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Cao W, Zhang F, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Guo X, Dong L, Li H, Zeng D, Li X, Yang X. A short neuropeptide F analog (sNPF), III-2 may particularly regulate juvenile hormone III to influence Spodoptera frugiperda metamorphosis and development. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105653. [PMID: 38072528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Allatostatin (AS) or Allatotropin (AT) is a class of insect short neuropeptide F (sNPF) that affects insect growth and development by inhibiting or promote the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) in different insects. III-2 is a novel sNPF analog derived from a group of nitroaromatic groups connected by different amino acids. In this study, we found that III-2 showed high insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda larvae with a LC50 of 18.7 mg L-1. As demonstrated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), III-2 particularly facilitated JH III and hindered 20E synthesis in S. frugiperda. The results of RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that III-2 treatment promoted the expression of key genes such as SfCYP15C1 in JH synthesis pathway and inhibited the expression of SfCYP314A1 and other genes in the 20E synthetic pathway. Significant differences were also observed in the expression of the genes related to cuticle formation. We report for the first time that sNPF compounds specifically interfere with the synthesis and secretion of a certain JH in insects, thus affecting the ecdysis and growth of insects, and leading to death. This study may provide a new plant conservation concept for us to seek the targeted control of certain insects based on specific interference with different JH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Fu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Haolin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongheng Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xiaxia Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Linxi Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Xinling Yang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Lubawy J, Hornik J. The effect of B-type allatostatin neuropeptides on crosstalk between the insect immune response and cold tolerance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20697. [PMID: 36450889 PMCID: PMC9712581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the largest group of arthropod phyla and are capable of surviving in a variety of environments. One of the most important factors in enabling them to do so is their resistance to temperature stress, i.e., cold tolerance. The neuroendocrine system, together with the immune system, cooperates to regulate a number of physiological processes that are essential for the stability of the organism in stressful conditions. However, to date, no one has studied the effect of insect myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) on cold stress tolerance and immune system activity. Here, we investigated the effect of Tenmo-MIP 5 (10-6 M), cold stress (- 5 °C) and a combination of both on the immune response of Tenebrio molitor. All three treatments caused upregulation of immune-related genes (antimicrobial peptides and Toll) and increased phagocytosis activity (by approximately 10%). However, phenoloxidase activity and mortality were increased only after peptide injection and the combination of both treatments. The peptide injection combined with cold stress caused 40% higher mortality than that in the control. Together, our results show the links between cold stress, MIPs activity and the immune response, and to our knowledge, this is the first report showing the effect of MIP on the insect immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justyna Hornik
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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3
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Liu J, Gao S, Wei L, Xiong W, Lu Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Gao H, Li B. Choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter are required for metamorphosis, reproduction, and insecticide susceptibility in Tribolium castaneum. Gene 2022; 842:146794. [PMID: 35952841 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) are essential enzymes for synthesizing and transporting acetylcholine (ACh). But their functions in metamorphosis, reproduction, and the insecticide susceptibility were poorly understood in the insects. To address these issues, we identified the orthologues of chat and vacht in Tribolium castaneum. Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed Chat has the highest expression at the early adult stage, while vacht shows peak expression at the early larval stage. Both of them were highly expressed at the head of late adult. RNA interference (RNAi) of chat and vacht both led to a decrease in ACh content at the late larval stage. It is observed that chat knockdown severely affected larval development and pupal eclosion, but vacht RNAi only disrupted pupal eclosion. Further, parental RNAi of chat or vacht led to 35 % or 30 % reduction in fecundity, respectively, and knockdown of them completely inhibited egg hatchability. Further analysis has confirmed that both the reduction in fecundity and hatchability caused through the maternal specificity in T. castaneum. Moreover, the transcript levels of chat and vacht were elevated after carbofuran or dichlorvos treatment. Reduction of chat or vacht decreased the resistance to carbofuran and dichlorvos. This study provides the evidence for chat and vacht not only involved in development and reproduction of insects but also could as the potential targets of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Han Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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4
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Wegener C, Chen J. Allatostatin A Signalling: Progress and New Challenges From a Paradigmatic Pleiotropic Invertebrate Neuropeptide Family. Front Physiol 2022; 13:920529. [PMID: 35812311 PMCID: PMC9263205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.920529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides have gained broad attraction in insect neuroscience and physiology, as new genetic tools are increasingly uncovering their wide-ranging pleiotropic functions with high cellular resolution. Allatostatin A (AstA) peptides constitute one of the best studied insect neuropeptide families. In insects and other panarthropods, AstA peptides qualify as brain-gut peptides and have regained attention with the discovery of their role in regulating feeding, growth, activity/sleep and learning. AstA receptor homologs are found throughout the protostomia and group with vertebrate somatostatin/galanin/kisspeptin receptors. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the evolution and the pleiotropic and cell-specific non-allatostatic functions of AstA. We speculate about the core functions of AstA signalling, and derive open questions and challengesfor future research on AstA and invertebrate neuropeptides in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg Insect Research, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Wegener,
| | - Jiangtian Chen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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5
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Lange AB, Leyria J, Orchard I. The hormonal and neural control of egg production in the historically important model insect, Rhodnius prolixus: A review, with new insights in this post-genomic era. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 321-322:114030. [PMID: 35317995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus, the blood gorging kissing bug, is a model insect, extensively used by Sir Vincent Wigglesworth and others, upon which the foundations of insect physiology, endocrinology, and development are built. It is also medically important, being a principal vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans. The blood meal stimulates and enables egg production, and since an adult mated female can take several blood meals, each female can produce hundreds of offspring. Understanding the reproductive biology of R. prolixus is therefore of some critical importance for controlling the transmission of Chagas disease. The R. prolixus genome is available and so the post-genomic era has arrived for this historic model insect. This review focuses on the female reproductive system and coordination over the production of eggs, emphasizing the classical (neuro)endocrinological studies that led to a model describing inputs from feeding and mating, and the neural control of egg-laying. We then review recent insights brought about by molecular analyses, including transcriptomics, that confirm, support, and considerably extends this model. We conclude this review with an updated model describing the events leading to full expression of egg production, and also provide a consideration of questions for future exploration and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Lange
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Jimena Leyria
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Ian Orchard
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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6
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Koyama T, Texada MJ, Halberg KA, Rewitz K. Metabolism and growth adaptation to environmental conditions in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4523-4551. [PMID: 32448994 PMCID: PMC7599194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able to sense and respond to changes in external environmental conditions and their internal state. Metabolic adaptation in response to altered nutrient availability is key to maintaining energy homeostasis and sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, environmental variables exert major influences on growth and final adult body size in animals. This developmental plasticity depends on adaptive responses to internal state and external cues that are essential for developmental processes. Genetic studies have shown that the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly to mammals, regulates its metabolism, growth, and behavior in response to the environment through several key hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, and steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing that various environmental cues and internal conditions are sensed in different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information to neuroendocrine centers that control insulin and steroid signaling. This review focuses on endocrine regulation of development, metabolism, and behavior in Drosophila, highlighting recent advances in the role of the neuroendocrine system as a signaling hub that integrates environmental inputs and drives adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Halberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Wende F, Meyering-Vos M, Hoffmann KH. IDENTIFICATION OF THE FGL-AMIDE ALLATOSTATIN GENE OF THE PRIMITIVE TERMITE Mastotermes darwiniensis AND THE WOODROACH Cryptocercus darwini. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:88-108. [PMID: 26513739 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Allatostatins with the C-terminal ending Tyr/Phe-Xaa-Phe-Gly-Leu/Ile-amide (FGLa/ASTs) are widespread neuropeptides with multiple functions. The gene encoding the FGLa/AST polypeptide precursor was first isolated from cockroaches and since then could be identified in many insects and crustaceans. With its strictly conserved regions in combination with variable regions the gene seems to be a good candidate for phylogenetic analyses between closely and distantly related species. Here, the structure of the FGLa/AST gene of the most primitive termite, the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt, was identified. The FGLa/AST gene of the woodroach Cryptocercus darwini was also determined. Precursor sequences of both species possess the general organization of dictyopteran FGLa/AST precursors containing 14 putative FGLa/AST peptides. In M. darwiniensis, only 11 out of the 14 FGLa/AST-like peptides possess the C-terminal conserved region Y/FXFGL/I/V/M and four of the putative peptide structures are not followed by a Gly residue that would lead to nonamidated peptides. Phylogenetic analyses show the high degree of similarity of dictyopteran FGLa/AST sequences. The position of termites, nested within the Blattaria, confirms that termites have evolved from primitive cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wende
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Klaus H Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Verlinden H, Gijbels M, Lismont E, Lenaerts C, Vanden Broeck J, Marchal E. The pleiotropic allatoregulatory neuropeptides and their receptors: A mini-review. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 80:2-14. [PMID: 25982521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) are highly pleiotropic insect hormones essential for post-embryonic development. The circulating JH titer in the hemolymph of insects is influenced by enzymatic degradation, binding to JH carrier proteins, uptake and storage in target organs, but evidently also by rates of production at its site of synthesis, the corpora allata (CA). The multiple processes in which JH is involved alongside the critical significance of JH in insect development emphasize the importance for elucidating the control of JH production. Production of JH in CA cells is regulated by different factors: by neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate, but also by allatoregulatory neuropeptides originating from the brain and axonally transported to the CA where they bind to their G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Different classes of allatoregulatory peptides exist which have other functions aside from acting as influencers of JH production. These pleiotropic neuropeptides regulate different processes in different insect orders. In this mini-review, we will give an overview of allatotropins and allatostatins, and their recently characterized GPCRs with a view to better understand their modes of action and different action sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Verlinden
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marijke Gijbels
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Els Lismont
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cynthia Lenaerts
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Felix RC, Trindade M, Pires IRP, Fonseca VG, Martins RS, Silveira H, Power DM, Cardoso JCR. Unravelling the Evolution of the Allatostatin-Type A, KISS and Galanin Peptide-Receptor Gene Families in Bilaterians: Insights from Anopheles Mosquitoes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130347. [PMID: 26135459 PMCID: PMC4489612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allatostatin type A receptors (AST-ARs) are a group of G-protein coupled receptors activated by members of the FGL-amide (AST-A) peptide family that inhibit food intake and development in arthropods. Despite their physiological importance the evolution of the AST-A system is poorly described and relatively few receptors have been isolated and functionally characterised in insects. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the origin and comparative evolution of the AST-A system. To determine how evolution and feeding modified the function of AST-AR the duplicate receptors in Anopheles mosquitoes, were characterised. Phylogeny and gene synteny suggested that invertebrate AST-A receptors and peptide genes shared a common evolutionary origin with KISS/GAL receptors and ligands. AST-ARs and KISSR emerged from a common gene ancestor after the divergence of GALRs in the bilaterian genome. In arthropods, the AST-A system evolved through lineage-specific events and the maintenance of two receptors in the flies and mosquitoes (Diptera) was the result of a gene duplication event. Speciation of Anopheles mosquitoes affected receptor gene organisation and characterisation of AST-AR duplicates (GPRALS1 and 2) revealed that in common with other insects, the mosquito receptors were activated by insect AST-A peptides and the iCa2+-signalling pathway was stimulated. GPRALS1 and 2 were expressed mainly in mosquito midgut and ovaries and transcript abundance of both receptors was modified by feeding. A blood meal strongly up-regulated expression of both GPRALS in the midgut (p < 0.05) compared to glucose fed females. Based on the results we hypothesise that the AST-A system in insects shared a common origin with the vertebrate KISS system and may also share a common function as an integrator of metabolism and reproduction. Highlights: AST-A and KISS/GAL receptors and ligands shared common ancestry prior to the protostome-deuterostome divergence. Phylogeny and gene synteny revealed that AST-AR and KISSR emerged after GALR gene divergence. AST-AR genes were present in the hemichordates but were lost from the chordates. In protostomes, AST-ARs persisted and evolved through lineage-specific events and duplicated in the arthropod radiation. Diptera acquired and maintained functionally divergent duplicate AST-AR genes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anopheles/classification
- Anopheles/genetics
- Anopheles/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Evolution, Molecular
- Fat Body/chemistry
- Fat Body/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genome, Insect
- Glucose/metabolism
- Insect Proteins/chemistry
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Insect Proteins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/chemistry
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Ovary/chemistry
- Ovary/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Galanin/chemistry
- Receptors, Galanin/genetics
- Receptors, Galanin/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Reproduction/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Synteny
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute C. Felix
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marlene Trindade
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Isa R. P. Pires
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, UEI Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349–008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vera G. Fonseca
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rute S. Martins
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, UEI Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349–008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139, Faro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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10
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Hentze JL, Carlsson MA, Kondo S, Nässel DR, Rewitz KF. The Neuropeptide Allatostatin A Regulates Metabolism and Feeding Decisions in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11680. [PMID: 26123697 PMCID: PMC4485031 DOI: 10.1038/srep11680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinating metabolism and feeding is important to avoid obesity and metabolic diseases, yet the underlying mechanisms, balancing nutrient intake and metabolic expenditure, are poorly understood. Several mechanisms controlling these processes are conserved in Drosophila, where homeostasis and energy mobilization are regulated by the glucagon-related adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and the Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs). Here, we provide evidence that the Drosophila neuropeptide Allatostatin A (AstA) regulates AKH and DILP signaling. The AstA receptor gene, Dar-2, is expressed in both the insulin and AKH producing cells. Silencing of Dar-2 in these cells results in changes in gene expression and physiology associated with reduced DILP and AKH signaling and animals lacking AstA accumulate high lipid levels. This suggests that AstA is regulating the balance between DILP and AKH, believed to be important for the maintenance of nutrient homeostasis in response to changing ratios of dietary sugar and protein. Furthermore, AstA and Dar-2 are regulated differentially by dietary carbohydrates and protein and AstA-neuronal activity modulates feeding choices between these types of nutrients. Our results suggest that AstA is involved in assigning value to these nutrients to coordinate metabolic and feeding decisions, responses that are important to balance food intake according to metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Hentze
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Mikael A. Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Shu Kondo
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Kim F. Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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11
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Zandawala M, Orchard I. Identification and functional characterization of FGLamide-related allatostatin receptor in Rhodnius prolixus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 57:1-10. [PMID: 25500190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FGLamide-related ASTs (FGLa/ASTs) are a family of brain/gut peptides with numerous physiological roles, including inhibition of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis by the corpora allata and inhibition of visceral muscle contraction. FGLa/ASTs mediate their effects by binding to a rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is evolutionarily related to the vertebrate galanin receptor. Here we determine the cDNA sequence encoding FGLa/AST receptor (FGLa/AST-R) from the Chagas disease vector, Rhodnius prolixus (Rhopr-FGLa/AST-R), determine its spatial expression pattern using quantitative PCR and functionally characterize the receptor using a heterologous assay. Our expression analysis indicates that Rhopr-FGLa/AST-R is highly expressed in the central nervous system. The receptor is also expressed in various peripheral tissues including the dorsal vessel, midgut, hindgut and reproductive tissues of both males and females, suggesting a role in processes associated with feeding and reproduction. The possible involvement of Rhopr-FGLa/ASTs in the inhibition of JH biosynthesis is also implicated due to presence of the receptor transcript in the R. prolixus corpora cardiaca/corpora allata complex. The functional assay showed that various Rhopr-FGLa/ASTs activate the receptor, with EC50 values for the response in the nanomolar range. Moreover, Rhopr-FGLa/AST-R can couple with Gq alpha subunits and cause an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Lastly, we tested various FGLa/AST analogs in our heterologous assay. These compounds also activated the receptor and thus have the potential to serve as insect growth regulators and aid in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ian Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Kaneko Y, Hiruma K. Short neuropeptide F (sNPF) is a stage-specific suppressor for juvenile hormone biosynthesis by corpora allata, and a critical factor for the initiation of insect metamorphosis. Dev Biol 2014; 393:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Robertson L, Donini A, Lange AB. K+ absorption by locust gut and inhibition of ileal K+ and water transport by FGLamide allatostatins. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:3377-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Scanning Ion-Selective Electrode Technique (SIET) was utilized for the first time in Locusta migratoria to characterize K+ transport along the digestive tract and to determine the effect of two locust FGLamide allatostatins (FGLa/ASTs) on K+ transport: a previously sequenced FGLa/AST from Schistocerca gregaria (Scg-AST-6; ARPYSFGL-NH2) and a newly sequenced FGLa/AST from L. migratoria (Locmi-FGLa/AST-2; LPVYNFGL-NH2). Regional differences in K+ fluxes along the gut were evident, where K+ efflux in vitro (or absorption into the hemolymph in vivo) was greatest at the anterior ileum, and lowest at the colon. Ileal K+ efflux was inhibited by both Scg-AST-6 and Locmi-FGLa/AST-2, with maximal inhibition at 10-10 and 10-11 M, respectively. Both FGLa/ASTs also inhibited cAMP-stimulated K+ efflux from the ileum. Locmi-FGLa/AST-2 also inhibited efflux of water across the ileum. Locusts are terrestrial insects living in dry climates, risking desiccation and making water conservation a necessity. The results suggest that FGLa/ASTs may be acting as diuretics by increasing K+ excretion and therefore increasing water excretion. Thus, it is likely that FGLa/ASTs are involved in the control of hemolymph water and ion levels during feeding and digestion, to help the locust deal with the excess K+ load (and subsequently fluid) when the meal is processed.
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Hiruma K, Kaneko Y. Hormonal Regulation of Insect Metamorphosis with Special Reference to Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 103:73-100. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385979-2.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bendena WG, Tobe SS. Families of allatoregulator sequences: a 2011 perspective1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three different peptide families have been named “allatostatins” (ASTs), based on their initial purifications which were based on their ability to inhibit juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis. These include (i) a family of peptides that have a consensus C-terminal sequence Y/FXFGL-NH2; (ii) a family of peptides with a conserved C-terminal sequence W(X)6W-NH2; and(iii) a family of peptides with C-terminal sequence PISCF, some of which are C-terminally-amidated. Each allatostatin family has functions distinct and apart from the inhibition of JH biosynthesis. A peptide family known as the “allatotropins” serve to stimulate JH biosynthesis. This family of peptides also has been proven to exert multiple effects dependent on the species in question. Genome and peptidome projects are uncovering new members of these families and it is clear that these structures are not just confined to Insecta but are found in a range of invertebrates. The receptors for these neuropeptides have been identified and tested experimentally for specific ligand binding. The Y/FXFGLa-ASTs exert their action through galanin-like receptors, W(X)6Wa-ASTs through a sex peptide-binding receptor, and PISCF-ASTs through somatostatin-like receptors. These receptors are conserved through evolutionary time and are being identified in numerous invertebrates by way of genome projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Bendena
- Department of Biology and Centre for Neurosciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Stephen S. Tobe
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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Robertson L, Rodriguez EP, Lange AB. The neural and peptidergic control of gut contraction in Locusta migratoria: the effect of an FGLa/AST. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:3394-402. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The regulation of insect gut physiology is complex and involves the interactions of a number of mechanisms, including the neural regulation of gut contraction by altering neural input and the modulation of gut contractions by neuropeptides directly affecting the muscle. The FGLa-type allatostatins (FGLa/ASTs) are known brain/gut peptides with numerous physiological roles, including modulation of gut contraction and neural input. To further investigate the pleiotropic roles of FGLa/AST peptides in Locusta migratoria, we have examined the role of a locust FGLa/AST (Scg-AST-6) in the gut. Proctolin and Scg-AST-6 have opposing effects on gut contraction, where proctolin dose-dependently increases gut muscle tension, while Scg-AST-6 inhibits both muscle tension and spontaneous and neurogenic contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Results from neurophysiological recordings indicate that there may be a central pattern generator (CPG) within the ventricular ganglia regulated by descending inhibition, and the addition of Scg-AST-6 dose-dependently modulates this ventricular ganglion CPG. This work provides a comprehensive picture of how FGLa/ASTs may modulate and coordinate each region of the locust gut, and shows that FGLa/ASTs have both central effects, on the ventricular ganglion CPG, and peripheral effects on the gut muscle. Overall, this work shows how FGLa/ASTs contribute to the complex regulation and fine tuning of gut contraction.
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Caers J, Verlinden H, Zels S, Vandersmissen HP, Vuerinckx K, Schoofs L. More than two decades of research on insect neuropeptide GPCRs: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:151. [PMID: 23226142 PMCID: PMC3510462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the state of the art on neuropeptide receptors in insects. Most of these receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of virtually all physiological processes during an insect's life. More than 20 years ago a milestone in invertebrate endocrinology was achieved with the characterization of the first insect neuropeptide receptor, i.e., the Drosophila tachykinin-like receptor. However, it took until the release of the Drosophila genome in 2000 that research on neuropeptide receptors boosted. In the last decade a plethora of genomic information of other insect species also became available, leading to a better insight in the functions and evolution of the neuropeptide signaling systems and their intracellular pathways. It became clear that some of these systems are conserved among all insect species, indicating that they fulfill crucial roles in their physiological processes. Meanwhile, other signaling systems seem to be lost in several insect orders or species, suggesting that their actions were superfluous in those insects, or that other neuropeptides have taken over their functions. It is striking that the deorphanization of neuropeptide GPCRs gets much attention, but the subsequent unraveling of the intracellular pathways they elicit, or their physiological functions are often hardly examined. Especially in insects besides Drosophila this information is scarce if not absent. And although great progress made in characterizing neuropeptide signaling systems, even in Drosophila several predicted neuropeptide receptors remain orphan, awaiting for their endogenous ligand to be determined. The present review gives a précis of the insect neuropeptide receptor research of the last two decades. But it has to be emphasized that the work done so far is only the tip of the iceberg and our comprehensive understanding of these important signaling systems will still increase substantially in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liliane Schoofs
- *Correspondence: Liliane Schoofs, Department of Biology, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. e-mail:
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Wirmer A, Heinrich R. Nitric oxide/cGMP signaling in the corpora allata of female grasshoppers. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:94-107. [PMID: 20932971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The corpora allata (CA) of various insects express enzymes with fixation resistant NADPHdiaphorase activity. In female grasshoppers, juvenile hormone (JH) released from the CA is necessary to establish reproductive readiness, including sound production. Previous studies demonstrated that female sound production is also promoted by systemic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) formation. In addition, allatotropin and allatostatin expressing central brain neurons were located in close vicinity of NO generating cells. It was therefore speculated that NO signaling may contribute to the control of juvenile hormone release from the CA. This study demonstrates the presence of NO/cGMP signaling in the CA of female Chorthippus biguttulus. CA parenchymal cells exhibit NADPHdiaphorase activity, express anti NOS immunoreactivity and accumulate citrulline, which is generated as a byproduct of NO generation. Varicose terminals from brain neurons in the dorsal pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis that accumulate cGMP upon stimulation with NO donors serve as intrinsic targets of NO in the CA. Both accumulation of citrulline and cyclic GMP were inhibited by the NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, suggesting that NO in CA is produced by NOS. These results suggest that NO is a retrograde transmitter that provides feedback to projection neurons controlling JH production. Combined immunostainings and backfill experiments detected CA cells with processes extending into the CC and the protocerebrum that expressed immunoreactivity against the pan-neural marker anti-HRP. Allatostatin and allatotropin immunopositive brain neurons do not express NOS but subpopulations accumulate cGMP upon NO-formation. Direct innervation of CA by these peptidergic neurons was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wirmer
- Institute for Zoology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Robertson L, Lange AB. Neural substrate and allatostatin-like innervation of the gut of Locusta migratoria. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:893-901. [PMID: 20452355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Allatostatin-like immunoreactivity (ALI) is widely distributed in processes and varicosities on the fore-, mid-, and hindgut of the locust, and within midgut open-type endocrine-like cells. ALI is also observed in cells and processes in all ganglia of the central nervous system (CNS) and the stomatogastric nervous system (SNS). Ventral unpaired median neurons (VUMs) contained ALI within abdominal ganglia IV-VII. Neurobiotin retrograde fills of the branches of the 11th sternal nerve that innervate the hindgut revealed 2-4 VUMs in abdominal ganglia IV-VIIth, which also contain ALI. The VIIIth abdominal ganglion contained three ventral medial groups of neurons that filled with neurobiotin and contained ALI. The co-localization of ALI in the identified neurons suggests that these cells are the source of ALI on the hindgut. A retrograde fill of the nerves of the ingluvial ganglia that innervate the foregut revealed numerous neurons within the frontal ganglion and an extensive neuropile in the hypocerebral ganglion, but there seems to be no apparent co-localization of neurobiotin and ALI in these neurons, indicating the source of ALI on the foregut comes via the brain, through the SNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Robertson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ont, Canada.
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Abdel-latief M, Hoffmann KH. Neuropeptide regulators of the juvenile hormone biosynthesis (in vitro) in the beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 74:135-146. [PMID: 20544805 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Tribolium castaneum encodes two allatostatin [AS type B; W(X)(6)Wamide and AS type C; PISCF-OH] and one allatotropin (AT) precursor, but no AS type A (FGLamide) (Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2008: Nature 452:949-955). Here we studied the activity (in vitro) of peptides derived from these precursors on the synthesis/release of juvenile hormone (JH) III. The corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (CC-CA) complexes of adult females of another tenebrionid beetle, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, were used. Incubating the gland complexes in a medium containing Trica-AS B3 peptide, we showed that the peptide has allatostatic function in T. molitor. The activity of the type C AS depended on the age of the test animals and their intrinsic rate of JH III biosynthesis. The Trica-AS C peptide inhibited the JH release from CA of 3-day-old females with a high intrinsic rate of JH synthesis, but activated JH release from the CA of 7-day-old females with a lower intrinsic rate of JH production. The allatotropin peptide (Trica-AT) also activated the JH release from the CA of 7-day-old females in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Unexpectedly, a type A AS derived from the precursor of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Peram-AS A2b) inhibited the JH release from the CA of younger and older females in the concentration range of 10(-8) to 10(-4) M, and the effects were fully reversible in the absence of peptide. These data suggest a complex role of allatoactive neuropeptides in the regulation of JH III biosynthesis in beetles.
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Stay B, Zera AJ. Morph-specific diurnal variation in allatostatin immunostaining in the corpora allata of Gryllus firmus: implications for the regulation of a morph-specific circadian rhythm for JH biosynthetic rate. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:266-270. [PMID: 19913023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have documented a circadian cycle in juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in the long-winged, flight-capable morph, but not in the short-winged flightless morph of the cricket Gryllus firmus. One rapid and reversible inhibitor of in vitro JH biosynthesis by the corpora allata (CA) in crickets is the neuropeptide Phe-Gly-Leu/Ile-amide type of allatostatins (ASTs). To investigate the possible role of allatostatin regulation of the morph-specific circadian cycle of JH production, the quantity of this type of AST in the nerves within the CA was determined by the density of anti-AST-immunostaining in confocal images using the Image J program. The density of immunostaining was inversely related to the rate of JH biosynthesis: Immunostaining in the CA was high and did not differ between morphs early in the photophase when the in vitro rate of JH biosynthesis is low and equivalent in the morphs. However, during the end of the photophase, when the rate of JH biosynthesis rises dramatically in the flight-capable morph, but not in the flightless morph, immunostaining was significantly lower in the flight-capable compared to the flightless morph. These results indicate that morph-specific differences in delivery of AST to the CA and its probable release likely regulate the morph-specific circadian pattern of JH biosynthesis. Also, the negative correlation between AST density and JH production provides evidence for predicting the periods of altered release of these rapid-acting paracine regulators of JH biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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Elliott KL, Chan KK, Stay B. Evidence for a Phe-Gly-Leu-amide-like allatostatin in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. Peptides 2010; 31:402-7. [PMID: 19793542 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The allatostatins (ASTs) with Phe-Gly-Leu-amide C-terminal sequence are multifunctional neuropeptides discovered as inhibitors of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis by corpora allata (CA) of cockroaches. Although these ASTs inhibit JH synthesis only in cockroaches, crickets, termites and locusts, isolation of peptides or of cDNA/genomic DNA or analysis of genomes indicates their occurrence in many orders of insects with the exception of coleopterans. The gene for these ASTs has not been found in the genome of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Family Tenebrionidae). Yet, in view of widespread occurrence of these peptides in insects, crustaceans and nematodes, they would be expected to occur in beetles. This study provides evidence for the presence of FGLa-like ASTs in the tenebrionid beetle, Tenebrio molitor, and scarabid beetle, Popillia japonica. Extract of brain from both beetles inhibited JH synthesis by cockroach CA dose dependently and reversibly. 20 brain equivalents of T. molitor and P. japonica extracts inhibited JH synthesis 64+/-5 and 65+/-0.6% respectively. Antibody against cockroach allatostatin (Diploptera punctata AST-7) used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reacted with brain extract of these beetles. Antibody against D. punctata AST-5 localized FGLa-like ASTs in the brain and subesophageal ganglion of T. molitor and P. japonica. In addition, pretreatment of T. molitor brain extract with anti-D. punctata AST-5 reduced the inhibition of JH synthesis and pretreatment of anti-D. punctata AST-5 with D. punctata AST-5 diminished the immunoreactivity of the antibody. Thus we predict that FGLa-like allatostatins will be found in beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 163 Jefferson Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Clynen E, Schoofs L. Peptidomic survey of the locust neuroendocrine system. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:491-507. [PMID: 19524670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are important controlling agents in animal physiology. In order to understand their role and the ways in which neuropeptides behave and interact with one another, information on their time and sites of expression is required. We here used a combination of MALDI-TOF and ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry to make an inventory of the peptidome of different parts (ganglia and nerves) of the central nervous system from the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria. This way, we analysed the brain, suboesophageal ganglion, retrocerebral complex, stomatogastric nervous system, thoracic ganglia, abdominal ganglia and abdominal neurohemal organs. The result is an overview of the distribution of sixteen neuropeptide families, i.e. pyrokinins, pyrokinin-like peptides, periviscerokinins, tachykinins, allatotropin, accessory gland myotropin, FLRFamide, (short) neuropeptide F, allatostatins, insulin-related peptide co-peptide, ion-transport peptide co-peptide, corazonin, sulfakinin, orcokinin, hypertrehalosaemic hormone and adipokinetic hormones (joining peptides) throughout the locust neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Clynen
- Research Group Functional Genomics and Proteomics, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Elliott KL, Hehman GL, Stay B. Isolation of the gene for the precursor of Phe-Gly-Leu-amide allatostatins in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Peptides 2009; 30:855-60. [PMID: 19428761 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Allatostatins (ASTs), with a C-terminal sequence Tyr/Phe-Xaa-Phe-Gly-Leu/Ile-amide, are multifunctional neuropeptides that were first discovered by their ability to inhibit juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis by the corpora allata (CA) in cockroaches. These A-type ASTs have since been demonstrated to inhibit JH synthesis in crickets, termites and more recently locusts. The gene for the precursor of A-type ASTs has been identified in several species of cockroaches, in crickets and in locusts, but not yet in termites, although 5 AST peptides were isolated from the lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes that are identical to known cockroach ASTs. In this study, primers designed from AST amino acid sequences of cockroaches are used to identify the gene for the preproAST peptides in R. flavipes. In addition, the expression of the gene in brain tissues is demonstrated for egg-laying and non-egg-laying neotenic reproductives. The gene codes for 14 individual peptides and its sequence is closer to that of cockroaches and the cricket than to that of other insect orders in which these peptides do not act as allatostatins. Among the known cockroach AST genes, the termite AST gene is most similar to that of Periplaneta americana, a species belonging to the primitive family Blattidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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