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Prati S, Enß J, Grabner DS, Huesken A, Feld CK, Doliwa A, Sures B. Possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) drift by microsporidian parasites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9474. [PMID: 37301923 PMCID: PMC10257654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In lotic freshwater ecosystems, the drift or downstream movement of animals (e.g., macroinvertebrates) constitutes a key dispersal pathway, thus shaping ecological and evolutionary patterns. There is evidence that macroinvertebrate drift may be modulated by parasites. However, most studies on parasite modulation of host drifting behavior have focused on acanthocephalans, whereas other parasites, such as microsporidians, have been largely neglected. This study provides new insight into possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of amphipod (Crustacea: Gammaridae) drift by microsporidian parasites. Three 72 h drift experiments were deployed in a German lowland stream in October 2021, April, and July 2022. The prevalence and composition of ten microsporidian parasites in Gammarus pulex clade E varied seasonally, diurnally, and between drifting and stationary specimens of G. pulex. Prevalence was generally higher in drifting amphipods than in stationary ones, mainly due to differences in host size. However, for two parasites, the prevalence in drift samples was highest during daytime suggesting changes in host phototaxis likely related to the parasite's mode of transmission and site of infection. Alterations in drifting behavior may have important implications for G. pulex population dynamics and microsporidians' dispersal. The underlying mechanisms are more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julian Enß
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel S Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annabell Huesken
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annemie Doliwa
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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do Amaral-Silva L, da Silva WC, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Metabolic trade-offs favor regulated hypothermia and inhibit fever in immune-challenged chicks. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274497. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The febrile response to resist a pathogen is energetically expensive while regulated hypothermia seems to preserve energy for vital functions. We hypothesized here that immune challenged birds under metabolic trade-offs (reduced energy supply / increased energy demand) favor a regulated hypothermic response at the expense of fever. To test this hypothesis, we compared 5-days old broiler chicks exposed to fasting, cold (25oC), and fasting combined with cold to a control group fed at thermoneutral condition (30oC). The chicks were injected with saline or with a high dose of endotoxin known to induce a biphasic thermal response composed of body temperature (Tb) drop followed by fever. Then Tb, oxygen consumption (metabolic rate), peripheral vasomotion (cutaneous heat exchange), breathing frequency (respiratory heat exchange), and huddling behavior (heat conservation indicator) were analyzed. Irrespective of metabolic trade-offs, chicks presented a transient regulated hypothermia in the first hour, which relied on a suppressed metabolic rate for all groups, increased breathing frequency for chicks fed/fasted at 30oC, and peripheral vasodilation in fed/fasted chicks at 25oC. Fever was observed only in chicks kept at thermoneutrality and was supported by peripheral vasoconstriction and huddling behavior. Fed and fasted chicks at 25oC completely eliminated fever despite the ability to increase metabolic rate for thermogenesis in the phase correspondent to fever when it was pharmacologically induced by 2.4-Dinitrophenol. Our data suggest that increased competing demands affect chicks’ response to an immune challenge favoring regulated hypothermia to preserve energy while the high costs of fever to resist a pathogen are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Welex Cândido da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Helena Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Kobak J, Rachalewski M, Bącela-Spychalska K. What doesn’t kill you doesn’t make you stronger: Parasites modify interference competition between two invasive amphipods. NEOBIOTA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.69.73734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We used a freshwater amphipod-microsporidian model (Ponto-Caspian hosts: Dikerogammarus villosus and D. haemobaphes, parasite: Cucumispora dikerogammari) to check whether parasites affect biological invasions by modulating behaviour and intra- and interspecific interactions between the invaders. We tested competition for shelter in conspecific and heterospecific male pairs (one or both individuals infected or non-infected). In general, amphipods of both species increased their shelter occupancy time when accompanied by infected rather than non-infected conspecifics and heterospecifics. Infected amphipods faced lower aggression from non-infected conspecifics. Moreover, D. villosus was more aggressive than D. haemobaphes and more aggressive towards conspecifics vs. heterospecifics. In summary, infection reduced the intra- and interspecific competitivity of amphipods, which became less capable of defending their shelters, despite their unchanged need for shelter occupancy. Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, commonly considered as a weaker competitor, displaced by D. villosus from co-occupied locations, was able to compete efficiently for the shelter with D. villosus when microsporidian infections appeared on the scene. This suggests that parasites may be important mediators of biological invasions, facilitating the existence of large intra- and interspecific assemblages of invasive alien amphipods.
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Direct onshore wind predicts daily swimmer's itch (avian schistosome) incidence at a Michigan beach. Parasitology 2020; 147:431-440. [PMID: 31965949 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Swimmer's itch (SI) is a painful rash caused by skin penetration by free-swimming infectious cercariae of avian schistosomes, snail-borne helminth parasites related to the causative agents of human schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to determine if commonly collected environmental data could be used to predict daily fluctuations in SI incidence at an inland beach in northwestern Michigan. Lifeguards collected daily data over four summers, including the number of self-reported SI cases, total swimmers, water temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Mixed-effects binomial regression revealed that wind direction, wind speed and time of day were the best predictors of daily SI risk. Swimmers entering the water in the morning or on days with direct onshore wind perpendicular to the shoreline had the greatest SI risk. However, there was a negative effect of wind speed after accounting for direction, where SI risk was greatest on days with a gentle breeze originating directly offshore. These results suggest that at this beach, direct onshore winds generate a surface-water current that causes SI cercariae to aggregate in the shallow waters used by swimmers. Data are needed from additional sites to confirm whether the onshore wind is a generally important driver of SI incidence.
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Thermoregulatory response of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to infection by Beauveria bassiana, and its effect on survivorship and reproductive success. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13625. [PMID: 31541161 PMCID: PMC6754379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral thermoregulation is a defensive strategy employed by some insects to counter infections by parasites and pathogens. Most reported examples of this type of thermoregulatory response involve behavioral fevering. However depending upon the life history of a host-insect and that of the parasite or pathogen, the host may respond by cold-seeking behavior. Thermoregulation is not only ecologically important; it may affect the success of parasites and pathogens as biological control agents. We examined if Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) thermoregulates in response to infection by Beauveria bassiana, a fungal pathogen commonly used for biological control. Fungal-infected thrips preferentially moved to cooler areas (~12 °C) while healthy thrips sought out warmer temperatures (~24 °C). This cold-seeking behavior suppressed the growth of B. bassiana in infected thrips, and significantly improved survivorship of infected thrips. At 24 °C, males only survived up to 10 d after infection and females up to 20 d after infection, which was substantially poorer survivorship than that of corresponding healthy individuals. However, individuals of both sexes survived up to 48 d after infection at 12 °C, which was a much less severe reduction in survivorship compared with the effect of B. bassiana infection at 24 °C. The proportion of females among progeny from infected thrips at 12 °C was higher than at 24 °C. Therefore, cold-seeking behavior is beneficial to F. occidentalis when infected by B. bassiana, and its effects should be considered in the use of B. bassiana in biological control programs.
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Thermal preferences of bird schistosome snail hosts increase the risk of swimmer's itch. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:22-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang SYS, Tattersall GJ, Koprivnikar J. Trematode Parasite Infection Affects Temperature Selection in Aquatic Host Snails. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 92:71-79. [PMID: 30496027 DOI: 10.1086/701236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animals infected by parasites or pathogens can exhibit altered behaviors that may reduce the costs of infection to the host or represent manipulations that benefit the parasite. Given that temperature affects many critical physiological processes, changes in thermoregulatory behaviors are an important consideration for infected hosts, especially ectotherms. Here we examined the temperature choices of freshwater snails (Helisoma trivolvis) that were or were not infected by a trematode (flatworm) parasite (Echinostoma trivolvis). Active snails that explored the experimental temperature gradient differed in their thermal preference based on their infection status, as parasitized snails chose to position themselves at a significantly higher temperature (mean: 25.4°C) compared to those that were uninfected (mean: 23.3°C). Given that snails rarely eliminate established trematode infections, we suggest that this altered thermal preference shown by infected hosts likely benefits the parasite by increasing the odds of successful transmission, either through enhanced production and emergence of infectious stages or by increasing spatial overlap with the next hosts of the complex life cycle. Further studies that employ experimental infections to examine temperature selection at different time points will be needed to understand the extent of altered host thermal preferences, as well as the possible benefits to both host and parasite.
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Agents of swimmer's itch-dangerous minority in the Digenea invasion of Lymnaeidae in water bodies and the first report of Trichobilharzia regenti in Poland. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3695-3704. [PMID: 30215139 PMCID: PMC6224017 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichobilharzia spp. have been identified as a causative agent of swimmers’ itch, a skin disease provoked by contact with these digenean trematodes in water. These parasites have developed a number of strategies to invade vertebrates. Since we have little understanding of the behavior of these parasites inside the human body, the monitoring of their invasion in snail host populations is highly recommended. In our research, lymnaeid snails were collected from several Polish lakes for two vegetation seasons. The prevalence of bird schistosomes in snail host populations was significantly lower than that of other digenean species. We were the first to detect the presence of the snails emitted Trichobilharzia regenti (potentially the most dangerous nasal schistosome) in Poland. In addition, by sequencing partial rDNA genes, we confirmed the presence of the snails positive with Trichobilharzia szidati in Polish water bodies, showing that swimmer’s itch is more frequent during summer months and that large snails are more often infected with bird schistosomes than small ones.
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Impact of trematode infections on periphyton grazing rates of freshwater snails. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3547-3555. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rachalewski M, Kobak J, Szczerkowska-Majchrzak E, Bącela-Spychalska K. Some like it hot: factors impacting thermal preferences of two Ponto-Caspian amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus (Sovinsky, 1894) and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4871. [PMID: 29868278 PMCID: PMC5985147 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a crucial factor determining biology and ecology of poikilothermic animals. It often constitutes an important barrier for invasive species originating from different climate zones but, on the other hand, may facilitate the invasion process of animals with wide thermal preferences and high resistance to extreme temperatures. In our experimental study, we investigated the thermal behaviour of two Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustaceans-Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes. Both species are known to live under a wide range of thermal conditions which may promote their invasion. Moreover, both these amphipods are hosts for microsporidian parasites which co-evolved with them within the Ponto-Caspian region and spread in European waters. As the presence of a parasite may influence the thermal preferences of its host, we expected to observe behavioural changes in infected individuals of the studied amphipods leading to (1) behavioural fever (selecting a warmer habitat) or (2) anapyrexia (selecting a colder habitat). The experiment (N = 20) was carried out for 30 min in a 100 cm. 20 cm from boths sides were not avaliable for amphipods long thermal gradient (0-40 °C), using 30 randomly selected adult amphipod individuals of one species. At the end of each trial, we checked the position of amphipods along the gradient and determined their sex and infection status (uninfected or infected by one of microsporidium species). D. villosus was infected with Cucumispora dikerogammari whereas D. haemobaphes was a host for C. dikerogammari, Dictyocoela muelleri or D. berillonum. Thermal preferences of amphipods depended on their species and sex. Females of D. villosus preferred warmer microhabitats (often much above 30 °C) than conspecific males and females of D. haemobaphes, whereas no significant differences were found among males of both species and both sexes of D. haemobaphes. Moreover, infected males of D. villosus stayed in warmer water more often than uninfected males of this species, selecting temperatures higher than 30 °C, which may be explained either as a behavioural fever constituting a defence mechanism of a host against the infection, or as a parasite manipulation of the host behaviour increasing the parasite fitness. On the other hand, none of the parasite species affected the thermal preferences of D. haemobaphes, including also C. dikerogammari, changing the behaviour of D. villosus. Our research presents the complexity of the thermal behaviour of studied amphipods and the evidence that microsporidia may trigger a change in temperature preferendum of their host species and those observations may be the result of different host-parasite coevolution time which may vary for the two host species (Poulin, 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rachalewski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Torun, Poland
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Marszewska A, Cichy A, Heese T, Żbikowska E. The real threat of swimmers' itch in anthropogenic recreational water body of the Polish Lowland. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3049-56. [PMID: 27083184 PMCID: PMC4958134 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After numerous reports the local press about the “stinging water” in created on the Dzierżęcinka River—Water Valley reservoir and recognizing in bathers the symptoms of swimmers’ itch, environmental study on the presence of bird schistosome larvae in snail hosts was conducted. Snails belonging to Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae were collected at two sites: (i) part of anthropogenic reservoir (192 individuals) and (ii) the river part (37 individuals). Higher prevalence of Digenea was observed in snail populations living in Water Valley (29.8 %) compared to Dzierżęcinka River (21.3 %). The larvae of bird schistosomes were recorded in both localities in 1.8 % of collected snails. The prevalence of bird schistosomes reached 2.9 % in Planorbarius corneus, 2.8 % in Radix auricularia, and 5.9 % in Radix balthica/labiata. Laboratory tests have shown that at 19 °C the number of bird schistosome cercariae released from snail hosts significantly exceeded the number of cercariae of other identified Digenea species. It is worth underlining that despite the low prevalence of bird schistosomes, the high number of released cercariae was sufficient to create a real threat of swimmers’ itch in bathers. As indicated by the example presented, anthropogenic reservoirs create excellent conditions for Digenea species including bird schistosomes. In view of the real risk of people using the waters, tests on presence of the parasites in snail hosts should be included to the standard procedure of security control in bathing places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marszewska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Cichy
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Heese
- Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
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Hunt VL, Zhong W, McClure CD, Mlynski DT, Duxbury EML, Keith Charnley A, Priest NK. Cold-seeking behaviour mitigates reproductive losses from fungal infection in Drosophila. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:178-86. [PMID: 26332860 PMCID: PMC4879349 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animals must tailor their life‐history strategies to suit the prevailing conditions and respond to hazards in the environment. Animals with lethal infections are faced with a difficult choice: to allocate more resources to reproduction and suffer higher mortality or to reduce reproduction with the expectation of enhanced immunity and late‐age reproduction. However, the strategies employed to mediate shifts in life‐history traits are largely unknown. Here, we investigate the temperature preference of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, during infection with the fungal pathogen, Metarhizium robertsii, and the consequence of temperature preference on life‐history traits. We have measured the temperature preference of fruit flies under different pathogen conditions. We conducted multiple fitness assays of the host and the pathogen under different thermal conditions. From these data, we estimated standard measures of fitness and used age‐specific methodologies to test for the fitness trade‐offs that are thought to underlie differences in life‐history strategy. We found that fungus‐infected fruit flies seek out cooler temperatures, which facilitates an adaptive shift in their life‐history strategy. The colder temperatures preferred by infected animals were detrimental to the pathogen because it increased resistance to infection. But, it did not provide net benefits that were specific to infected animals, as cooler temperatures increased lifetime reproductive success and survival whether or not the animals were infected. Instead, we find that cold‐seeking benefits infected animals by increasing their late‐age reproductive output, at a cost to their early‐age reproductive output. In contrast, naive control flies prefer warmer temperatures that optimize early‐age reproductive, at a cost to reproductive output at late ages. These findings show that infected animals exhibit fundamentally different reproductive strategies than their healthy counterparts. Temperature preference can facilitate shifts in strategy, but not without inevitable trade‐offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky L Hunt
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Weihao Zhong
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Colin D McClure
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David T Mlynski
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elizabeth M L Duxbury
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - A Keith Charnley
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nicholas K Priest
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Żbikowska E, Żbikowski J. Digenean larvae--the cause and beneficiaries of the changes in host snails' thermal behavior. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1063-70. [PMID: 25563607 PMCID: PMC4336406 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Parasite-induced changes in host’s thermal preferences not only can be interpreted as a physiological defense response of the host but also can represent a pathological manifestation of the parasite. Both may become established in host-parasite relationships if they are beneficial for at least one of the counterparts. This study investigates parasite-induced changes in the thermoregulatory behavior of first intermediate hosts of Digenea (i.e. Lymnaea stagnalis and Planorbarius corneus), infected with Notocotylidae or Echinostomatidae larvae. The investigated parasite species developed different transmission strategies outside the body of a snail, which may imply a different effect on the behavior of their hosts. Notocotylus attenuatus in L. stagnalis and Notocotylus ephemera in P. corneus produce symptoms of anapyrexia, prolonging the lifespan of their hosts. By contrast, Echinoparyphium aconiatum in L. stagnalis and Echinostoma spiniferum in P. corneus interfere with defensive thermoregulatory behavior of host snails, causing their accelerated death. The results of laboratory research indicate that thermal preferences of the snails infected with all investigated trematodes facilitate the transmission of the parasites in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland,
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Horák P, Mikeš L, Lichtenbergová L, Skála V, Soldánová M, Brant SV. Avian schistosomes and outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:165-90. [PMID: 25567226 PMCID: PMC4284296 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lichtenbergová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Skála
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Vanessa Brant
- Museum Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Malfi RL, Davis SE, Roulston TH. Parasitoid fly induces manipulative grave-digging behaviour differentially across its bumblebee hosts. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Viral pyrogen affects thermoregulatory behavior of wintering Planorbarius corneus (L.) snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Thermal preferences of wintering snails Planorbarius corneus (L.) exposed to lipopolysaccharide and zymosan. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 112:57-61. [PMID: 22985901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fever is regarded as a physiological response to infection both in endothermic and ectothermic animals. In ectotherms, fevers are achieved only behaviorally, and has been described in many vertebrates' and few invertebrates' groups. In snails only symptoms of reverse fever as a response to trematode invasion were found. Present work reports on the effects of two different pyrogens - lipopolysaccharide extracted from Escherichia coli (LPS), and zymosan - from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the thermal behavior of wintering (studied during a winter season) specimens of the Planorbarius corneus (L.). Using the thermal gradient protocol we demonstrate that the individuals of this snail species responded with behavioral fevers to dosages of pyrogens. LPS injection to the surface of the snail's foot at a dose of 10 μg/g resulted in a significant increase in preferred temperature at 5h after injection. Similarly zymosan at a dose of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/g - caused fever at 8h and 9h respectively. Average temperature chosen by feverish animals after latency period reached 28.7±0.41 °C (LPS), 28.1±0.43 °C (zymosan 1.0 μg/g) or 25.5±0.33 °C (zymosan 0.5 μg/g). We conclude, therefore, that snails are capable of reacting with fever to selected pathogen associated factors, and P. corneus can be used as a model to study a behavioral fever phenomenon in invertebrate animals.
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