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
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Luong LMT, Phung D, Sly PD, Dang TN, Morawska L, Thai PK. Effects of temperature on hospitalisation among pre-school children in Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2603-2612. [PMID: 30474814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of short-term changes in ambient temperature on hospital admissions among children aged less than 5 years old in Hanoi, Vietnam. Data on daily hospital admissions from January 2010 to June 2014 were collected from two hospitals. Daily meteorological data were obtained for the same period. We applied time series analysis to evaluate the risk of hospitalisation related to hot and cold weather by age and causes. We found that a 1 °C decrease in minimum temperature during the cold weather months was associated with 2.2% increase in hospital admission for respiratory infection among children 3-5 years old. A 1 °C increase in diurnal temperature range (DTR) in cold weather was associated with an increase of 1.9% and 1.7% in hospitalisation for all causes and respiratory infection, respectively, among children < 3 years old and an increase of 1.8% and 3.4% in hospitalisation for all causes and respiratory infection, respectively, among children of 3-5 years old. Negative associations between hot weather and hospital admissions were demonstrated. These findings suggested that low temperature and DTRs in winter are important risk factors for hospital admissions among children aged < 5 years old in Hanoi. Other factors may have modified the effect of high temperature on hospital admissions of children in Hanoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly M T Luong
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tran Ngoc Dang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- The Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, Vietnam
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Li Y, Wang XL, Zheng X. Impact of weather factors on influenza hospitalization across different age groups in subtropical Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1615-1624. [PMID: 29804235 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates the significant influence of weather factors, especially temperature and humidity, on influenza seasonality. However, it is still unclear whether temperature variation within the same day, that is diurnal temperature range (DTR), is related to influenza seasonality. In addition, the different effects of weather factors on influenza seasonality across age groups have not been well documented in previous studies. Our study aims to explore the effects of DTR and humidity on influenza seasonality, and the differences in the association between weather factors and influenza seasonality among different age groups in Hong Kong, China. Generalized additive models were conducted to flexibly assess the impact of DTR, absolute humidity (vapor pressure, VP), and relative humidity on influenza seasonality in Hong Kong, China, from January 2012 to December 2016. Stratified analyses were performed to determine if the effects of weather factors differ across age groups (< 5, 5-9, 10-64, and > 64 years). The results suggested that DTR, absolute humidity, and relative humidity were significantly related to influenza seasonality in dry period (when VP is less than 20 mb), while no significant association was found in humid period (when VP is greater than 20 mb). The percentage changes of hospitalization rates due to influenza associated with per unit increase of weather factors in the very young children (age 0-4) and the elderly (age 65+) were higher than that in the adults (age 10-64). Diurnal temperature range is significantly associated with influenza seasonality in dry period, and the effects of weather factors differ across age groups in Hong Kong, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xi-Ling Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Meteorological factors and respiratory syncytial virus seasonality in subtropical Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:757-762. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEvidence is emerging regarding the influence of meteorological factors on seasonal respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks. Data however, are limited for subtropical regions, especially in the southern hemisphere. We examined whether meteorological data (daily minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, relative humidity, dew point, daily global solar exposure) and tourist numbers were associated with the incidence of RSV in children aged <5 years for the Gold Coast region of South-East Queensland, Australia (latitude 28.0°S). RSV cases between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2016 were identified from the Pathology Queensland Gold Coast Laboratory database. Time-series methods were used to identify seasonal patterns. RSV activity peaked in mid-to-late autumn (April–May), tapering in winter (June–August). While most meteorological variables measured were associated with RSV incidence, rainfall (ρ = 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.48) and humidity (ρ = 0.38, 95% CI 0.29–0.46) 8 weeks earlier had the nearest temporal relationship. Tourist numbers were not correlated with RSV activity. Identifying meteorological conditions associated with seasonal RSV epidemics can improve understanding of virus transmission and assist planning for their impact upon the health sector, including timing of passive RSV immunoprophylaxis for high-risk infants and future public health interventions, such as maternal immunisation with RSV vaccines.
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Patil SL, Balakrishnan A. Genetic characterization respiratory syncytial virus in Kerala, the southern part of India. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2092-2097. [PMID: 28464224 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in infants and young children globally. RSV presents two antigenic groups RSV-A and -B. Genetic variability is also very high within each group. RSV circulation varies year to year and even varies among different regions. Data on circulatory pattern of RSV are available from other parts of India except Kerala. The aim of the study was to generate data about groups and genotypes of circulating RSV in Kerala. In this study, RSV positive samples received during January, 2012 to December, 2014 were used for genetic characterization. The samples were tested by using nucleocapsid (N) gene-based conventional multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify the RSV group. Genotyping was done by nucleotide sequencing of the C-terminal region of the glycoprotein (G) gene. Out of the 130 patient samples tested, 49 samples were positive for RSV. Among the positive samples, 32 belong to the RSV-A and 17 belong to RSV-B virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all RSV-A sequences (n = 22) belonged to NA1 genotype and five of the sequences showed the novel 72 nucleotide duplication and clustered into the newly designated ON1 genotype. All RSV-B sequences (n = 17) were clustered into the BA (BA9 and 10) genotype. From this study, we concluded both RSV-A and -B were co-circulated in Kerala and RSV-A was observed predominantly in 2012 and RSV-B in 2014. As per our best of knowledge, BA10 genotype is first observed in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita L Patil
- BSL-4 Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- National Institute of Virology Kerala Unit, Govt. T.D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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Unravelling respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in Buenos Aires, Argentina: Molecular basis of the spatio-temporal transmission. Virology 2017; 508:118-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ramaekers K, Keyaerts E, Rector A, Borremans A, Beuselinck K, Lagrou K, Van Ranst M. Prevalence and seasonality of six respiratory viruses during five consecutive epidemic seasons in Belgium. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:72-78. [PMID: 28772168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) are a major health problem, especially in young children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES Insights into the seasonality of respiratory viruses can help us understand when the burden on society is highest and which age groups are most vulnerable. STUDY DESIGN We monitored six respiratory viruses during five consecutive seasons (2011-2016) in Belgium. Patient specimens (n=22876), tested for one or more of the following respiratory viruses, were included in this analysis: Influenza viruses (IAV & IBV), Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), Adenovirus (ADV) and Human parainfluenza virus (hPIV). Data were analysed for four age categories: <6y, 6-17y, 18-64y and ≥65y. RESULTS Children <6y had the highest infection rates (39% positive vs. 20% positive adults) and the highest frequency of co-infections. hRSV (28%) and IAV (32%) caused the most common respiratory viral infections and followed, like hMPV, a seasonal pattern with winter peaks. hRSV followed an annual pattern with two peaks: first in young children and ±7 weeks later in elderly. This phenomenon has not been described in literature so far. hPIV and ADV occurred throughout the year with higher rates in winter. CONCLUSIONS Children <6y are most vulnerable for respiratory viral infections and have a higher risk for co-infections. hRSV and IAV are the most common respiratory infections with peaks during the winter season in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Ramaekers
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Els Keyaerts
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annie Borremans
- University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Beuselinck
- University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Fernandes-Matano L, Monroy-Muñoz IE, Angeles-Martínez J, Sarquiz-Martinez B, Palomec-Nava ID, Pardavé-Alejandre HD, Santos Coy-Arechavaleta A, Santacruz-Tinoco CE, González-Ibarra J, González-Bonilla CR, Muñoz-Medina JE. Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176298. [PMID: 28467515 PMCID: PMC5415110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a viral aetiological agent is estimated to be involved in up to 80% of cases, the majority of these agents have never been specifically identified. Since 2009, diagnostic and surveillance efforts for influenza virus have been applied worldwide. However, insufficient epidemiological information is available for the many other respiratory viruses that can cause Acute respiratory infections. Methods This study evaluated the presence of 14 non-influenza respiratory viruses in 872 pharyngeal exudate samples using RT-qPCR. All samples met the operational definition of a probable case of an influenza-like illness or severe acute respiratory infection and had a previous negative result for influenza by RT-qPCR. Results The presence of at least one non-influenza virus was observed in 312 samples (35.8%). The most frequent viruses were rhinovirus (RV; 33.0%), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV; 30.8%) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV; 10.6%). A total of 56 cases of co-infection (17.9%) caused by 2, 3, or 4 viruses were identified. Approximately 62.5% of all positive cases were in children under 9 years of age. Conclusion In this study, we identified 13 non-influenza respiratory viruses that could occur in any season of the year. This study provides evidence for the prevalence and seasonality of a wide range of respiratory viruses that circulate in Mexico and constitute a risk for the population. Additionally, our data suggest that including these tests more widely in the diagnostic algorithm for influenza may reduce the use of unnecessary antibiotics, reduce the hospitalisation time, and enrich national epidemiological data with respect to the infections caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma Eloísa Monroy-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Departamento de Genética y Genómica Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Angeles-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Brenda Sarquiz-Martinez
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Iliana Donají Palomec-Nava
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hector Daniel Pardavé-Alejandre
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrea Santos Coy-Arechavaleta
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Clara Esperanza Santacruz-Tinoco
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Joaquín González-Ibarra
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cesar Raúl González-Bonilla
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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Bashir U, Nisar N, Mahmood N, Alam MM, Sadia H, Zaidi SSZ. Molecular detection and characterization of respiratory syncytial virus B genotypes circulating in Pakistani children. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:125-131. [PMID: 27908797 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but very little is known about its epidemiology and circulating genotypes in Pakistan. This study analyzed the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of RSV B genotypes in Pakistani children below 5years with acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) during three consecutive winter seasons from 2010 to 2013. A total of 1941 samples were analyzed for RSV infection by real time PCR and 24% (472/1941) samples were found positive out of which 22.3% (105/472) were sub-typed as RSV-B. The frequency of outpatient cases was higher (62.5%; 295/472) as compared to hospitalized patients (37.5%; 177/472). Patient ages ranged from 2month to 5years with a mean age of 1.48±1.2 (years) and a median age of 1year. Children below one year made up the highest percentage of enrolled subjects and male to female ratio of RSVB positive cases was nearly equivalent (1:1.1). The most common clinical symptoms were cough (96%), fever (80%) and sore throat (50%). All Pak RSVB strains ascribed to the BA genotype showing 91.9-97.1% and 86.2-95.3% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively in comparison to BA prototype strain. On phylogenetic analysis, three genotypes of Pakistan RSV B viruses were observed; BA-9 and BA-10 which have been reported previously from other regions, and a third novel genotype assigned as BA-13 which formed a distinct cluster with protein length of 319 AA and showed 9-11 unique AA substitutions. All the RSV B isolates had two potential N-glycosylation sites in HVR2 of G protein and with heavy O-glycosylation of serine and threonine residues (G scores of 0.5-0.7). This study highlights the diversity of RSVB viruses and the significance of RSV as a dominant viral etiologic agent of pediatric ARI. It also emphasizes the need for continued molecular surveillance for early detection of prevalent and newly emerging genotypes to understand epidemiology of RSV infections in various regions of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Bashir
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Nisar
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Mahmood
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Masroor Alam
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hajra Sadia
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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Abstract
SUMMARYIn temperate zones, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) outbreaks typically occur in cold weather, i.e. in late autumn and winter. However, recent outbreaks in Japan have tended to start during summer and autumn. This study examined associations of meteorological conditions with the numbers of HRSV cases reported in summer in Japan. Using data from the HRSV national surveillance system and national meteorological data for summer during the period 2007–2014, we utilized negative binomial logistic regression analysis to identify associations between meteorological conditions and reported cases of HRSV. HRSV cases increased when summer temperatures rose and when relative humidity increased. Consideration of the interaction term temperature × relative humidity enabled us to show synergistic effects of high temperature with HRSV occurrence. In particular, HRSV cases synergistically increased when relative humidity increased while the temperature was ⩾28·2 °C. Seasonal-trend decomposition analysis using the HRSV national surveillance data divided by 11 climate divisions showed that summer HRSV cases occurred in South Japan (Okinawa Island), Kyushu, and Nankai climate divisions, which are located in southwest Japan. Higher temperature and higher relative humidity were necessary conditions for HRSV occurrence in summer in Japan. Paediatricians in temperate zones should be mindful of possible HRSV cases in summer, when suitable conditions are present.
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Viegas M, Goya S, Mistchenko AS. Sixteen years of evolution of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A in Buenos Aires, Argentina: GA2 the prevalent genotype through the years. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:213-21. [PMID: 27154330 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children worldwide. In recent years, several preclinical trials with vaccine candidates have been reported. It is in this sense that molecular epidemiological studies become important. Understanding viral dispersion patterns before and after the implementation of a vaccine can provide insight into the effectiveness of the control strategies. In this work we analyzed the molecular epidemiology of HRSV-A over a period of sixteen years (1999-2014) in Buenos Aires. By bioinformatic tools we analyzed 169 sequences of the G glycoprotein gene from hospitalized pediatric patients with LRTI. We found that GA2 was the most prevalent genotype (73.35%). GA5 genotype co-circulated in our region until 2009 when it was no longer detected, except in 2011. The recently globally emerging ON1 lineage with a 72-nt duplication increased its frequency to become the only lineage detected in Buenos Aires in 2014. By discrete phylogeographic analysis of global ON1 strains we could determine that Panama could be the location of the MRCA dated June 20, 2010; and this lineage could be introduced in Argentina from Spain in April 2011. This analysis also showed temporary and geographical clustering of ON1 strains observed as phylogenetic clades with strains exclusively associated from a single country, nevertheless among our 44 ON1 strains from three outbreaks (2012-2014) we could also detect posterior reintroductions and circulation from United States, Cuba, South Korea, and Spain. The continuous phylogeographic analysis of one sublineage of Argentine ON1 strains allowed us to establish that there could be a local clustering of some strains even in neighborhoods. This work shows the potential of this type of bioinformatic tools in the context of a future vaccine surveillance network to trace the spread of new genetic lineages in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viegas
- Virology Laboratory, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330 2°, 1425 Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - S Goya
- Virology Laboratory, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330 2°, 1425 Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - A S Mistchenko
- Virology Laboratory, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330 2°, 1425 Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Argentina.
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Royé D, Taboada JJ, Martí A, Lorenzo MN. Winter circulation weather types and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Galicia, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:507-520. [PMID: 26307637 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The link between various pathologies and atmospheric conditions has been a constant topic of study over recent decades in many places across the world; knowing more about it enables us to pre-empt the worsening of certain diseases, thereby optimizing medical resources. This study looked specifically at the connections in winter between respiratory diseases and types of atmospheric weather conditions (Circulation Weather Types, CWT) in Galicia, a region in the north-western corner of the Iberian Peninsula. To do this, the study used hospital admission data associated with these pathologies as well as an automatic classification of weather types. The main result obtained was that weather types giving rise to an increase in admissions due to these diseases are those associated with cold, dry weather, such as those in the east and south-east, or anticyclonic types. A second peak was associated with humid, hotter weather, generally linked to south-west weather types. In the future, this result may help to forecast the increase in respiratory pathologies in the region some days in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Royé
- Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Praza da Universidade 1, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J J Taboada
- Consellera de Medio Ambiente, Territorio e Infraestruturas, Meteogalicia, Rúa Roma 6, 15707, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Martí
- Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Praza da Universidade 1, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M N Lorenzo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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Goya S, Mistchenko AS, Viegas M. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses of human parainfluenza type 3 virus in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 2009 and 2013: The emergence of new genetic lineages. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lagare A, Maïnassara HB, Issaka B, Sidiki A, Tempia S. Viral and bacterial etiology of severe acute respiratory illness among children < 5 years of age without influenza in Niger. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:515. [PMID: 26567015 PMCID: PMC4644278 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, with the highest burden experienced in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. However, there is a dearth of information on the etiology of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in Africa, including Niger. Methods We implemented a retrospective study as part of national influenza sentinel surveillance in Niger. We randomly selected a sample of nasopharyngeal specimens collected from children <5 years of age hospitalized with SARI from January 2010 through December 2012 in Niger. The samples were selected from individuals that tested negative by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for influenza A and B virus. The samples were analyzed using the Fast Track Diagnostic Respiratory Pathogens 21plus Kit (BioMérieux, Luxemburg), which detects 23 respiratory pathogens including 18 viral and 5 bacterial agents. Results Among the 160 samples tested, 138 (86 %) tested positive for at least one viral or bacterial pathogen; in 22 (16 %) sample, only one pathogen was detected. We detected at least one respiratory virus in 126 (78 %) samples and at least one bacterium in 102 (64 %) samples. Respiratory syncytial virus (56/160; 35 %), rhinovirus (47/160; 29 %) and parainfluenza virus (39/160; 24 %) were the most common viral pathogens detected. Among bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae (90/160; 56 %) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (20/160; 12 %) predominated. Conclusions The high prevalence of certain viral and bacterial pathogens among children <5 years of age with SARI highlights the need for continued and expanded surveillance in Niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Halima Boubacar Maïnassara
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Bassira Issaka
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Ali Sidiki
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Bld de la Nation, BP:10887, YN034-, Niamey, Niger.
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia, Atlanta, USA. .,Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Shaw Stewart PD. Seasonality and selective trends in viral acute respiratory tract infections. Med Hypotheses 2015; 86:104-19. [PMID: 26608252 PMCID: PMC7116927 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A and B, and many unrelated viruses including rhinovirus, RSV, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus share the same seasonality, since these viral acute respiratory tract infections (vARIs) are much more common in winter than summer. Unfortunately, early investigations that used recycled “pedigree” virus strains seem to have led microbiologists to dismiss the common folk belief that vARIs often follow chilling. Today, incontrovertible evidence shows that ambient temperature dips and host chilling increase the incidence and severity of vARIs. This review considers four possible mechanisms, M1 - 4, that can explain this link: (M1) increased crowding in winter may enhance viral transmission; (M2) lower temperatures may increase the stability of virions outside the body; (M3) chilling may increase host susceptibility; (M4) lower temperatures or host chilling may activate dormant virions. There is little evidence for M1 or M2, which are incompatible with tropical observations. Epidemiological anomalies such as the repeated simultaneous arrival of vARIs over wide geographical areas, the rapid cessation of influenza epidemics, and the low attack rate of influenza within families are compatible with M4, but not M3 (in its simple form). M4 seems to be the main driver of seasonality, but M3 may also play an important role.
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Bardach A, Rey-Ares L, Cafferata ML, Cormick G, Romano M, Ruvinsky S, Savy V. Systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infection epidemiology in Latin America. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:76-89. [PMID: 24757727 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of acute respiratory infection and the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to obtain a comprehensive epidemiological picture of the data available on disease burden, surveillance, and use of resources in Latin America. Pooled estimates are useful for cross-country comparisons. Data from published studies reporting patients with probable or confirmed RSV infection in medical databases and gray literature were included from 74 studies selected from the 291 initially identified. When considering all countries, the largest pooled percentage RSV in low respiratory tract infection patients was found in the group between 0 and 11 months old, 41.5% (95% CI 32.0–51.4). In all countries, percentages were increasingly lower as older children were included in the analyses. The pooled percentage of RSV in LRTIs in the elderly people was 12.6 (95% CI 4.2–24.6). The percentage of RSV infection in hospitalized newborns was 40.9% (95% CI 28.28–54.34). The pooled case fatality ratio for RSV infection was 1.74% (95% CI 1.2–2.4) in the first 2 years of life. The average length of stay excluding intensive care unit admissions among children with risk factors for severe disease was 12.8 (95% CI 8.9–16.7) days, whereas it averaged 7.3 (95% CI 6.1/8.5) days in otherwise healthy children.We could conclude that infants in their first year of age were the most vulnerable population. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on RSV disease burden and use of health resources in Latin America.
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Ochoa TJ, Bautista R, Dávila C, Salazar JA, Bazán C, Guerra O, Llanos JP, López L, Zea-Vera A, Ecker L. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in pre-mature infants in Lima, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:1029-34. [PMID: 25294617 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective cohort study in four hospitals in Lima, Peru in infants with a birth weight ≤ 1,500 g followed from birth hospital discharge up to 1 year of age to determine the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalizations. We enrolled 222 infants from March of 2009 to March of 2010: 48 infants with a birth weight < 1,000 g and 174 infants with a birth weight of 1,000-1,500 g (birth weight = 1,197 ± 224 g; gestational age = 30.1 ± 2.6 weeks). There were 936 episodes of respiratory infections; the incidence of respiratory infections during the first 1 year of life was 5.7 episodes/child-years. The incidence of RSV respiratory infections that required emergency room management was 103.9 per 1,000 child-years, and the incidence of RSV hospitalizations was 116.2 per 1,000 child-years (244.9 in infants with a birth weight < 1,000 g and 88.9 in infants 1,000-1,500 g; P < 0.05). The incidence of RSV respiratory infections that required emergency management or hospitalization is high among pre-mature infants in Lima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Ochoa
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Rossana Bautista
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Dávila
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - José Antonio Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Bazán
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Oscar Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Jean Pierre Llanos
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis López
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Alonso Zea-Vera
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Lucie Ecker
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Univeristy of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Madre Niño San Bartolome, Lima, Peru; Abbott Laboratories, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
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Moore HC, Jacoby P, Hogan AB, Blyth CC, Mercer GN. Modelling the seasonal epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus in young children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100422. [PMID: 24968133 PMCID: PMC4072624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of paediatric morbidity. Mathematical models can be used to characterise annual RSV seasonal epidemics and are a valuable tool to assess the impact of future vaccines. OBJECTIVES Construct a mathematical model of seasonal epidemics of RSV and by fitting to a population-level RSV dataset, obtain a better understanding of RSV transmission dynamics. METHODS We obtained an extensive dataset of weekly RSV testing data in children aged less than 2 years, 2000-2005, for a birth cohort of 245,249 children through linkage of laboratory and birth record datasets. We constructed a seasonally forced compartmental age-structured Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible (SEIRS) mathematical model to fit to the seasonal curves of positive RSV detections using the Nelder-Mead method. RESULTS From 15,830 specimens, 3,394 were positive for RSV. RSV detections exhibited a distinct biennial seasonal pattern with alternating sized peaks in winter months. Our SEIRS model accurately mimicked the observed data with alternating sized peaks using disease parameter values that remained constant across the 6 years of data. Variations in the duration of immunity and recovery periods were explored. The best fit to the data minimising the residual sum of errors was a model using estimates based on previous models in the literature for the infectious period and a slightly lower estimate for the immunity period. CONCLUSIONS Our age-structured model based on routinely collected population laboratory data accurately captures the observed seasonal epidemic curves. The compartmental SEIRS model, based on several assumptions, now provides a validated base model. Ranges for the disease parameters in the model that could replicate the patterns in the data were identified. Areas for future model developments include fitting climatic variables to the seasonal parameter, allowing parameters to vary according to age and implementing a newborn vaccination program to predict the effect on RSV incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Moore
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alexandra B. Hogan
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Blyth
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | - Geoffry N. Mercer
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Moyes J, Cohen C, Pretorius M, Groome M, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, Walaza S, Haffejee S, Chhagan M, Naby F, Cohen AL, Tempia S, Kahn K, Dawood H, Venter M, Madhi SA. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African children, 2010-2011. J Infect Dis 2014; 208 Suppl 3:S217-26. [PMID: 24265481 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children in settings with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied the epidemiology of RSV-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) hospitalizations among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children in South Africa. METHODS Children aged <5 years admitted to sentinel surveillance hospitals with physician-diagnosed neonatal sepsis or ALRTI were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for RSV and other viruses. Associations between possible risk factors and severe outcomes for RSV infection among HIV-infected and uninfected children were examined. The relative risk of hospitalization in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children was calculated in 1 site with population denominators. RESULTS Of 4489 participants, 4293 (96%) were tested for RSV, of whom 1157 (27%) tested positive. With adjustment for age, HIV-infected children had a 3-5-fold increased risk of hospitalization with RSV-associated ALRTI (2010 relative risk, 5.6; [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.5-6.4]; 2011 relative risk, 3.1 [95% CI, 2.6-3.6]). On multivariable analysis, HIV-infected children with RSV-associated ALRTI had higher odds of death (adjusted odds ratio. 31.1; 95% CI, 5.4-179.8) and hospitalization for >5 days (adjusted odds ratio, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.5-10.6) than HIV-uninfected children. CONCLUSION HIV-infected children have a higher risk of hospitalization with RSV-associated ALRTI and a poorer outcome than HIV-uninfected children. These children should be targeted for interventions aimed at preventing severe RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Moyes
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service
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Gao J, Sun Y, Lu Y, Li L. Impact of ambient humidity on child health: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112508. [PMID: 25503413 PMCID: PMC4264743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Changes in relative humidity, along with other meteorological factors, accompany ongoing climate change and play a significant role in weather-related health outcomes, particularly among children. The purpose of this review is to improve our understanding of the relationship between ambient humidity and child health, and to propose directions for future research. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, OvidSP and EBSCO host) and review of reference lists, to supplement relevant studies, were conducted in March 2013. All identified records were selected based on explicit inclusion criteria. We extracted data from the included studies using a pre-designed data extraction form, and then performed a quality assessment. Various heterogeneities precluded a formal quantitative meta-analysis, therefore, evidence was compiled using descriptive summaries. RESULTS Out of a total of 3797 identified records, 37 papers were selected for inclusion in this review. Among the 37 studies, 35% were focused on allergic diseases and 32% on respiratory system diseases. Quality assessment revealed 78% of the studies had reporting quality scores above 70%, and all findings demonstrated that ambient humidity generally plays an important role in the incidence and prevalence of climate-sensitive diseases among children. CONCLUSIONS With climate change, there is a significant impact of ambient humidity on child health, especially for climate-sensitive infectious diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory system diseases, and pediatric allergic diseases. However, some inconsistencies in the direction and magnitude of the effects are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Gao
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Yunzong Sun
- Department of Public Health, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Yaogui Lu
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- * E-mail:
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Stoppelenburg AJ, von Hegedus JH, Huis in't Veld R, Bont L, Boes M. Defective control of vitamin D receptor-mediated epithelial STAT1 signalling predisposes to severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Pathol 2013; 232:57-64. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arie Jan Stoppelenburg
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron Huis in't Veld
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Immunology; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Choudhary M, Anand S, Wadhwa B, Chadha M. Genetic variability of human respiratory syncytial virus in Pune, Western India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:369-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tang JW, Loh TP. Correlations between climate factors and incidence-a contributor to RSV seasonality. Rev Med Virol 2013; 24:15-34. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian W. Tang
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health; University of Alberta Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; National University Hospital; Singapore
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Association of meteorological factors with childhood viral acute respiratory infections in subtropical China: an analysis over 11 years. Arch Virol 2013; 159:631-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
SUMMARYWeekly data from 7 years (2004–2010) of primary-care counts of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) and local weather readings were used to adjust a multivariate time-series vector error correction model with covariates (VECMX). Weather variables were included through a partial least squares index that consisted of weekly minimum temperature (coefficient = − 0·26), weekly median of relative humidity (coefficient = 0·22) and weekly accumulated rainfall (coefficient = 0·5). The VECMX long-term test reported significance for trend (0·01, P = 0·00) and weather index (1·69, P = 0·00). Short-term relationship was influenced by seasonality. The model accounted for 76% of the variability in the series (adj. R2 = 0·76), and the co-integration diagnostics confirmed its appropriateness. The procedure is easily reproducible by researchers in all climates, can be used to identify relevant weather fluctuations affecting the incidence of ARIs, and could help clarify the influence of contact rates on the spread of these diseases.
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Lukšić I, Kearns PK, Scott F, Rudan I, Campbell H, Nair H. Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age -- a systematic review and meta-analysis. Croat Med J 2013; 54:122-34. [PMID: 23630140 PMCID: PMC3641872 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To estimate the proportional contribution of influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), adenoviruses (AV), and coronaviruses (CV) to the burden of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). METHODS The review of the literature followed PRISMA guidelines. We included studies of hospitalized children aged 0-4 years with confirmed ALRI published between 1995 and 2011. A total of 51 studies were included in the final review, comprising 56091 hospitalized ALRI episodes. RESULTS IV was detected in 3.0% (2.2%-4.0%) of all hospitalized ALRI cases, PIV in 2.7% (1.9%-3.7%), and AV in 5.8% (3.4%-9.1%). CV are technically difficult to culture, and they were detected in 4.8% of all hospitalized ALRI patients in one study. When respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and less common viruses were included, at least one virus was detected in 50.4% (40.0%-60.7%) of all hospitalized severe ALRI episodes. Moreover, 21.9% (17.7%-26.4%) of these viral ALRI were mixed, including more than one viral pathogen. Among all severe ALRI with confirmed viral etiology, IV accounted for 7.0% (5.5%-8.7%), PIV for 5.8% (4.1%-7.7%), and AV for 8.8% (5.3%-13.0%). CV was found in 10.6% of virus-positive pneumonia patients in one study. CONCLUSIONS This article provides the most comprehensive analysis of the contribution of four viral causes to severe ALRI to date. Our results can be used in further cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccine development and implementation for a number of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lukšić
- Ivana Luksic, Institute of Publich Health Dr. Andrija Štampar, Department of Microbiology, Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of human respiratory syncytial virus in Vietnam. PLoS One 2013; 8:e45436. [PMID: 23349659 PMCID: PMC3551923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children worldwide and can cause high mortality, especially in developing countries. However, information on the clinical and molecular characteristics of RSV infection in developing countries is limited. From April 2010 to May 2011, 1,082 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children with ARI admitted to the Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Samples were screened for RSV and genotyped by reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Demographic and clinical data was also recorded. RSV was found in 23.8% (257/1,082) of samples. RSV A was the dominant subgroup, accounting for 91.4% (235/257), followed by RSV B, 5.1% (13/257), and 9 cases (3.5%) were mixed infection of these subgroups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all group A strains belonged to the GA2 genotype. All group B strains belonged to the recently identified BA genotype, and further clustered into 2 recently described subgenotypes BA9 and BA10. One GA2 genotype strain had a premature stop codon which shortened the G protein length. RSV infection was significantly associated with younger age and higher severity score than those without. Co-infection with other viruses did not affect disease severity. RSV A caused more severe disease than RSV B. The results from this study will not only contribute to the growing database on the molecular diversity of RSV circulating worldwide but may be also useful in clinical management and vaccine development.
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Savy V, Ciapponi A, Bardach A, Glujovsky D, Aruj P, Mazzoni A, Gibbons L, Ortega-Barría E, Colindres RE. Burden of influenza in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:1017-32. [PMID: 23210504 PMCID: PMC4634294 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza causes severe morbidity and mortality. This systematic review aimed to assess the incidence, etiology, and resource usage for influenza in Latin America and the Caribbean. DESIGN Meta-analytic systematic review. Arcsine transformations and DerSimonian Laird random effects model were used for meta-analyses. SETTING A literature search from 1980 to 2008 in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, Ministries of Health, PAHO, proceedings, reference lists, and consulting experts. SAMPLE We identified 1092 references, of which 31 were finally included, in addition to influenza surveillance reports. We also used information from the 10 reports from the collaborative group for epidemiological surveillance of influenza and other respiratory virus (GROG), and information retrieved from the WHO global flu database FLUNET. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence, percentage of influenza specimens out of the total received by influenza centers and resource-use outcomes. RESULTS A total of 483 130 specimens of patients with influenza were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed an annual rate of 36 080 (95%CI 28 550 43 610) influenza-like illness per 100 000 persons-years. The percentage of influenza out of total specimens received by influenza centers ranged between 4.66% and 15.42%, with type A the most prevalent, and A subtype H3 predominating. The mean length of stay at hospital due to influenza ranged between 5.8 12.9 days, total workdays lost due to influenza-like illnesses were 17 150 days, and the mean direct cost of hospitalization was US$575 per laboratory-confirmed influenza case. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that seasonal influenza imposes a high morbidity and economic burden to the region. However, the vaccine-uptake rate has been low in this region. Population-based cohort studies are required to improve the knowledge about incidence and resource utilization, which would inform healthcare authorities for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Savy
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Amarillo AC, Carreras HA. The effect of airborne particles and weather conditions on pediatric respiratory infections in Cordoba, Argentine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 170:217-221. [PMID: 22835501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of estimated PM(10) on respiratory infections in children from Cordoba, Argentine as well as the influence of weather factors, socio-economic conditions and education. We analyzed upper and lower respiratory infections and applied a time-series analysis with a quasi-Poisson distribution link function. To control for seasonally varying factors we fitted cubic smoothing splines of date. We also examined community-specific parameters and differences in susceptibility by sex. We found a significant association between particles and respiratory infections. This relationship was affected by mean temperature, atmospheric pressure and wind speed. These effects were stronger in fall, winter and spring for upper respiratory infections while for lower respiratory infections the association was significant only during spring. Low socio-economic conditions and low education levels increased the risk of respiratory infections. These findings add useful information to understand the influence of airborne particles on children health in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Amarillo
- Department of Chemistry, FCEFyN, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Xu Z, Etzel RA, Su H, Huang C, Guo Y, Tong S. Impact of ambient temperature on children's health: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 117:120-31. [PMID: 22831555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Children are vulnerable to temperature extremes. This paper aimed to review the literature regarding the relationship between ambient temperature and children's health and to propose future research directions. A literature search was conducted in February 2012 using the databases including PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. Empirical studies regarding the impact of ambient temperature on children's mortality and morbidity were included. The existing literature indicates that very young children, especially children under one year of age, are particularly vulnerable to heat-related deaths. Hot and cold temperatures mainly affect cases of infectious diseases among children, including gastrointestinal diseases, malaria, hand, foot and mouse disease, and respiratory diseases. Pediatric allergic diseases, like eczema, are also sensitive to temperature extremes. During heat waves, the incidences of renal disease, fever and electrolyte imbalance among children increase significantly. Future research is needed to examine the balance between hot- and cold-temperature related mortality and morbidity among children; evaluate the impacts of cold spells on cause-specific mortality in children; identify the most sensitive temperature exposure and health outcomes to quantify the impact of temperature extremes on children; elucidate the possible modifiers of the temperature and children's health relationship; and project children's disease burden under different climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059 Qld, Australia
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Barrero PR, Valinotto LE, Tittarelli E, Mistchenko AS. Molecular typing of adenoviruses in pediatric respiratory infections in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1999-2010). J Clin Virol 2011; 53:145-50. [PMID: 22138300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human adenovirus (HAdV) types most commonly found in respiratory samples belong to HAdV species C (HAdV-C1, -C2, -C5, and -C6) and to HAdV species B (HAdV-B3 and -B7). Several studies in South America have shown the association between severe respiratory infections and subspecies B1. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the adenovirus types associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children, found as single or coinfections, throughout a 12-year period. STUDY DESIGN All samples that tested positive for adenovirus by immunofluorescence assay from January 1999 to December 2010 were typed by evaluating a set of four viral genes (E1A, VA, hexon and fiber). Quantitative PCRs for HAdV-B and HAdV-C species were performed to compare the viral load found in single infections and coinfections. RESULTS From a total of 743 HAdV, 654 (88%) were single infections and 89 (12%) coinfections. From the 654 single HAdV infections, members of four species were present: species B (n=492, 75.23%), species C (n=138, 21.1%), species E (n=19, 2.91%), and species D (n=5, 0.76%). Only members of species B (n=109, 57.67%) and species C (n=80, 42.33%) were detected in coinfections. HAdV-B7 and HAdV-B3 were the most prevalent types (n=308, 36.54%; n=230, 27.28% respectively) and HAdV-C1, -C2, -E4, -C5, -C6, -D8, -B11, -B14 and -B21 were also detected. Viral loads for species C viruses were higher in single infections than in coinfections (p<0.01), whereas the opposite was observed for species B viruses (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a thorough description of adenovirus circulation and diversity in Buenos Aires in a 12-year period. The high proportion of coinfections found in this work shows that this phenomenom might be more common than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Barrero
- Laboratorio de Virología Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Watanabe ASA, Carraro E, Candeias JMG, Donalísio MR, Leal E, Granato CFH, Bellei N. Viral etiology among the elderly presenting acute respiratory infection during the influenza season. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:18-21. [PMID: 21340401 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illness in all individuals. Rhinoviruses have been reported as the etiology of more than 50% of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The study prospectively evaluated 47 elderly individuals from a group of 384 randomly assigned for acute respiratory viral infections (cold or flu) and assessed the occurrence of human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus (hMPV) in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Forty-nine nasal swabs collected from 47 elderly individuals following inclusion visits from 2002 to 2003 were tested by GenScan RT-PCR. HRV-positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS No sample was positive for influenza A/B or RSV. HRV was detected in 28.6% (14/47) and hMPV in 2% (1/47). Of 14 positive samples, 9 isolates were successfully sequenced, showing the follow group distribution: 6 group A, 1 group B and 2 group C HRVs. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of HRV during the months of the influenza season requires further study regarding HRV infection impact on respiratory complications among this population. Infection caused by HRV is very frequent and may contribute to increasing the already high demand for healthcare during the influenza season.
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Jusot JF, Adamou L, Collard JM. Influenza transmission during a one-year period (2009-2010) in a Sahelian city: low temperature plays a major role. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 6:87-9. [PMID: 21933356 PMCID: PMC4942078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Jusot J‐François et al. (2011) Influenza transmission during a one‐year period (2009–2010) in a Sahelian city: low temperature plays a major role. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00286.x. This work aimed at studying the link between some climatic factors and the occurrence of influenza in Niamey, Niger. Patients with influenza like illness or severe acute respiratory illness were recruited through a sentinel network. A nasopharyngeal swab was sampled and tested for influenza viruses A and B by RT‐PCR. Time series of daily counts of influenza cases and climatic factors were linked using a generalized additive model. Among the 320 patients recruited, 76 were confirmed positive for influenza. Influenza cases increased significantly with minimal temperatures and high visibility. This work brings some valuable explanation to the impact of low temperatures on influenza transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Jusot
- Unité d'Epidémiologie, Santé-Environnement-Climat, Centre de Recherches Médicales et Sanitaires (CERMES), Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger.
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Mannan I, Choi Y, Coutinho AJ, Chowdhury AI, Rahman SM, Seraji HR, Bari S, Shah R, Winch PJ, El Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH. Vulnerability of newborns to environmental factors: findings from community based surveillance data in Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3437-52. [PMID: 21909316 PMCID: PMC3166752 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8083437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection is the major cause of neonatal deaths. Home born newborns in rural Bangladeshi communities are exposed to environmental factors increasing their vulnerability to a number of disease agents that may compromise their health. The current analysis was conducted to assess the association of very severe disease (VSD) in newborns in rural communities with temperature, rainfall, and humidity. A total of 12,836 newborns from rural Sylhet and Mirzapur communities were assessed by trained community health workers using a sign based algorithm. Records of temperature, humidity, and rainfall were collected from the nearest meteorological stations. Associations between VSD and environmental factors were estimated. Incidence of VSD was found to be associated with higher temperatures (odds ratios: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.21 in Sylhet and 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.07 in Mirzapur) and heat humidity index (odds ratios: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.08 in Sylhet and, 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04 in Mirzapur). Four months (June–September) in Sylhet, and six months in Mirzapur (April–September) had higher odds ratios of incidence of VSD as compared to the remainder of the year (odds ratios: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.32 to 2.23 in Sylhet and, 1.62, 95% CI: 1.33 to 1.96 in Mirzapur). Prevention of VSD in neonates can be enhanced if these interactions are considered in health intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Mannan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
- Save the Children, H 1(A) 2, Road 91, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: +88-01730327515
| | - Yoonjoung Choi
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Anastasia J. Coutinho
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Atique I. Chowdhury
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Habib R. Seraji
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Sanwarul Bari
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Rasheduzzaman Shah
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Peter J. Winch
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Gary L. Darmstadt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
| | - Abdullah H. Baqui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E8138, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (A.J.C.); (R.S.); (P.J.W.); (G.L.D.); (A.H.B.)
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; E-Mails: (A.I.C.); (S.M.R.); (H.R.S.); (S.B.); (S.E.A.)
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Sovero M, Garcia J, Kochel T, Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Chicaiza W, Barrantes M, Sanchez F, Jimenez M, Comach G, de Rivera IL, Arango AE, Agudo R, Halsey ES. Circulating strains of human respiratory syncytial virus in central and south America. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22111. [PMID: 21829605 PMCID: PMC3148217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections among infants and young children. HRSV strains vary genetically and antigenically and have been classified into two broad subgroups, A and B (HRSV-A and HRSV-B, respectively). To date, little is known about the circulating strains of HRSV in Latin America. We have evaluated the genetic diversity of 96 HRSV strains by sequencing a variable region of the G protein gene of isolates collected from 2007 to 2009 in Central and South America. Our results show the presence of the two antigenic subgroups of HRSV during this period with the majority belonging to the genotype HRSV-A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merly Sovero
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Josefina Garcia
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Jorge Gomez
- Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Felix Sanchez
- Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Agudo
- Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia
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Tang JW, Lai FYL, Nymadawa P, Deng YM, Ratnamohan M, Petric M, Loh TP, Tee NWS, Dwyer DE, Barr IG, Wong FYW. Comparison of the incidence of influenza in relation to climate factors during 2000-2007 in five countries. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1958-65. [PMID: 20872724 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few international comparisons of the incidence of influenza related to climate parameters have been performed, particularly in the Eastern hemisphere. In this study, the incidence of influenza and climate data such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, from cities at different latitudes with contrasting climates: Singapore, Hong Kong (China), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Vancouver (Canada), and three Australian cities (Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney) were examined to determine whether there was any overall relationship between the incidence of influenza and climate. Applying time-series analyses to the more comprehensive datasets, it was found that relative humidity was associated with the incidence of influenza A in Singapore, Hong Kong, Brisbane, and Vancouver. In the case of influenza B, the mean temperature was the key climate variable associated with the incidence of influenza in Hong Kong, Brisbane, Melbourne, and Vancouver. Rainfall was not significantly correlated with the incidence of influenza A or B in any of these cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Maffey AF, Barrero PR, Venialgo C, Fernández F, Fuse VA, Saia M, Villalba A, Fermepin MR, Teper AM, Mistchenko AS. Viruses and atypical bacteria associated with asthma exacerbations in hospitalized children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:619-25. [PMID: 20503289 PMCID: PMC7167758 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVES AND WORKING HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viruses Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae and gain insight into their seasonal circulation pattern in children with acute asthma exacerbations in a temperate southern hemisphere region. STUDY DESIGN Patients hospitalized between 3 months and 16 years of age were included in a 1-year prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Respiratory secretions were collected and the presence of different viruses and atypical bacteria analyzed by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Two hundred nine patients (118 females) aged (mean +/- SD) 4.4 +/- 4 years were included. A potential causative agent was detected in 78% of the patients. The most frequently detected viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) (n = 85; 40%) and rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 52; 24.5%); M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae were detected in 4.5% and 2% of the cases, respectively. Patients with HRSV (vs. HRV) were hospitalized for a longer time (6.7 vs. 5.2 days, P = 0.012), required more days of oxygen supply (5.1 vs. 3.4, P = 0.005), had a longer duration of the exacerbation before hospitalization (3.6 vs. 1.9 days, P = 0.001) and were younger (3.7 vs. 5.1 years, P = 0.012). Three peaks of admissions were observed. A first peak (early autumn) caused by HRV, a second peak (winter) caused mainly by HRSV and a third one (spring), caused by HRSV, an increase in HMPV together with a second outbreak of HRV. CONCLUSIONS Children with an acute asthma exacerbation presented a high prevalence of respiratory viruses. Most hospitalizations corresponded to seasonal increases in prevalence of HRV and HRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto F Maffey
- Centro Respiratorio, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Incidence of common respiratory viral infections related to climate factors in hospitalized children in Hong Kong. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:226-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809990410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHong Kong has a subtropical climate and an influenza seasonality lying approximately mid-way (March–June) between those of the Northern (November–March) and Southern (June–September) hemispheres. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shares a similar seasonality to that of influenza in Hong Kong and is another important respiratory infection of childhood. Daily virus incidence data from public hospitals in Hong Kong's New Territory East Cluster, together with Hong Kong climate data were obtained for 2000–2007. Statistical time-series analysis using monthly time windows showed that influenza A and RSV incidence increased with higher environmental relative humidity, whereas influenza B incidence decreased with higher environmental temperatures. The other climate variables (including vapour pressure as a measure of absolute humidity) were not significantly related to the incidence of these respiratory viruses. Data from this study further reinforces the concept that the relationship between climate factors and respiratory virus incidence differ between subtropical/tropical and temperate countries.
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Seasonality of respiratory viral identification varies with age and Aboriginality in metropolitan Western Australia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:598-603. [PMID: 19384260 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318199cefd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory infections are a major cause of pediatric illness. It is not known whether seasonality of viruses differs between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children of varying ages. METHODS We extracted data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 and adenovirus identified through cell culture or direct immunofluorescence between 1997 and 2005 from nasopharyngeal or throat specimens at Western Australia's only pediatric hospital. We used harmonic analysis in generalized linear models to examine the variations in seasonality of these viruses with Aboriginality and age. RESULTS A respiratory virus was identified in 32% of 32 741 specimens. RSV (18.6%), influenza virus A (5.1%), and parainfluenza virus 3 (4.0%) were most common. The median age at time of identification was lower in Aboriginal children than non-Aboriginal for all viruses except RSV. Seasonality differed between all viruses and varied with age for RSV, influenza viruses and adenovirus. Influenza viruses A and B activity peaked earlier in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children during 1997, 1998, and 2002. CONCLUSIONS All viruses showed distinct seasonality. Variability with age and different seasonal patterns for influenza viruses in Aboriginal children compared with non-Aboriginal children has to be taken into account when identifying target groups and timing for vaccination and other interventions.
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