1
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Helou B, Ritchie MW, MacMillan HA, Andersen MK. Dietary potassium and cold acclimation additively increase cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 159:104701. [PMID: 39251183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
In the cold, chill susceptible insects lose the ability to regulate ionic and osmotic gradients. This leads to hemolymph hyperkalemia that drives a debilitating loss of cell membrane polarization, triggering cell death pathways and causing organismal injury. Biotic and abiotic factors can modulate insect cold tolerance by impacting the ability to mitigate or prevent this cascade of events. In the present study, we test the combined and isolated effects of dietary manipulations and thermal acclimation on cold tolerance in fruit flies. Specifically, we acclimated adult Drosophila melanogaster to 15 or 25 °C and fed them either a K+-loaded diet or a control diet. We then tested the ability of these flies to recover from and survive a cold exposure, as well as their capacity to protect transmembrane K+ gradients, and intracellular Na+ concentration. As predicted, cold-exposed flies experienced hemolymph hyperkalemia and cold-acclimated flies had improved cold tolerance due to an improved maintenance of the hemolymph K+ concentration at low temperature. Feeding on a high-K+ diet improved cold tolerance additively, but paradoxically reduced the ability to maintain extracellular K+ concentrations. Cold-acclimation and K+-feeding additively increased the intracellular K+ concentration, aiding in maintenance of the transmembrane K+ gradient during cold exposure despite cold-induced hemolymph hyperkalemia. There was no effect of acclimation or diet on intracellular Na+ concentration. These findings suggest intracellular K+ loading and reduced muscle membrane K+ sensitivity as mechanisms through which cold-acclimated and K+-fed flies are able to tolerate hemolymph hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Helou
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Marshall W Ritchie
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mads Kuhlmann Andersen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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2
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Xu Y, Song X, Li Y, Niu Y, Zhi L, Zong S, Tao J. Glycerol Metabolism is Important for the Low-Temperature Adaptation of a Global Quarantine Pest Anoplophora glabripennis Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17868-17879. [PMID: 39083594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Anoplophora glabripennis is a critical global quarantine pest. Recently, its distribution has been extended to colder and higher-latitude regions. The adaptation to low temperatures is vital for the successful colonization of insects in new environments. However, the metabolic pathways of A. glabripennis larvae under cold stress remain undefined. This study analyzed the larval hemolymph under different low-temperature treatments using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that differential metabolites associated with sugar and lipid metabolism are pivotal in the larval chill coma process. Under low-temperature treatments, the glycerol content increased significantly compared with the control group. Cold stress significantly induced the expression of AglaGK2 and AglaGPDHs. After undergoing RNAi treatment for 48 h, larvae exposed to -20 °C for 1 h showed reduced recovery when injected with ds-AglaGK2 and ds-AglaGPDH1 compared to the control group, indicating that glycerol biosynthesis plays a role in the low-temperature adaptation of A. glabripennis larvae. Our results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of A. glabripennis larvae in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingxu Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Verble KM, Keaveny EC, Rahman SR, Jenny MJ, Dillon ME, Lozier JD. A rapid return to normal: temporal gene expression patterns following cold exposure in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247040. [PMID: 38629177 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Bumble bees are common in cooler climates and many species likely experience periodic exposure to very cold temperatures, but little is known about the temporal dynamics of cold response mechanisms following chill exposure, especially how persistent effects of cold exposure may facilitate tolerance of future events. To investigate molecular processes involved in the temporal response by bumble bees to acute cold exposure, we compared mRNA transcript abundance in Bombus impatiens workers exposed to 0°C for 75 min (inducing chill coma) and control bees maintained at a constant ambient temperature (28°C). We sequenced the 3' end of mRNA transcripts (TagSeq) to quantify gene expression in thoracic tissue of bees at several time points (0, 10, 30, 120 and 720 min) following cold exposure. Significant differences from control bees were only detectable within 30 min after the treatment, with most occurring at the 10 min recovery time point. Genes associated with gluconeogenesis and glycolysis were most notably upregulated, while genes related to lipid and purine metabolism were downregulated. The observed patterns of expression indicate a rapid recovery after chill coma, suggesting an acute differential transcriptional response during recovery from chill coma and return to baseline expression levels within an hour, with no long-term gene expression markers of this cold exposure. Our work highlights the functions and pathways important for acute cold recovery, provides an estimated time frame for recovery from cold exposure in bumble bees, and suggests that cold hardening may be less important for these heterothermic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton M Verble
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ellen C Keaveny
- Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Jenny
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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4
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Andersen MK, Roe AD, Liu Y, Musso AE, Fudlosid S, Haider F, Evenden ML, MacMillan HA. The freeze-avoiding mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) survives prolonged exposure to stressful cold by mitigating ionoregulatory collapse. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247498. [PMID: 38682690 PMCID: PMC11128280 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Insect performance is linked to environmental temperature, and surviving through winter represents a key challenge for temperate, alpine and polar species. To overwinter, insects have adapted a range of strategies to become truly cold hardy. However, although the mechanisms underlying the ability to avoid or tolerate freezing have been well studied, little attention has been given to the challenge of maintaining ion homeostasis at frigid temperatures in these species, despite this limiting cold tolerance for insects susceptible to mild chilling. Here, we investigated how prolonged exposure to temperatures just above the supercooling point affects ion balance in freeze-avoidant mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) larvae in autumn, mid-winter and spring, and related it to organismal recovery times and survival. Hemolymph ion balance was gradually disrupted during the first day of exposure, characterized by hyperkalemia and hyponatremia, after which a plateau was reached and maintained for the rest of the 7-day experiment. The degree of ionoregulatory collapse correlated strongly with recovery times, which followed a similar asymptotical progression. Mortality increased slightly during extensive cold exposures, where hemolymph K+ concentration was highest, and a sigmoidal relationship was found between survival and hyperkalemia. Thus, the cold tolerance of the freeze-avoiding larvae of D. ponderosae appears limited by the ability to prevent ionoregulatory collapse in a manner similar to that of chill-susceptible insects, albeit at much lower temperatures. Based on these results, we propose that a prerequisite for the evolution of insect freeze avoidance may be a convergent or ancestral ability to maintain ion homeostasis during extreme cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Diane Roe
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, P6A 2E5
| | - Yuehong Liu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, P6A 2E5
| | - Antonia E. Musso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Serita Fudlosid
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Fouzia Haider
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Maya L. Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
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5
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Hafker P, Thompson LM, Walter JA, Parry D, Grayson KL. Geographic variation in larval cold tolerance and exposure across the invasion front of a widely established forest insect. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38516807 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Under global climate change, high and low temperature extremes can drive shifts in species distributions. Across the range of a species, thermal tolerance is based on acclimatization, plasticity, and may undergo selection, shaping resilience to temperature stress. In this study, we measured variation in cold temperature tolerance of early instar larvae of an invasive forest insect, Lymantria dispar dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), using populations sourced from a range of climates within the current introduced range in the Eastern United States. We tested for population differences in chill coma recovery (CCR) by measuring recovery time following a period of exposure to a nonlethal cold temperature in 2 cold exposure experiments. A 3rd experiment quantified growth responses after CCR to evaluate sublethal effects. Our results indicate that cold tolerance is linked to regional climate, with individuals from populations sourced from colder climates recovering faster from chill coma. While this geographic gradient is seen in many species, detecting this pattern is notable for an introduced species founded from a single point-source introduction. We demonstrate that the cold temperatures used in our experiments occur in nature during cold spells after spring egg hatch, but impacts to growth and survival appear low. We expect that population differences in cold temperature performance manifest more from differences in temperature-dependent growth than acute exposure. Evaluating intraspecific variation in cold tolerance increases our understanding of the role of climatic gradients on the physiology of an invasive species, and contributes to tools for predicting further expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hafker
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lily M Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Walter
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dylan Parry
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
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6
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Kardum Hjort C, Paris JR, Smith HG, Dudaniec RY. Selection despite low genetic diversity and high gene flow in a rapid island invasion of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17212. [PMID: 37990959 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species are predicted to adjust their morphological, physiological and life-history traits to adapt to their non-native environments. Although a loss of genetic variation during invasion may restrict local adaptation, introduced species often thrive in novel environments. Despite being founded by just a few individuals, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has in less than 30 years successfully spread across the island of Tasmania (Australia), becoming abundant and competitive with native pollinators. We use RADseq to investigate what neutral and adaptive genetic processes associated with environmental and morphological variation allow B. terrestris to thrive as an invasive species in Tasmania. Given the widespread abundance of B. terrestris, we expected little genetic structure across Tasmania and weak signatures of environmental and morphological selection. We found high gene flow with low genetic diversity, although with significant isolation-by-distance and spatial variation in effective migration rates. Restricted migration was evident across the mid-central region of Tasmania, corresponding to higher elevations, pastural land, low wind speeds and low precipitation seasonality. Tajima's D indicated a recent population expansion extending from the south to the north of the island. Selection signatures were found for loci in relation to precipitation, wind speed and wing loading. Candidate loci were annotated to genes with functions related to cuticle water retention and insect flight muscle stability. Understanding how a genetically impoverished invasive bumblebee has rapidly adapted to a novel island environment provides further understanding about the evolutionary processes that determine successful insect invasions, and the potential for invasive hymenopteran pollinators to spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Kardum Hjort
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine R Paris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachael Y Dudaniec
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Allen MC, Ritchie MW, El-Saadi MI, MacMillan HA. Effects of a high cholesterol diet on chill tolerance are highly context-dependent in Drosophila. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103789. [PMID: 38340464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chill susceptible insects are thought to be injured through different mechanisms depending on the duration and severity of chilling. While chronic chilling causes "indirect" injury through disruption of metabolic and ion homeostasis, acute chilling is suspected to cause "direct" injury, in part through phase transitions of cell membrane lipids. Dietary supplementation of cholesterol can reduce acute chilling injury in Drosophila melanogaster (Shreve et al., 2007), but the generality of this effect and the mechanisms underlying it remain unclear. To better understand how and why cholesterol has this effect, we assessed how a high cholesterol diet and thermal acclimation independently and interactively impact several measures of chill tolerance. Cholesterol supplementation positively affected tolerance to acute chilling in warm-acclimated flies (as reported previously). Conversely, feeding on the high-cholesterol diet negatively affected tolerance to chronic chilling in both cold and warm acclimated flies, as well as tolerance to acute chilling in cold acclimated flies. Cholesterol had no effect on the ability of flies to remain active in the cold or recover movement after a cold stress. Our findings support the idea that dietary cholesterol reduces mechanical injury to membranes caused by direct chilling injury, and that acute and chronic chilling are associated with distinct mechanisms of injury. Feeding on a high-cholesterol diet may interfere with mechanisms involved in cold acclimation, leaving cholesterol augmented flies more susceptible to chilling injury under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C Allen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Marshall W Ritchie
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mahmoud I El-Saadi
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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8
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Wiil J, Sørensen JG, Colinet H. Exploring cross-protective effects between cold and immune stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Parasite 2023; 30:54. [PMID: 38084935 PMCID: PMC10714677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that environmental and biotic stressors like temperature and pathogens/parasites are essential for the life of small ectotherms. There are complex interactions between cold stress and pathogen infection in insects. Possible cross-protective mechanisms occur between both stressors, suggesting broad connectivity in insect stress responses. In this study, the functional significance of these interactions was tested, as well as the potential role of newly uncovered candidate genes, turandot. This was done using an array of factorial experiments exposing Drosophila melanogaster flies to a combination of different cold stress regimes (acute or chronic) and infections with the parasitic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Following these crossed treatments, phenotypic and molecular responses were assessed by measuring 1) induced cold tolerance, 2) immune resistance to parasitic fungus, and 3) activation of turandot genes. We found various responses in the phenotypic outcomes according to the various treatment combinations with higher susceptibility to infection following cold stress, but also significantly higher acute cold survival in flies that were infected. Regarding molecular responses, we found overexpression of turandot genes in response to most treatments, suggesting reactivity to both cold and infection. Moreover, maximum peak expressions were distinctly observed in the combined treatments (infection plus cold), indicating a marked synergistic effect of the stressors on turandot gene expression patterns. These results reflect the great complexity of cross-tolerance reactions between infection and abiotic stress, but could also shed light on the mechanisms underlying the activation of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wiil
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Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] – UMR 6553 263 AVE du Général Leclerc 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Hervé Colinet
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Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] – UMR 6553 263 AVE du Général Leclerc 35000 Rennes France
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9
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Keaveny EC, Helling MR, Basile F, Strange JP, Lozier JD, Dillon ME. Metabolomes of bumble bees reared in common garden conditions suggest constitutive differences in energy and toxin metabolism across populations. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 151:104581. [PMID: 37871769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance of ectotherms can vary strikingly among species and populations. Variation in cold tolerance can reflect differences in genomes and transcriptomes that confer cellular-level protection from cold; additionally, shifts in protein function and abundance can be altered by other cellular constituents as cold-exposed insects often have shifts in their metabolomes. Even without a cold challenge, insects from different populations may vary in cellular composition that could alter cold tolerance, but investigations of constitutive differences in metabolomes across wild populations remain rare. To address this gap, we reared Bombus vosnesenskii queens collected from Oregon and California (USA) that differ in cold tolerance (CTmin = -6 °C and 0 °C, respectively) in common garden conditions, and measured offspring metabolomes using untargeted LC-MS/MS. Oregon bees had higher levels of metabolites associated with carbohydrate (sorbitol, lactitol, maltitol, and sorbitol-6-phosphate) and amino acid (hydroxyproline, ornithine, and histamine) metabolism. Exogenous metabolites, likely derived from the diet, also varied between Oregon and California bees, suggesting population-level differences in toxin metabolism. Overall, our results reveal constitutive differences in metabolomes for bumble bees reared in common garden conditions from queens collected in different locations despite no previous cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Keaveny
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
| | - Mitchell R Helling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Franco Basile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - James P Strange
- USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States; Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 44691, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
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10
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Süess P, Roberts KT, Lehmann P. Temperature dependence of gas exchange patterns shift as diapause progresses in the butterfly Pieris napi. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 151:104585. [PMID: 37977342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Insects have the capacity to significantly modify their metabolic rate according to environmental conditions and physiological requirement. Consequently, the respiratory patterns can range from continuous gas exchange (CGE) to discontinuous gas exchange (DGE). In the latter, spiracles are kept closed during much of the time, and gas exchange occurs only during short periods when spiracles are opened. While ultimate causes and benefits of DGE remain debated, it is often seen during insect diapause, a deep resting stage that insects induce to survive unfavourable environmental conditions, such as winter. The present study explores the shifts between CGE and DGE during diapause by performing long continuous respirometry measurements at multiple temperatures during key diapause stages in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi. The primary goal is to explore respiratory pattern as a non-invasive method to assess whether pupae are in diapause or have transitioned to post-diapause. Respiratory pattern can also provide insight into endogenous processes taking place during diapause, and the prolonged duration of diapause allows for the detailed study of the thermal dependence of the DGE pattern. Pupae change from CGE to DGE a few days after pupation, and this shift coincides with metabolic rate suppression during diapause initiation. Once in diapause, pupae maintain DGE even at elevated temperatures that significantly increase CO2 production. Instead of shifting respiratory pattern to CGE, pupae increase the frequency of DGE cycles. Since total CO2 released during a single open phase remains unchanged, our results suggest that P. napi pupae defend a maximum internal ρCO2 set point, even in their heavily suppressed diapause state. During post-diapause development, CO2 production increases as a function of development and changes to CGE during temperature conditions permissive for development. Taken together, the results show that respiratory patterns are highly regulated during diapause in P. napi and change predictably as diapause progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Süess
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden; Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Golding D, Rupp KL, Sustar A, Pratt B, Tuthill JC. Snow flies self-amputate freezing limbs to sustain behavior at sub-zero temperatures. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4549-4556.e3. [PMID: 37757830 PMCID: PMC10842534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Temperature profoundly impacts all living creatures. In spite of the thermodynamic constraints on biology, some animals have evolved to live and move in extremely cold environments. Here, we investigate behavioral mechanisms of cold tolerance in the snow fly (Chionea spp.), a flightless crane fly that is active throughout the winter in boreal and alpine environments of the northern hemisphere. Using thermal imaging, we show that adult snow flies maintain the ability to walk down to an average body temperature of -7°C. At this supercooling limit, ice crystallization occurs within the snow fly's hemolymph and rapidly spreads throughout the body, resulting in death. However, we discovered that snow flies frequently survive freezing by rapidly amputating legs before ice crystallization can spread to their vital organs. Self-amputation of freezing limbs is a last-ditch tactic to prolong survival in frigid conditions that few animals can endure. Understanding the extreme physiology and behavior of snow insects holds particular significance at this moment when their alpine habitats are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic climate change. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Golding
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katie L Rupp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anne Sustar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brandon Pratt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John C Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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12
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Mubayiwa M, Machekano H, Chidawanyika F, Mvumi BM, Segaiso B, Nyamukondiwa C. Sub-optimal host plants have developmental and thermal fitness costs to the invasive fall armyworm. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1204278. [PMID: 38469519 PMCID: PMC10926449 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1204278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a global invasive pest of cereals. Although this pest uses maize and sorghum as its main hosts, it is associated with a wide range of host plants due to its polyphagous nature. Despite the FAW's polyphagy being widely reported in literature, few studies have investigated the effects of the non-preferred conditions or forms (e.g., drought-stressed forms) of this pest's hosts on its physiological and ecological fitness. Thus, the interactive effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on FAW fitness costs or benefits have not been specifically investigated. We therefore assessed the effects of host plant quality on the developmental rates and thermal tolerance of the FAW. Specifically, we reared FAW neonates on three hosts (maize, cowpeas, and pearl millet) under two treatments per host plant [unstressed (well watered) and stressed (water deprived)] until the adult stage. Larval growth rates and pupal weights were determined. Thermal tolerance traits viz critical thermal maxima (CTmax), critical thermal minima (CTmin), heat knockdown time (HKDT), chill-coma recovery time (CCRT), and supercooling points (SCPs) were measured for the emerging adults from each treatment. The results showed that suboptimal diets significantly prolonged the developmental time of FAW larvae and reduced their growth rates and ultimate body weights, but did not impair their full development. Suboptimal diets (comprising non-cereal plants and drought-stressed cereal plants) increased the number of larval instars to eight compared to six for optimal natural diets (unstressed maize and pearl millet). Apart from direct effects, in all cases, suboptimal diets significantly reduced the heat tolerance of FAWs, but their effect on cold tolerance was recorded only in select cases (e.g., SCP). These results suggest host plant effects on the physical and thermal fitness of FAW, indicating a considerable degree of resilience against multiple stressors. This pest's resilience can present major drawbacks to its cultural management using suboptimal hosts (in crop rotations or intercrops) through its ability to survive on most host plants despite their water stress condition and gains in thermal fitness. The fate of FAW population persistence under multivariate environmental stresses is therefore not entirely subject to prior environmental host plant history or quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macdonald Mubayiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Plant Health Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Brighton M. Mvumi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Bame Segaiso
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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13
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Andersen MK, Willot Q, MacMillan HA. A neurophysiological limit and its biogeographic correlations: cold-induced spreading depolarization in tropical butterflies. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246313. [PMID: 37665251 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of insects is directly influenced by environmental temperature, and thermal tolerance is therefore intrinsically linked to their thermal niche and distribution. Understanding the mechanisms that limit insect thermal tolerance is crucial to predicting biogeography and range shifts. Recent studies on locusts and flies suggest that the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) follows a loss of CNS function via a spreading depolarization. We hypothesized that other insect taxa share this phenomenon. Here, we investigate whether spreading depolarization events occur in butterflies exposed to cold. Supporting our hypothesis, we found that exposure to stressful cold induced spreading depolarization in all 12 species tested. This reinforces the idea that spreading depolarization is a common mechanism underlying the insect CTmin. Furthermore, our results highlight how CNS function is tuned to match the environment of a species. Further research into the physiology underlying spreading depolarization will likely elucidate key mechanisms determining insect thermal tolerance and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Willot
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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14
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El-Saadi MI, Brzezinski K, Hinz A, Phillips L, Wong A, Gerber L, Overgaard J, MacMillan HA. Locust gut epithelia do not become more permeable to fluorescent dextran and bacteria in the cold. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246306. [PMID: 37493046 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The insect gut, which plays a role in ion and water balance, has been shown to leak solutes in the cold. Cold stress can also activate insect immune systems, but it is unknown whether the leak of the gut microbiome is a possible immune trigger in the cold. We developed a novel feeding protocol to load the gut of locusts (Locusta migratoria) with fluorescent bacteria before exposing them to -2°C for up to 48 h. No bacteria were recovered from the hemolymph of cold-exposed locusts, regardless of exposure duration. To examine this further, we used an ex vivo gut sac preparation to re-test cold-induced fluorescent FITC-dextran leak across the gut and found no increased rate of leak. These results question not only the validity of FITC-dextran as a marker of paracellular barrier permeability in the gut, but also to what extent the insect gut becomes leaky in the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron Hinz
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Laura Phillips
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Lucie Gerber
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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15
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Lebenzon JE, Overgaard J, Jørgensen LB. Chilled, starved or frozen: Insect mitochondrial adaptations to overcome the cold. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023:101076. [PMID: 37331596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Physiological adaptations to tackle cold exposure are crucial for insects living in temperate and arctic environments and here we review how cold adaptation is manifested in terms of mitochondrial function. Cold challenges are diverse, and different insect species have evolved metabolic and mitochondrial adaptations to: i) energize homeostatic regulation at low temperature, ii) stretch energy reserves during prolonged cold exposure, and iii) preserve structural organization of organelles following extracellular freezing. While the literature is still sparse, our review suggests that cold-adapted insects preserve ATP production at low temperatures by maintaining preferred mitochondrial substrate oxidation, which is otherwise challenged in cold-sensitive species. Chronic cold exposure and metabolic depression during dormancy is linked to reduced mitochondrial metabolism and may involve mitochondrial degradation. Finally, adaptation to extracellular freezing could be associated with superior structural integrity of the mitochondrial inner membrane following freezing which is linked to cellular and organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Lebenzon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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16
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Prileson EG, Clark J, Diamond SE, Lenard A, Medina-Báez OA, Yilmaz AR, Martin RA. Keep your cool: Overwintering physiology in response to urbanization in the acorn ant, Temnothorax curvispinosus. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103591. [PMID: 37276746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Winter presents a challenge for survival, yet temperate ectotherms have remarkable physiological adaptations to cope with low-temperature conditions. Under recent climate change, rather than strictly relaxing pressure on overwintering survival, warmer winters can instead disrupt these low-temperature trait-environment associations, with negative consequences for populations. While there is increasing evidence of physiological adaptation to contemporary warming during the growing season, the effects of winter warming on physiological traits are less clear. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a common garden experiment using relatively warm-adapted versus cold-adapted populations of the acorn ant, Temnothorax curvispinosus, sampled across an urban heat island gradient, to explore the effects of winter conditions on plasticity and evolution of physiological traits. We found no evidence of evolutionary divergence in chill coma recovery nor in metabolic rate at either of two test temperatures (4 and 10 °C). Although we found the expected plastic response of increased metabolic rate under the 10 °C acute test temperature as compared with the 4 °C test temperature, this plastic response, (i.e., the acute thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate), was not different across populations. Surprisingly, we found that winter-acclimated urban ant populations exhibited higher heat tolerance compared with rural ant populations, and that the magnitude of divergence was comparable to that observed among growing-season acclimated ants. Finally, we found no evidence of differences between populations with respect to changes in colony size from the beginning to the end of the overwintering experiment. Together, these findings indicate that despite the evolution of higher heat tolerance that is often accompanied by losses in low-temperature tolerance, urban acorn ants have retained several components of low-temperature physiological performance when assessed under ecologically relevant overwintering conditions. Our study suggests the importance of measuring physiological traits under seasonally-relevant conditions to understand the causes and consequences of evolutionary responses to contemporary warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Prileson
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, USA.
| | - Jordan Clark
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, USA
| | | | - Angie Lenard
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, USA
| | | | - Aaron R Yilmaz
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, USA
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17
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Meldrum Robertson R, MacMillan HA, Andersen MK. A cold and quiet brain: mechanisms of insect CNS arrest at low temperatures. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023:101055. [PMID: 37201631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cold causes insects to enter a chill coma at species-specific temperatures and such temperature sensitivity contributes to geographic distribution and phenology. Coma results from abrupt spreading depolarization (SD) of neural tissue in the integrative centers of the CNS. SD abolishes neuronal signaling and the operation of neural circuits, like an off switch for the CNS. Turning off the CNS by allowing ion gradients to collapse will conserve energy and may offset negative consequences of temporary immobility. SD is modified by prior experience via rapid cold hardening (RCH) or cold acclimation which alter properties of Kv channels, Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter. The stress hormone octopamine mediates RCH. Future progress depends on developing a more complete understanding of ion homeostasis in and of the insect CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6.
| | - Mads K Andersen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6.
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18
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Tanaka Y, Matsukura K. Quantitative Effects of Temperature and Exposure Duration on the Occurrence and Repair of Indirect Chilling Injury in the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECTS 2023; 14:356. [PMID: 37103171 PMCID: PMC10145330 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is a long-distance migratory insect pest, and the invaded range of its recent expansion includes regions colder than the tropical and subtropical regions in East Asia. In order to understand the potential distribution of S. frugiperd in temperate and colder regions, we quantified the effects of temperature and exposure duration on the degree of indirect chilling injury caused to S. frugiperd under laboratory conditions. The adults were more tolerant to moderately low temperatures (3 to 15 °C) than the larvae and pupae. Survival decreased significantly when adult S. frugiperd were exposed to temperatures of 9 °C or lower. A time-temperature model suggested that indirect chilling injury began occurring at 15 °C. Survival was improved by short-term daily exposure to higher temperatures, indicating the existence of a repair mechanism for indirect chilling injury in S. frugiperd. The degree of repair depended on the temperature, but the relationship was not a simple direct proportion. These findings on indirect chilling injury and repair will improve the estimation of the potential distribution of S. frugiperd in temperate and colder regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Matsukura
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8666, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Differential expression of Phlebotomus tobbi Adler, Theodor & Lourie, 1930 (Diptera: Psychodidae) genes under different environmental conditions. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106808. [PMID: 36577475 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomus tobbi is a widely distributed sand fly species in Turkey and is the proven vector of Leishmania infantum and several Phleboviruses. Information regarding the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity is crucial for managing vector-borne diseases, as the changing environmental conditions have consequences for the survival of arthropods and the disease agents they transmit. However, limited data is available on the impacts of environmental conditions on the traits associated with sand fly survival, reproduction, and vectorial competence. The present study aimed to reveal the changes in the expression levels of three selected P. tobbi genes using laboratory-reared and wild-caught populations. A nervous system protein, Cacophony (PtCac), related to the life history traits of sand flies, and two sand fly salivary protein genes, PtSP32 and PtSP38, influence the infection of the vertebrate hosts, were assessed. Sand flies were maintained at 23 °C and 27 °C in the laboratory to evaluate the relationship between temperature and the expressed phenotypes. Field collections were carried out in three climatically distinct regions of Turkey to establish the regional differences in the gene expression levels of natural P. tobbi populations. In the laboratory, PtCac expression increased with the temperature. However, PtCac expression was negatively correlated with local temperature and humidity conditions. No differences were detected in the PtSP32 gene expression levels of both laboratory-reared and wild-caught females, but a negative correlation was observed with relative humidity in natural populations. Although the expression levels of PtSP38 did not differ among the females collected from distinct regions, a positive correlation was detected in the laboratory-reared colony. The findings indicated that changes in environmental conditions could drive the expression levels of P. tobbi genes, which influence population dynamics and the transmission risk of the disease.
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20
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Keena MA, Hamilton G, Kreitman D. The potential climatic range of spotted lanternfly may be broader than previously predicted. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1092189. [PMID: 38469535 PMCID: PMC10926377 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula White) is an invasive planthopper that was introduced to the United States from Asia and readily spreads via human aided means. Three geographically separated populations in the United States (NJ, PA, and WV) were collected and used to assess the effects of fluctuating thermal regimes that included temperatures above or below the upper (Tmax) and lower (Tmin) developmental thresholds, respectively, on nymphal survival and development, and to determine if there was within- and among-population variation in hatch timing and temperature responses of nymphs. Nymphs exposed to temperatures > Tmax and
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A. Keena
- Northern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Hamden, CT, United States
| | - George Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Devin Kreitman
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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21
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Kardum Hjort C, Smith HG, Allen AP, Dudaniec RY. Morphological Variation in Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) After Three Decades of an Island Invasion. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 36856678 PMCID: PMC9972831 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduced social insects can be highly invasive outside of their native range. Around the world, the introduction and establishment of the eusocial bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has negatively impacted native pollinators and ecosystems. Understanding how morphological variation is linked to environmental variation across invasive ranges can indicate how rapidly species may be diverging or adapting across novel ranges and may assist with predicting future establishment and spread. Here we investigate whether B. terrestris shows morphological variation related to environmental variation across the island of Tasmania (Australia) where it was introduced three decades ago. We collected 169 workers from 16 sites across Tasmania and related relative abundance and morphology to landscape-wide climate, land use, and vegetation structure. We found weak morphological divergence related to environmental conditions across Tasmania. Body size of B. terrestris was positively associated with the percentage of urban land cover, a relationship largely driven by a single site, possibly reflecting high resource availability in urban areas. Proboscis length showed a significant negative relationship with the percentage of pasture. Wing loading and local abundance were not related to the environmental conditions within sites. Our results reflect the highly adaptable nature of B. terrestris and its ability to thrive in different environments, which may have facilitated the bumblebee's successful invasion across Tasmania.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Andrew P Allen
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Y Dudaniec
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia
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22
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Andersen MK, Robertson RM, MacMillan HA. Plasticity in Na+/K+-ATPase thermal kinetics drives variation in the temperature of cold-induced neural shutdown of adult Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:285893. [PMID: 36477887 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most insects can acclimate to changes in their thermal environment and counteract temperature effects on neuromuscular function. At the critical thermal minimum, a spreading depolarization (SD) event silences central neurons, but the temperature at which this event occurs can be altered through acclimation. SD is triggered by an inability to maintain ion homeostasis in the extracellular space in the brain and is characterized by a rapid surge in extracellular K+ concentration, implicating ion pump and channel function. Here, we focused on the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase specifically in lowering the SD temperature in cold-acclimated Drosophila melanogaster. After first confirming cold acclimation altered SD onset, we investigated the dependency of the SD event on Na+/K+-ATPase activity by injecting the inhibitor ouabain into the head of the flies to induce SD over a range of temperatures. Latency to SD followed the pattern of a thermal performance curve, but cold acclimation resulted in a left-shift of the curve to an extent similar to its effect on the SD temperature. With Na+/K+-ATPase activity assays and immunoblots, we found that cold-acclimated flies have ion pumps that are less sensitive to temperature, but do not differ in their overall abundance in the brain. Combined, these findings suggest a key role for plasticity in Na+/K+-ATPase thermal sensitivity in maintaining central nervous system function in the cold, and more broadly highlight that a single ion pump can be an important determinant of whether insects can respond to their environment to remain active at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
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23
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Singh K, Arun Samant M, Prasad NG. Evolution of cross-tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster as a result of increased resistance to cold stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19536. [PMID: 36376445 PMCID: PMC9663562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress is a critical environmental challenge that affects an organism's fitness-related traits. In Drosophila, increased resistance to specific environmental stress may lead to increased resistance to other kinds of stress. In the present study, we aimed to understand whether increased cold stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster can facilitate their ability to tolerate other environmental stresses. For the current study, we used successfully selected replicate populations of D. melanogaster against cold shock and their control population. These selected populations have evolved several reproductive traits, including increased egg viability, mating frequency, male mating ability, ability to sire progenies, and faster recovery for mating latency under cold shock conditions. In the present work, we investigated egg viability and mating frequency with and without heat and cold shock conditions in the selected and their control populations. We also examined resistance to cold shock, heat shock, desiccation, starvation, and survival post-challenge with Staphylococcus succinus subsp. succinus PK-1 in the selected and their control populations. After cold-shock treatment, we found a 1.25 times increase in egg viability and a 1.57 times increase in mating frequency in the selected populations compared to control populations. Moreover, more males (0.87 times) and females (1.66 times) of the selected populations survived under cold shock conditions relative to their controls. After being subjected to heat shock, the selected population's egg viability and mating frequency increased by 0.30 times and 0.57 times, respectively, compared to control populations. Additionally, more selected males (0.31 times) and females (0.98 times) survived under heat shock conditions compared to the control populations. Desiccation resistance slightly increased in the females of the selected populations relative to their control, but we observed no change in the case of males. Starvation resistance decreased in males and females of the selected populations compared to their controls. Our findings suggest that the increased resistance to cold shock correlates with increased tolerance to heat stress, but this evolved resistance comes at a cost, with decreased tolerance to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Ajitgarh, Punjab 140306 India ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Present Address: Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 595 Medical Science Building, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Manas Arun Samant
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Ajitgarh, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Ajitgarh, Punjab 140306 India
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24
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Moraiti CA, Verykouki E, Papadopoulos NT. Chill coma recovery of Ceratitis capitata adults across the Northern Hemisphere. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17555. [PMID: 36266456 PMCID: PMC9585097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest, that is currently expanding its geographic distribution from the Mediterranean coasts to more temperate areas of Europe. Given that low temperature is a primary determinant of insect species' range boundaries especially in the Northern Hemisphere with pronounced seasonality, we used chill coma recovery time for assessing latitudinal clines in basal chill tolerance of C. capitata adults. We selected six populations obtained from areas with broad climatic variability based on the main bioclimatic variables of temperature and precipitation, spanning a latitudinal range of about 19° from Middle East to Central Europe. Adults were exposed to 0 °C for 4 h, and time to regain the typical standing position of a fly at 25 °C were recorded. The post-stress survival after a period of 8 days was also recorded. Results revealed that adults from Israel and Austria were less chill tolerant than those from Greece, resulting in curvilinear trends with latitude. Analysis of macroclimatic conditions revealed combined effects of latitude (as a proxy of photoperiod) and macroclimatic conditions on chill coma recovery time. Nonetheless, there was not a deleterious effect on post-recovery survival, except for flies obtained from the northern most point (Vienna, Austria). Overall, it seems that evolutionary patterns of basal chill coma recovery time of C. capitata adults are driven mainly by local climatic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleopatra A Moraiti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Eleni Verykouki
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece.
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25
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You H, Li S, Fan Y, Guo X, Lin Z, Ding R, Cheng X, Zhang H, Lo TWB, Hao J, Zhu Y, Tam HY, Lei D, Lam CH, Huang H. Accelerated pyro-catalytic hydrogen production enabled by plasmonic local heating of Au on pyroelectric BaTiO 3 nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6144. [PMID: 36253372 PMCID: PMC9576696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest challenge that limits the application of pyro-catalytic materials is the lack of highly frequent thermal cycling due to the enormous heat capacity of ambient environment, resulting in low pyro-catalytic efficiency. Here, we introduce localized plasmonic heat sources to rapidly yet efficiently heat up pyro-catalytic material itself without wasting energy to raise the surrounding temperature, triggering a significantly expedited pyro-catalytic reaction and enabling multiple pyro-catalytic cycling per unit time. In our work, plasmonic metal/pyro-catalyst composite is fabricated by in situ grown gold nanoparticles on three-dimensional structured coral-like BaTiO3 nanoparticles, which achieves a high hydrogen production rate of 133.1 ± 4.4 μmol·g-1·h-1 under pulsed laser irradiation. We also use theoretical analysis to study the effect of plasmonic local heating on pyro-catalysis. The synergy between plasmonic local heating and pyro-catalysis will bring new opportunities in pyro-catalysis for pollutant treatment, clean energy production, and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin You
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yulong Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zezhou Lin
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Woon Benedict Lo
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hwa-Yaw Tam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chi-Hang Lam
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ørsted M, Jørgensen LB, Overgaard J. Finding the right thermal limit: a framework to reconcile ecological, physiological and methodological aspects of CTmax in ectotherms. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:277015. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Upper thermal limits (CTmax) are frequently used to parameterize the fundamental niche of ectothermic animals and to infer biogeographical distribution limits under current and future climate scenarios. However, there is considerable debate associated with the methodological, ecological and physiological definitions of CTmax. The recent (re)introduction of the thermal death time (TDT) model has reconciled some of these issues and now offers a solid mathematical foundation to model CTmax by considering both intensity and duration of thermal stress. Nevertheless, the physiological origin and boundaries of this temperature–duration model remain unexplored. Supported by empirical data, we here outline a reconciling framework that integrates the TDT model, which operates at stressful temperatures, with the classic thermal performance curve (TPC) that typically describes biological functions at permissive temperatures. Further, we discuss how the TDT model is founded on a balance between disruptive and regenerative biological processes that ultimately defines a critical boundary temperature (Tc) separating the TDT and TPC models. Collectively, this framework allows inclusion of both repair and accumulation of heat stress, and therefore also offers a consistent conceptual approach to understand the impact of high temperature under fluctuating thermal conditions. Further, this reconciling framework allows improved experimental designs to understand the physiological underpinnings and ecological consequences of ectotherm heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Aarhus University Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Overgaard
- Aarhus University Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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ShK-Domain-Containing Protein from a Parasitic Nematode Modulates Drosophila melanogaster Immunity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101094. [PMID: 36297151 PMCID: PMC9610955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component to understanding host–parasite interactions is the molecular crosstalk between host and parasite. Excreted/secreted products (ESPs) released by parasitic nematodes play an important role in parasitism. They can directly damage host tissue and modulate host defense. Steinernema carpocapsae, a well-studied parasite of insects releases approximately 500 venom proteins as part of the infection process. Though the identity of these proteins is known, few have been studied in detail. One protein family present in the ESPs released by these nematodes is the ShK family. We studied the most abundant ShK-domain-containing protein in S. carpocapsae ESPs, Sc-ShK-1, to investigate its effects in a fruit fly model. We found that Sc-ShK-1 is toxic under high stress conditions and negatively affects the health of fruit flies. We have shown that Sc-ShK-1 contributes to host immunomodulation in bacterial co-infections resulting in increased mortality and microbial growth. This study provides an insight on ShK-domain-containing proteins from nematodes and suggests these proteins may play an important role in host–parasite interactions.
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Weaving H, Terblanche JS, Pottier P, English S. Meta-analysis reveals weak but pervasive plasticity in insect thermal limits. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5292. [PMID: 36075913 PMCID: PMC9458737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme temperature events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Such events threaten insects, including pollinators, pests and disease vectors. Insect critical thermal limits can be enhanced through acclimation, yet evidence that plasticity aids survival at extreme temperatures is limited. Here, using meta-analyses across 1374 effect sizes, 74 studies and 102 species, we show that thermal limit plasticity is pervasive but generally weak: per 1 °C rise in acclimation temperature, critical thermal maximum increases by 0.09 °C; and per 1 °C decline, critical thermal minimum decreases by 0.15 °C. Moreover, small but significant publication bias suggests that the magnitude of plasticity is marginally overestimated. We find juvenile insects are more plastic than adults, highlighting that physiological responses of insects vary through ontogeny. Overall, we show critical thermal limit plasticity is likely of limited benefit to insects during extreme climatic events, yet we need more studies in under-represented taxa and geographic regions. The ability of organisms to acclimate to high temperatures is increasingly put to test by climate change. This global meta-analysis shows that plasticity of thermal limits in insects is widespread but unlikely to keep pace with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Weaving
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Patrice Pottier
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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29
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Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Stephen PR, Hattingh V. Cold Tolerance of Immature Stages of Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:482-492. [PMID: 35024832 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a new fruit fly pest of some fruit types in the north and north eastern areas of South Africa. In order to determine whether existing cold disinfestation treatment schedules for an indigenous fruit fly pest: Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) would be effective for B. dorsalis, cold tolerances of four immature stages of the two species were compared. Studies were done in an artificial carrot-based larval diet. The developmental rates of the immature stages of the two species in the carrot-based larval diet were first determined at a constant temperature of 26°C. The developmental times for eggs and three larval stages were found to be similar for the two species. Incubation times of both species after egg inoculation were determined to be 0, 3, 4, and 6 d for obtaining egg, first larval, second larval, and third larval stages respectively for the cold treatment. At a test temperature of -0.6°C, mortality rates of C. capitata eggs, first instars, second instars, and third instars were lower than those of B. dorsalis. These results demonstrate that the current cold treatment schedules for disinfestation of C. capitata can be used as equally or more efficacious treatments for B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Manrakhan
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John-Henry Daneel
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
| | - Peter R Stephen
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
| | - Vaughan Hattingh
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Escribano-Álvarez P, Pertierra LR, Martínez B, Chown SL, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ. Half a century of thermal tolerance studies in springtails (Collembola): A review of metrics, spatial and temporal trends. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100023. [PMID: 36003273 PMCID: PMC9387465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metrics used in thermal tolerance studies in Collembola have diversified over time Cold tolerance has been assessed more often than heat tolerance Fewer data exist for tropical regions, especially for euedaphic and epedaphic organisms Thermal tolerances in Neanuridae are not as well-studied as in the other families
Global changes in soil surface temperatures are altering the abundances and distribution ranges of invertebrate species worldwide, including effects on soil microarthropods such as springtails (Collembola), which are vital for maintaining soil health and providing ecosystem services. Studies of thermal tolerance limits in soil invertebrates have the potential to provide information on demographic responses to climate change and guide assessments of possible impacts on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Here, we review the state of knowledge of thermal tolerance limits in Collembola. Thermal tolerance metrics have diversified over time, which should be taken into account when conducting large-scale comparative studies. A temporal trend shows that the estimation of ‘Critical Thermal Limits’ (CTL) is becoming more common than investigations of ‘Supercooling Point’ (SCP), despite the latter being the most widely used metric. Indeed, most studies (66%) in Collembola have focused on cold tolerance; fewer have assessed heat tolerance. The majority of thermal tolerance data are from temperate and polar regions, with fewer assessments from tropical and subtropical latitudes. While the hemiedaphic life form represents the majority of records at low latitudes, euedaphic and epedaphic groups remain largely unsampled in these regions compared to the situation in temperate and high latitude regions, where sampling records show a more balanced distribution among the different life forms. Most CTL data are obtained during the warmest period of the year, whereas SCP and ‘Lethal Temperature’ (LT) show more variation in terms of the season when the data were collected. We conclude that more attention should be given to understudied zoogeographical regions across the tropics, as well as certain less-studied clades such as the family Neanuridae, to identify the role of thermal tolerance limits in the redistribution of species under changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Escribano-Álvarez
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Luis R. Pertierra
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Brezo Martínez
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Miguel Á. Olalla-Tárraga
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
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Flight and Reproduction Variations of Rice Leaf Roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in Response to Different Rearing Temperatures. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121083. [PMID: 34940171 PMCID: PMC8706861 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Temperature directly affects the development, adult reproduction, and flight capacity in migratory insects. However, the adaptive strategies applied by some migratory insects to cope with stressful temperatures throughout their life cycles are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of rearing temperatures in the immature stage (from egg to pupae stage) on the immature development, adult reproduction flight ability, and migratory behavior of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, one major facultative long-distance migratory pest feeding on rice. Our data suggest that immature C. medinalis that experienced different rearing temperatures had different developmental, reproductive, and migration patterns. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis reared under high temperatures had weaker reproductive capacity and stronger flight potentiality, which might be more likely to trigger the migration. However, those reared at low temperatures in the immature stage had an accelerated reproduction but relative weaker flight ability, which might weaken the migratory motivation of adults. Abstract Understanding how species that follow different life-history strategies respond to stressful temperature can be essential for efficient treatments of agricultural pests. Here, we focused on how the development, reproduction, flight, and reproductive consequences of migration of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were influenced by exposure to different rearing temperatures in the immature stage. We found that the immature rice leaf roller that were reared at low temperatures (18 and 22 °C) developed more slowly than the normal temperature 26 °C, while those reared at high temperatures (34 °C) grew faster. Female adults from low immature stage rearing temperatures showed stronger reproductive ability than those at 26 and 34 °C, such as the preoviposition period (POP) significantly decreased, while the total lifetime fecundity obviously increased. However, 34 °C did not significantly reduce the reproductive performances of females compared to 26 °C. On the contrary, one relative decreased tendency of flight capacity was found in the lower immature temperature treatments. Furthermore, flight is a costly strategy for reproduction output to compete for limited internal resources. In the lower temperature treatments, after d1-tethered flight treatment, negative reproductive consequences were found that flight significantly decreased the lifetime fecundity and mating frequency of females from low rearing temperatures in the immature stage compared to the controls (no tethered-flight). However, in the 26 and 34 °C treatments, the same flight treatment induced a positive influence on reproduction, which significantly reduced the POP and period of first oviposition (PFO). The results suggest that the experience of relative high temperatures in the immature stage is more likely to trigger the onset of migration, but lower temperatures in the immature stage may induce adults to have a greater resident propensity with stronger reproductive ability.
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Yilmaz A, Gagnon Y, Byrne M, Baird E, Dacke M. Cold-induced anesthesia impairs path integration memory in dung beetles. Curr Biol 2021; 32:438-444.e3. [PMID: 34852216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Path integration is a general mechanism used by many animals to maintain an updated record of their position in relation to a set reference point.1-11 To do this, they continually integrate direction and distance information into a memorized home vector. What remains unclear is how this vector is stored, maintained, and utilized for successful navigation. A recent computational model based on the neuronal circuitry of the insect central complex suggests that home vector memories are encoded across a set of putative memory neurons and maintained through ongoing recurrent neural activity.12 To better understand the nature of the home vector memory and experimentally assess underlying mechanisms for maintaining it, we performed a series of experiments on the path integrating dung beetle Scarabaeus galenus.13 We found that, while the directional component of the home vector was maintained for up to 1 h, the distance component of the vector memory decreased gradually over time. Using cold-induced anesthesia, we disrupted the neural activity of beetles that had stored a home vector of known length and direction. This treatment diminished both components of the home vector memory, but by different amounts-the homing beetles lost their distance memory before their directional memory. Together, these findings present new insights into the functional properties of home vector memories and provide the first empirical evidence that a biological process that can be disrupted by cold-induced anesthesia is essential to support homing by path integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yakir Gagnon
- Department of Biology, Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Byrne
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Biology, Division of Functional Morphology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Dacke
- Department of Biology, Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
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Pisokas I, Rössler W, Webb B, Zeil J, Narendra A. Anesthesia disrupts distance, but not direction, of path integration memory. Curr Biol 2021; 32:445-452.e4. [PMID: 34852215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Solitary foraging insects, such as ants, maintain an estimate of the direction and distance to their starting location as they move away from it, in a process known as path integration. This estimate, commonly known as the "home vector," is updated continuously as the ant moves1-4 and is reset as soon as it enters its nest,5 yet ants prevented from returning to their nest can still use their home vector when released several hours later.6,7 This conjunction of fast update and long persistence of the home vector memory does not directly map to existing accounts of short-, mid-, and long-term memory;2,8-12 hence, the substrate of this memory remains unknown. Chill-coma anesthesia13-15 has previously been shown to affect associative memory retention in fruit flies14,16 and honeybees.9,17,18 We investigate the nature of path integration memory by anesthetizing ants after they have accumulated home vector information and testing if the memory persists on recovery. We show that after anesthesia the memory of the distance ants have traveled is degraded, but the memory of the direction is retained. We also show that this is consistent with models of path integration that maintain the memory in a redundant Cartesian coordinate system and with the hypothesis that chill-coma produces a proportional reduction of the memory, rather than a subtractive reduction or increase of noise. The observed effect is not compatible with a memory based on recurrent circuit activity and points toward an activity-dependent molecular process as the basis of path integration memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Pisokas
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Rössler
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Webb
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Jochen Zeil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Ajay Narendra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Genetic Variability, Population Differentiation, and Correlations for Thermal Tolerance Indices in the Minute Wasp, Trichogramma cacoeciae. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111013. [PMID: 34821813 PMCID: PMC8622974 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Augmentative biological control relies on the more or less frequent/abundant releases of biological control agents (BCAs) that have to be adapted to their short-term local environment including (micro-)climatic conditions. Thermal biology of BCAs is thus a key component for their success. The extent to which thermal tolerance indices may be relevant predictors of the field efficiency is however still poorly documented. Within this frame, we investigated the intraspecific variability for the ability to move at low temperatures in the minute wasp, Trichogramma cacoeciae. We collected, molecularly characterized, and compared for their thermal tolerance indices numerous strains originating from three contrasting geographic areas. Our findings evidenced both a geographic differentiation between strains for one of the thermal tolerance indices and a positive correlation between two of them, demonstrating the existence of an intraspecific variability. Abstract Temperature is a main driver of the ecology and evolution of ectotherms. In particular, the ability to move at sub-lethal low temperatures can be described through three thermal tolerance indices—critical thermal minimum (CTmin), chill coma temperature (CCT), and activity recovery (AR). Although these indices have proven relevant for inter-specific comparisons, little is known about their intraspecific variability as well as possible genetic correlations between them. We thus investigated these two topics (intraspecific variability and genetic correlations between thermal tolerance indices) using the minute wasp, Trichogramma cacoeciae. Strains from T. cacoeciae were sampled across three geographic regions in France—two bioclimatic zones along a sharp altitudinal cline in a Mediterranean context (meso-Mediterranean at low elevations and supra-Mediterranean at higher elevations) and a more northwestern area characterized by continental or mountainous climates. Our results evidenced a significant effect of both the longitude and the severity of the cold during winter months on CCT. Results were however counter-intuitive since the strains from the two bioclimatic zones characterized by more severe winters (northwestern area and supra-Mediterranean) exhibited opposite patterns. In addition, a strong positive correlation was observed between CCT and CTmin. Neither strain differentiation nor the covariations between traits seem to be linked with the molecular diversity observed on the part of the mitochondrial marker COI.
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Overgaard J, Gerber L, Andersen MK. Osmoregulatory capacity at low temperature is critical for insect cold tolerance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:38-45. [PMID: 33676056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At low temperature many insects lose extracellular ion homeostasis and the capacity to mitigate homeostatic imbalance determines their cold tolerance. Extracellular homeostasis is ensured by the osmoregulatory organs and recent research has emphasized key roles for the Malpighian tubules and hindgut in modulating insect cold tolerance. Here, we review the effects of low temperature on transport capacity of osmoregulatory organs and outline physiological processes leading from cold exposure to disruption of ion homeostasis and cold-injury in insects. We show how cold adaptation and cold acclimation are associated with physiological modifications to transport capacity in Malpighian tubules and hindgut. These responses mitigate loss of homeostasis and we highlight how further study of molecular and cellular mechanisms are critical to fully appreciate the adaptations that facilitate insect cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lucie Gerber
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Chipchase KM, Enders AM, Jacobs EG, Hughes MR, Killian KA. Effect of a single cold stress exposure on the reproductive behavior of male crickets. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104287. [PMID: 34302838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is an important abiotic factor that can impact insect physiology, behavior, and overall fitness. Upon exposure to cold temperature, many insects enter a reversible state of immobility called chill coma. If the cold stress is brief and mild enough, insects can recover and regain full mobility upon return to warmer temperatures. However, the long-term impact of sublethal cold stress on insect behavior has been understudied. Here, sexually naïve adult male Acheta domesticus crickets were exposed to a single 0 °C cold stress for 6 h. One week later, the ability of these males to mate with a female was examined. For mating trials, a cold stressed male cricket was paired with a non-cold stressed, control female. Control pairs were comprised of a non-cold stressed control male and control female. Cold exposed males were less successful at mating than control males because most did not carry a spermatophore at the time of their mating trials. However, when these cold stressed males were allowed 1 h of chemosensory contact with a female, most produced a spermatophore. Males that produced spermatophores were given the opportunity to mate once with a female, and stressed males that successfully mated sired as many offspring as did control males. However, our results support that a single cold stress exposure can negatively impact the reproductive fitness of male crickets since it reduced their capacity to carry spermatophores and, as a consequence, to attract females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Chipchase
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Alexa M Enders
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Jacobs
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Michael R Hughes
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Kathleen A Killian
- Department of Biology, 258 Pearson Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Osland MJ, Stevens PW, Lamont MM, Brusca RC, Hart KM, Waddle JH, Langtimm CA, Williams CM, Keim BD, Terando AJ, Reyier EA, Marshall KE, Loik ME, Boucek RE, Lewis AB, Seminoff JA. Tropicalization of temperate ecosystems in North America: The northward range expansion of tropical organisms in response to warming winter temperatures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3009-3034. [PMID: 33605004 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropicalization is a term used to describe the transformation of temperate ecosystems by poleward-moving tropical organisms in response to warming temperatures. In North America, decreases in the frequency and intensity of extreme winter cold events are expected to allow the poleward range expansion of many cold-sensitive tropical organisms, sometimes at the expense of temperate organisms. Although ecologists have long noted the critical ecological role of winter cold temperature extremes in tropical-temperate transition zones, the ecological effects of extreme cold events have been understudied, and the influence of warming winter temperatures has too often been left out of climate change vulnerability assessments. Here, we examine the influence of extreme cold events on the northward range limits of a diverse group of tropical organisms, including terrestrial plants, coastal wetland plants, coastal fishes, sea turtles, terrestrial reptiles, amphibians, manatees, and insects. For these organisms, extreme cold events can lead to major physiological damage or landscape-scale mass mortality. Conversely, the absence of extreme cold events can foster population growth, range expansion, and ecological regime shifts. We discuss the effects of warming winters on species and ecosystems in tropical-temperate transition zones. In the 21st century, climate change-induced decreases in the frequency and intensity of extreme cold events are expected to facilitate the poleward range expansion of many tropical species. Our review highlights critical knowledge gaps for advancing understanding of the ecological implications of the tropicalization of temperate ecosystems in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip W Stevens
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barry D Keim
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Eric A Reyier
- Herndon Solutions Group, LLC, NASA Environmental and Medical Contract, Mail Code: NEM-022, Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
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38
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Oyen KJ, Jardine LE, Parsons ZM, Herndon JD, Strange JP, Lozier JD, Dillon ME. Body mass and sex, not local climate, drive differences in chill coma recovery times in common garden reared bumble bees. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:843-854. [PMID: 34173046 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The time required to recover from cold exposure (chill coma recovery time) may represent an important metric of performance and has been linked to geographic distributions of diverse species. Chill coma recovery time (CCRT) has rarely been measured in bumble bees (genus Bombus) but may provide insights regarding recent changes in their distributions. We measured CCRT of Bombus vosnesenskii workers reared in common garden laboratory conditions from queens collected across altitude and latitude in the Western United States. We also compared CCRTs of male and female bumble bees because males are often overlooked in studies of bumble bee ecology and physiology and may differ in their ability to respond to cold temperatures. We found no relationship between CCRT and local climate at the queen collection sites, but CCRT varied significantly with sex and body mass. Because differences in the ability to recover from cold temperatures have been shown in wild-caught Bombus, we predict that variability in CCRT may be strongly influenced by plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jeannet Oyen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura E Jardine
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Biology, Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zachary M Parsons
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - James D Herndon
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Pollinating Insect Biology Management and Systematics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT, USA
| | - James P Strange
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Pollinating Insect Biology Management and Systematics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT, USA.,Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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39
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Poikela N, Tyukmaeva V, Hoikkala A, Kankare M. Multiple paths to cold tolerance: the role of environmental cues, morphological traits and the circadian clock gene vrille. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:117. [PMID: 34112109 PMCID: PMC8191109 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracing the association between insect cold tolerance and latitudinally and locally varying environmental conditions, as well as key morphological traits and molecular mechanisms, is essential for understanding the processes involved in adaptation. We explored these issues in two closely-related species, Drosophila montana and Drosophila flavomontana, originating from diverse climatic locations across several latitudes on the coastal and mountainous regions of North America. We also investigated the association between sequence variation in one of the key circadian clock genes, vrille, and cold tolerance in both species. Finally, we studied the impact of vrille on fly cold tolerance and cold acclimation ability by silencing it with RNA interference in D. montana. Results We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) on variables representing bioclimatic conditions on the study sites and used latitude as a proxy of photoperiod. PC1 separated the mountainous continental sites from the coastal ones based on temperature variability and precipitation, while PC2 arranged the sites based on summer and annual mean temperatures. Cold tolerance tests showed D. montana to be more cold-tolerant than D. flavomontana and chill coma resistance (CTmin) of this species showed an association with PC2. Chill coma recovery time (CCRT) of both species improved towards northern latitudes, and in D. flavomontana this trait was also associated with PC1. D. flavomontana flies were darkest in the coast and in the northern mountainous populations, but coloration showed no linkage with cold tolerance. Body size decreased towards cold environments in both species, but only within D. montana populations largest flies showed fastest recovery from cold. Finally, both the sequence analysis and RNAi study on vrille suggested this gene to play an essential role in D. montana cold resistance and acclimation, but not in recovery time. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the complexity of insect cold tolerance and emphasizes the need to trace its association with multiple environmental variables and morphological traits to identify potential agents of natural selection. It also shows that a circadian clock gene vrille is essential both for short- and long-term cold acclimation, potentially elucidating the connection between circadian clock system and cold tolerance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01849-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Poikela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Venera Tyukmaeva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maaria Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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40
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Cobb T, Damschroder D, Wessells R. Sestrin regulates acute chill coma recovery in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 133:103548. [PMID: 33549817 PMCID: PMC8180487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When chill-susceptible insects are exposed to low temperatures they enter a temporary state of paralysis referred to as a chill coma. The most well-studied physiological mechanism of chill coma onset and recovery involves regulation of ion homeostasis. Previous studies show that changes in metabolism may also underlie the ability to recovery quickly, but the roles of genes that regulate metabolic homeostasis in chill coma recovery time (CCRT) are not well understood. Here, we investigate the roles of Sestrin and Spargel (Drosophila homolog of PGC-1α), which are involved in metabolic homeostasis and substrate oxidation, on CCRT in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that sestrin and spargel mutants have impaired CCRT. sestrin is required in the muscle and nervous system tissue for normal CCRT and spargel is required in muscle and adipose. On the basis that exercise induces sestrin and spargel, we also test the interaction of cold and exercise. We find that pre-treatment with one of these stressors does not consistently confer acute protection against the other. We conclude that Sestrin and Spargel are important in the chill coma response, independent of their role in exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Cobb
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Deena Damschroder
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Robert Wessells
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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41
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Tremblay P, MacMillan HA, Kharouba HM. Autumn larval cold tolerance does not predict the northern range limit of a widespread butterfly species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8332-8346. [PMID: 34188890 PMCID: PMC8216912 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is driving range shifts, and a lack of cold tolerance is hypothesized to constrain insect range expansion at poleward latitudes. However, few, if any, studies have tested this hypothesis during autumn when organisms are subjected to sporadic low-temperature exposure but may not have become cold-tolerant yet. In this study, we integrated organismal thermal tolerance measures into species distribution models for larvae of the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), living at the northern edge of its actively expanding range. Cold hardiness of field-collected larvae was determined using three common metrics of cold-induced physiological thresholds: the supercooling point, critical thermal minimum, and survival following cold exposure. P. cresphontes larvae were determined to be tolerant of chilling but generally die at temperatures below their SCP, suggesting they are chill-tolerant or modestly freeze-avoidant. Using this information, we examined the importance of low temperatures at a broad scale, by comparing species distribution models of P. cresphontes based only on environmental data derived from other sources to models that also included the cold tolerance parameters generated experimentally. Our modeling revealed that growing degree-days and precipitation best predicted the distribution of P. cresphontes, while the cold tolerance variables did not explain much variation in habitat suitability. As such, the modeling results were consistent with our experimental results: Low temperatures in autumn are unlikely to limit the distribution of P. cresphontes. Understanding the factors that limit species distributions is key to predicting how climate change will drive species range shifts.
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42
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Lettmann J, Mody K, Kursch-Metz TA, Blüthgen N, Wehner K. Bracon wasps for ecological pest control-a laboratory experiment. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11540. [PMID: 34123600 PMCID: PMC8164837 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control of pest insects by natural enemies may be an effective, cheap and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. The cosmopolitan parasitoid wasp species Bracon brevicornis Wesmael and B. hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) use lepidopteran species as hosts, including insect pests like Ephestia kuehniella or Ostrinia nubilalis. Here, we compare the reproductive success of both Bracon species on E. kuehniella in a laboratory experiment. We asked (1) how the reproductive success on a single host larva changes with temperature, (2) how it changes with temperature when more host larvae are present and (3) how temperature and availability of host larvae influence the efficacy of Bracon species as biological control agents. In general, differences between B. brevicornis and B. hebetor have been small. For rearing both Bracon species in the laboratory on one host larva, a temperature between 20–27 °C seems appropriate to obtain the highest number of offspring with a female-biased sex ratio. Rearing the braconid wasps on more than one host larva revealed a higher number of total offspring but less offspring per host larva on average. Again, highest numbers of offspring hatched at 27 °C and the sex ratio was independent from temperature. Although no parasitoids hatched at 12 °C and only few at 36 °C, host larvae were still paralyzed. The efficacy of B. brevicornis was higher than 80% at all numbers of host larvae presented at all temperatures while the efficacy of B. hebetor was less than 80% at 12 °C and 27 °C at low numbers of host larvae presented. In conclusion, practitioners can use either B. brevicornis or B. hebetor at low and high temperatures and at varying host densities to achieve high pest control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lettmann
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Mody
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | | | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katja Wehner
- Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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43
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Mensch J, Kreiman L, Schilman PE, Hasson E, Renault D, Colinet H. Divergent metabolomic profiles of cold-exposed mature and immature females of tropical versus temperate Drosophila species. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110995. [PMID: 34044160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Temperate species, contrary to their tropical counterparts, are exposed not only to thermally variable environments with low temperatures but also to long winters. Different selective pressures may have driven divergent physiological adaptations in closely related species with different biogeographic origins. To survive unfavourable winter conditions, Drosophila species in temperate areas generally undergo a period of reproductive dormancy, associated with a cold-induced cessation of oogenesis and metabolic reorganization. This work aims to compare cold tolerance and metabolic signatures of cold-exposed females exhibiting different reproductive maturity status (mature and immature females) of four Drosophila species from tropical vs. temperate origins. We expected that the capacity for delayed reproduction of immature females could result in the redirection of the energy-related metabolites to be utilized for surviving the cold season. To do so, we studied an array of 45 metabolites using quantitative target GC-MS profiling. Reproductively immature females of temperate species showed the lower CTmin and the faster chill coma recovery time (i.e. the most cold-tolerant group). Principal component analysis captured differences across species, but also between reproductive maturity states. Notably, temperate species exhibited significantly higher levels of glucose, alanine, and gluconolactone than tropical ones. As proline and glycerol showed higher abundances in immature females of temperate species compared to the levels exhibited by the rest of the groups, we reasoned that glucose and alanine could serve as intermediates in the synthesis of these compatible solutes. All in all, our findings suggest that cold-exposed females of temperate species accumulate energy-related and protective metabolites (e.g. glycerol and proline) while delaying reproduction, and that these metabolites are relevant to cold tolerance even at modest concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Mensch
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lucas Kreiman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Hasson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Colinet
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
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44
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McAlpine-Bellis E, Stillman JH, Tanner RL. Acclimation to future climate exposes vulnerability to cold extremes in intertidal sea hares. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1741-1752. [PMID: 33999175 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly dynamic environments like estuaries will undergo unpredictable shifts in thermal and salinity regimes with ongoing climate change. These interactive stressors fluctuate predictably and seasonally over historical periods, which has facilitated the evolution of wide environmental tolerance in some estuarine inhabitants. However, physiological and behavioral acclimatization is seasonally based for many estuarine species, meaning that a shift in the unpredictability of climate events and trends will disrupt the effectiveness of evolved tolerance mechanisms. Of particular concern are extreme cold events and high-volume precipitation events, which will acutely and unpredictably alter an estuarine habitat. The eelgrass sea hare, Phyllaplysia taylori, has documented euryhaline and eurythermal tolerance to summer conditions, but the winter environment may pose a greater challenge to seasonally relevant acclimatization scenarios. Here, we characterized lower critical thermal limits, and behavioral responses to stimuli leading up to these limits, in two central California P. taylori populations under four temperature-salinity scenarios in a laboratory acclimation experiment. Acclimation to warmer conditions significantly increased critical thermal minima, while fresher conditions resulted in high mortality. However, the surviving individuals in the fresher conditions were able to respond to stimuli more quickly overall, despite their shortest response time being at a higher temperature than the saltier-acclimated individuals. Within the environmental context of their natural habitats, we find that acclimation to climate change-induced warming will hinder sea hares' ability to weather existing and future cold extremes and precipitation events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan H Stillman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720.,Estuary & Ocean Science Center and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon CA 94920
| | - Richelle L Tanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720.,Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis CA 95616
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45
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Morgan Fleming J, Carter AW, Sheldon KS. Dung beetles show metabolic plasticity as pupae and smaller adult body size in response to increased temperature mean and variance. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104215. [PMID: 33662376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Though organisms may use thermal plasticity to cope with novel temperature regimes, our understanding of plastic responses is limited. Research on thermal plasticity has traditionally focused on the response of organisms to shifts in mean temperatures. However, increased temperature variation can have a greater impact on organismal performance than mean temperature alone. In addition, thermal plasticity studies are often designed to investigate plasticity in response to more extreme temperatures despite the fact that organisms make physiological adjustments to diurnal temperature fluctuations that they experience. Using pupae of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, we investigated the potential for plasticity in response to increasing temperature mean and variance using thermal regimes that were well within the species critical thermal limits. We reared 40 beetles from egg to pupae (n = 20) or adults (n = 20) at one of nine incubation treatments, including all combinations of three mean temperatures (22, 24, 26 °C) and three amplitudes of fluctuation (±2, ±4, ±8 °C). To measure thermal plasticity of pupae, we quantified CO2 production across a range of temperatures (i.e., 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) for 20 beetles per treatment. The relationship between CO2 production and temperature provides an estimate of energetic costs at a given temperature (i.e., using the intercept) and thermal sensitivity (i.e., using the slope). We reared the remaining O. taurus in each treatment (n = 20) to adulthood and then recorded mass (g) to determine body size, a proxy for fitness. Pupae exhibited thermal plasticity in response to the additive and interactive effects of temperature mean and variance. Pupae reared in the warmest and most variable treatment (26 ± 8 °C) showed the greatest decrease in overall metabolism compared to all other treatments, and adult beetles from this treatment (26 ± 8 °C) were also significantly smaller than adult beetles from any other treatment. We found that both temperature mean and variance contributed to thermal plasticity of pupae and had consequences for adult body size, a trait related to dung beetle fitness. Importantly, the temperatures we used in our treatments are not extreme and are likely well below the critical thermal maxima of the species, demonstrating that organisms can make adjustments to temperatures they experience across diurnal or seasonal timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morgan Fleming
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
| | - Amanda W Carter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
| | - Kimberly S Sheldon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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46
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Bayley JS, Overgaard J, Pedersen TH. Quantitative model analysis of the resting membrane potential in insect skeletal muscle: Implications for low temperature tolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110970. [PMID: 33932565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stressors, such as cold exposure, can depolarize insect cells substantially causing cold coma and cell death. During cold exposure, insect skeletal muscle depolarization occurs through a 2-stage process. Firstly, short-term cold exposure reduces the activity of electrogenic ion pumps, which depolarize insect muscle markedly. Secondly, during long-term cold exposure, extracellular ion homeostasis is disrupted causing further depolarization. Consequently, many cold hardy insects improve membrane potential stability during cold exposure through adaptations that secure maintenance of ion homeostasis during cold exposure. Less is known about the adaptations permitting cold hardy insects to maintain membrane potential stability during the initial phase of cold exposure, before ion balance is disrupted. To address this problem it is critical to understand the membrane components (channels and transporters) that determine the membrane potential and to examine this question the present study constructed a mathematical "charge difference" model of the insect muscle membrane potential. This model was parameterized with known literature values for ion permeabilities, ion concentrations and membrane capacitance and the model was then further developed by comparing model predictions against empirical measurements following pharmacological inhibitors of the Na+/K+ ATPase, Cl- channels and symporters. Subsequently, we compared simulated and recorded membrane potentials at 0 and 31 °C and at 10-50 mM extracellular [K+] to examine if the model could describe membrane potentials during the perturbations occurring during cold exposure. Our results confirm the importance of both Na+/K+ ATPase activity and ion-selective Na+, K+ and Cl- channels, but the model also highlights that additional electroneutral flux of Na+ and K+ is needed to describe how membrane potentials respond to temperature and [K+] in insect muscle. While considerable further work is still needed, we argue that this "charge difference" model can be used to generate testable hypotheses of how insects can preserve membrane polarization in the face of stressful cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Seamus Bayley
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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47
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Cheslock A, Andersen MK, MacMillan HA. Thermal acclimation alters Na +/K +-ATPase activity in a tissue-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110934. [PMID: 33684554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Insects, like the model species Drosophila melanogaster, lose neuromuscular function and enter a state of paralysis (chill coma) at a population- and species-specific low temperature threshold that is decreased by cold acclimation. Entry into this coma is related to a spreading depolarization in the central nervous system, while recovery involves restoration of electrochemical gradients across muscle cell membranes. The Na+/K+-ATPase helps maintain ion balance and membrane potential in both the brain and hemolymph (surrounding muscles), and changes in thermal tolerance traits have therefore been hypothesized to be closely linked to variation in the expression and/or activity of this pump in multiple tissues. Here, we tested this hypothesis by measuring activity and thermal sensitivity of the Na+/K+-ATPase at the tagma-specific level (head, thorax and abdomen) in warm- (25 °C) and cold-acclimated (15 °C) flies by measuring Na+/K+-ATPase activity at 15, 20, and 25 °C. We relate differences in pump activity to differences in chill coma temperature, spreading depolarization temperature, and thermal dependence of muscle cell polarization. Differences in pump activity and thermal sensitivity induced by cold acclimation varied in a tissue-specific manner: While thermal sensitivity remained unchanged, cold-acclimated flies had decreased Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the thorax (mainly muscle) and head (mainly composed of brain). We argue that these changes may assist in maintenance of K+ homeostasis and membrane potential across muscle membranes, and discuss how reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the brain may counterintuitively help insects delay coma onset in the cold.
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48
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Gao Y, Wang F, Zhou W, Pan S. Research progress in the pathogenic mechanisms and imaging of severe frostbite. Eur J Radiol 2021; 137:109605. [PMID: 33621855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article reviews the pathological mechanisms and progress of imaging of severe frostbite to assist in the search for targets for clinical diagnosis and treatment of severe frostbite. This review also aims to provide strong evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of deep frostbite. METHODS The review was based on the summary and analysis of the existing literature, and explored the pathological mechanism of deep frostbite and the advantages and disadvantages of imaging diagnostic methods. RESULTS According to the depth of tissue involvement, frostbite is divided into 4 levels. Severe frostbite includes Grade 3 and Grade 4 frostbite. Clinical performance evaluation and imaging diagnostic research have always been the mainstream of severe frostbite diagnosis. Imaging methods focus on vascular patency and tissue vitality. This article introduces angiography, SETCT/CT and MRA, and we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of these imaging methods. We recommend corresponding imaging modalities according to the state of frostbite patients. CONCLUSIONS Imaging examination, especially angiography and bone scans, provide useful information for determining the diagnosis and prognosis of severe frostbite. In order to obtain a good clinical prognosis, clinicians should first perform SPECT/CT. MRA does not burden the patient's body, but the balance between cost and benefit must be considered. Angiography provides a good feedback on the changes in blood vessel status before and after treatment, which is helpful for discovering the response of limbs to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengzhe Wang
- Department of Radiology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang: Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Northern Military Area: General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Shinong Pan
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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49
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Gao Y, Lu Z, Lyu X, Liu Q, Pan S. A Longitudinal Study of T2 Mapping Combined With Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Quantitatively Evaluate Tissue Repair of Rat Skeletal Muscle After Frostbite. Front Physiol 2021; 11:597638. [PMID: 33569011 PMCID: PMC7868413 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.597638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: T2 mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enable the detection of changes in the skeletal muscle microenvironment. We assessed T2 relaxation times, DTI metrics, performed histological characterization of frostbite-induced skeletal muscle injury and repair, and provided diagnostic imaging biomarkers. Design and Methods: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats (200 ± 10 g) were obtained. Thirty rats were used for establishing a skeletal muscle frostbite model, and six were untreated controls. Functional MR sequences were performed on rats on days 0, 3, 5, 10, and 14 (n = 6 per time point). Rats were then sacrificed to obtain the quadriceps muscles. Tensor eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, and λ3), mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), and T2 values were compared between the frostbite model and control rats. ImageJ was used to measure the extracellular area fraction (EAF), muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), and skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Myod1 expression. The correlation between the histological and imaging parameters of the frostbitten skeletal muscle was evaluated. Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test, Leven’s test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman coefficient were used for analysis. Results: T2 relaxation time of frostbitten skeletal muscle was higher at all time points (p < 0.01). T2 relaxation time correlated with EAF, and TNF-α and Myod1 expression (r = 0.42, p < 0.05; r = 0.86, p < 0.01; r = 0.84, p < 0.01). The average tensor metrics (MD, λ1, λ2, and λ3) of skeletal muscle at 3 and 5 days of frostbite increased (p < 0.05), and fCSA correlated with λ1, λ2, and λ3, and MD (r = 0.65, p < 0.01; r = 0.48, p < 0.01; r = 0.52, p < 0.01; r = 0.62, p < 0.01). Conclusion: T2 mapping and DTI imaging detect frostbite-induced skeletal muscle injury early. This combined approach can quantitatively assess skeletal muscle repair and regeneration within 2 weeks of frostbite. Imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of frostbite were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Lyu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shinong Pan
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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50
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Reddish FN, Miller CL, Deng X, Dong B, Patel AA, Ghane MA, Mosca B, McBean C, Wu S, Solntsev KM, Zhuo Y, Gadda G, Fang N, Cox DN, Mabb AM, Treves S, Zorzato F, Yang JJ. Rapid subcellular calcium responses and dynamics by calcium sensor G-CatchER . iScience 2021; 24:102129. [PMID: 33665552 PMCID: PMC7900224 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise spatiotemporal characteristics of subcellular calcium (Ca2+) transients are critical for the physiological processes. Here we report a green Ca2+ sensor called "G-CatchER+" using a protein design to report rapid local ER Ca2+ dynamics with significantly improved folding properties. G-CatchER+ exhibits a superior Ca2+ on rate to G-CEPIA1er and has a Ca2+-induced fluorescence lifetimes increase. G-CatchER+ also reports agonist/antagonist triggered Ca2+ dynamics in several cell types including primary neurons that are orchestrated by IP3Rs, RyRs, and SERCAs with an ability to differentiate expression. Upon localization to the lumen of the RyR channel (G-CatchER+-JP45), we report a rapid local Ca2+ release that is likely due to calsequestrin. Transgenic expression of G-CatchER+ in Drosophila muscle demonstrates its utility as an in vivo reporter of stimulus-evoked SR local Ca2+ dynamics. G-CatchER+ will be an invaluable tool to examine local ER/SR Ca2+ dynamics and facilitate drug development associated with ER dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence N Reddish
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Cassandra L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaonan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mohammad A Ghane
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Barbara Mosca
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cheyenne McBean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kyril M Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - You Zhuo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Angela M Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Susan Treves
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Basel University, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zorzato
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Basel University, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jenny J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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