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SurA-like and Skp-like Proteins as Important Virulence Determinants of the Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010295. [PMID: 36613738 PMCID: PMC9820271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Gram-negative bacteria, many important virulence factors reach their destination via two-step export systems, and they must traverse the periplasmic space before reaching the outer membrane. Since these proteins must be maintained in a structure competent for transport into or across the membrane, they frequently require the assistance of chaperones. Based on the results obtained for the model bacterium Escherichia coli and related species, it is assumed that in the biogenesis of the outer membrane proteins and the periplasmic transit of secretory proteins, the SurA peptidyl-prolyl isomerase/chaperone plays a leading role, while the Skp chaperone is rather of secondary importance. However, detailed studies carried out on several other Gram-negative pathogens indicate that the importance of individual chaperones in the folding and transport processes depends on the properties of client proteins and is species-specific. Taking into account the importance of SurA functions in bacterial virulence and severity of phenotypes due to surA mutations, this folding factor is considered as a putative therapeutic target to combat microbial infections. In this review, we present recent findings regarding SurA and Skp proteins: their mechanisms of action, involvement in processes related to virulence, and perspectives to use them as therapeutic targets.
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2
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BING, a novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from Japanese medaka plasma, targets bacterial envelope stress response by suppressing cpxR expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12219. [PMID: 34108601 PMCID: PMC8190156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to small molecule antibiotics. Although AMPs have previously been isolated in many organisms, efforts on the systematic identification of AMPs in fish have been lagging. Here, we collected peptides from the plasma of medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish. By using mass spectrometry, 6399 unique sequences were identified from the isolated peptides, among which 430 peptides were bioinformatically predicted to be potential AMPs. One of them, a thermostable 13-residue peptide named BING, shows a broad-spectrum toxicity against pathogenic bacteria including drug-resistant strains, at concentrations that presented relatively low toxicity to mammalian cell lines and medaka. Proteomic analysis indicated that BING treatment induced a deregulation of periplasmic peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in gram-negative bacteria. We observed that BING reduced the RNA level of cpxR, an upstream regulator of envelope stress responses. cpxR is known to play a crucial role in the development of antimicrobial resistance, including the regulation of genes involved in drug efflux. BING downregulated the expression of efflux pump components mexB, mexY and oprM in P. aeruginosa and significantly synergised the toxicity of antibiotics towards these bacteria. In addition, exposure to sublethal doses of BING delayed the development of antibiotic resistance. To our knowledge, BING is the first AMP shown to suppress cpxR expression in Gram-negative bacteria. This discovery highlights the cpxR pathway as a potential antimicrobial target.
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Dautin N. Folding Control in the Path of Type 5 Secretion. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:341. [PMID: 34064645 PMCID: PMC8151025 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 5 secretion system (T5SS) is one of the more widespread secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Proteins secreted by the T5SS are functionally diverse (toxins, adhesins, enzymes) and include numerous virulence factors. Mechanistically, the T5SS has long been considered the simplest of secretion systems, due to the paucity of proteins required for its functioning. Still, despite more than two decades of study, the exact process by which T5SS substrates attain their final destination and correct conformation is not totally deciphered. Moreover, the recent addition of new sub-families to the T5SS raises additional questions about this secretion mechanism. Central to the understanding of type 5 secretion is the question of protein folding, which needs to be carefully controlled in each of the bacterial cell compartments these proteins cross. Here, the biogenesis of proteins secreted by the Type 5 secretion system is discussed, with a focus on the various factors preventing or promoting protein folding during biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dautin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Paris, LBPC-PM, CNRS, UMR7099, 75005 Paris, France;
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le Développement de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
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4
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Scheuplein NJ, Bzdyl NM, Kibble EA, Lohr T, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Targeting Protein Folding: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Pathogenic Bacteria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13355-13388. [PMID: 32786507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species. The development of drugs with new modes of action is essential. A leading strategy is antivirulence, with the aim to target bacterial proteins that are important in disease causation and progression but do not affect growth, resulting in reduced selective pressure for resistance. Immunophilins, a superfamily of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzymes have been shown to be important for virulence in a broad-spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. This Perspective will provide an overview of the recent advances made in understanding the role of each immunophilin family, cyclophilins, FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), and parvulins in bacteria. Inhibitor design and medicinal chemistry strategies for development of novel drugs against bacterial FKBPs will be discussed. Furthermore, drugs against human cyclophilins and parvulins will be reviewed in their current indication as antiviral and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150 Murdoch, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
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5
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Gestal MC, Whitesides LT, Harvill ET. Integrated Signaling Pathways Mediate Bordetella Immunomodulation, Persistence, and Transmission. Trends Microbiol 2018; 27:118-130. [PMID: 30661570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system includes a sophisticated array of antimicrobial mechanisms. However, successful pathogens have developed subversive strategies to detect, modulate, and/or evade immune control and clearance. Independent disciplines study host immunology and bacterial pathogenesis, but interkingdom signaling between bacteria and host during natural infection remains poorly understood. An efficient natural host infection system has revealed complex communication between Bordetella spp. and mice, identified novel regulatory mechanisms, and demonstrated that bordetellae can respond to microenvironment and inflammatory status cues. Understanding these bacterial signaling pathways and their complex network that allows precisely timed expression of numerous immunomodulatory factors will serve as a paradigm for other organisms lacking such a powerful experimental infection system. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gestal
- Deaprtment of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia. 501 DW Brooks Drive, 30602, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - L T Whitesides
- Deaprtment of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia. 501 DW Brooks Drive, 30602, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - E T Harvill
- Deaprtment of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia. 501 DW Brooks Drive, 30602, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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6
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Baker JD, Shelton LB, Zheng D, Favretto F, Nordhues BA, Darling A, Sullivan LE, Sun Z, Solanki PK, Martin MD, Suntharalingam A, Sabbagh JJ, Becker S, Mandelkow E, Uversky VN, Zweckstetter M, Dickey CA, Koren J, Blair LJ. Human cyclophilin 40 unravels neurotoxic amyloids. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001336. [PMID: 28654636 PMCID: PMC5486962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloidogenic proteins is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. The aberrant accumulation of the microtubule associating protein tau (MAPT, tau) into toxic oligomers and amyloid deposits is a primary pathology in tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intrinsically disordered proteins, like tau, are enriched with proline residues that regulate both secondary structure and aggregation propensity. The orientation of proline residues is regulated by cis/trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). Here we show that cyclophilin 40 (CyP40), a PPIase, dissolves tau amyloids in vitro. Additionally, CyP40 ameliorated silver-positive and oligomeric tau species in a mouse model of tau accumulation, preserving neuronal health and cognition. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that CyP40 interacts with tau at sites rich in proline residues. CyP40 was also able to interact with and disaggregate other aggregating proteins that contain prolines. Moreover, CyP40 lacking PPIase activity prevented its capacity for disaggregation in vitro. Finally, we describe a unique structural property of CyP40 that may permit disaggregation to occur in an energy-independent manner. This study identifies a novel human protein disaggregase and, for the first time, demonstrates its capacity to dissolve intracellular amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Baker
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lindsey B. Shelton
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dali Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Filippo Favretto
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bryce A. Nordhues
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - April Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leia E. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zheying Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Parth K. Solanki
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie D. Martin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amirthaa Suntharalingam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- CAESAR Research Center, Bonn, Germany
- MPI for Metabolism Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Koren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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7
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Ban X, Li C, Gu Z, Bao C, Qiu Y, Hong Y, Cheng L, Li Z. Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Thermostable Branching Enzyme from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:303-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000446582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) catalyzes the formation of α-1,6 branch points in starch. In this study, the <i>Geobacillus thermoglucosidans</i> gene-encoding branching enzyme was expressed in <i>Escherichia coli </i>BL21 (DE3) and the protein was isolated and characterized. <i>G. thermoglucosidans </i>branching enzyme is a thermostable enzyme with an optimal reaction temperature of nearly 60°C and a half-life at 65°C of approximately 1.1 h. The activity of the recombinant enzyme is optimal at pH 7.5, with broad stability between pH 5.5 and 9.0. Its thermostability, relatively broad pH stability and optimal temperature near the temperature at which starch begins to gelatinize may make it easy to use in industrial production. Furthermore, the enzyme is activated by Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> in a concentration-dependent manner and dramatically inhibited by Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Co<sup>2+</sup>. Its substrate dependence, using amylopectin as the substrate, could be adequately fitted using the Michaelis-Menten equation, yielding a<i> K</i><sub>m</sub> of 0.99 mg/ml. High-performance anion exchange chromatography results showed that the chain length distribution of branching enzyme-treated waxy corn starch is indistinguishable from that of the branching enzyme-treated common corn starch. This enzyme may therefore be a promising tool for the enzymatic modification of starch.
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8
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Naveen V, Chu CH, Chen BW, Tsai YC, Hsiao CD, Sun YJ. Helicobacter pylori cell binding factor 2: Insights into domain motion. J Struct Biol 2016; 194:90-101. [PMID: 26850168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori cell binding factor 2 (HpCBF2) is an antigenic virulence factor belonging to the SurA-like peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase family with implications for pathogenicity in the human gastrointestinal tract. HpCBF2 possesses PPIase activity and could act as a periplasmic chaperone to regulate outer membrane protein assembly. Here, we measured the isomerization and chaperone activity of HpCBF2, and determined the crystal structure of HpCBF2 in complex with an inhibitor, indole-2-carboxylic acid (I2CA), at 2.4Å resolution. HpCBF2-I2CA forms a homodimer encasing a large central hydrophobic cavity with a basket-like structure, and each monomer contains a PPIase and a chaperone domain. In the HpCBF2-I2CA dimer, the two PPIase domains separate by a distance of 22.8Å, while the two chaperone domains arrange in a domain-swap manner. The PPIase domains bound with I2CA ligand face towards the chaperone domains and are shielded by surrounding hydrophobic residues. With the aid of SAXS experiments, we also revealed domain motion between the apo- and I2CA-bound states of HpCBF2. The domain motion in HpCBF2 might be necessary for the isomerization activity of PPIase and the accommodation of the unfolded and partially folded peptides to refold by chaperone domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vankadari Naveen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsi Chu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Tsai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Deng Hsiao
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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9
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New Insight into Filamentous Hemagglutinin Secretion Reveals a Role for Full-Length FhaB in Bordetella Virulence. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.01189-15. [PMID: 26286694 PMCID: PMC4542190 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01189-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bordetella filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), a primary component of acellular pertussis vaccines, contributes to virulence, but how it functions mechanistically is unclear. FHA is first synthesized as an ~370-kDa preproprotein called FhaB. Removal of an N-terminal signal peptide and a large C-terminal prodomain (PD) during secretion results in "mature" ~250-kDa FHA, which has been assumed to be the biologically active form of the protein. Deletion of two C-terminal subdomains of FhaB did not affect production of functional FHA, and the mutant strains were indistinguishable from wild-type bacteria for their ability to adhere to the lower respiratory tract and to suppress inflammation in the lungs of mice. However, the mutant strains, which produced altered FhaB molecules, were eliminated from the lower respiratory tract much faster than wild-type B. bronchiseptica, suggesting a defect in resistance to early immune-mediated clearance. Our results revealed, unexpectedly, that full-length FhaB plays a critical role in B. bronchiseptica persistence in the lower respiratory tract. IMPORTANCE The Bordetella filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a primary component of the acellular pertussis vaccine and an important virulence factor. FHA is initially produced as a large protein that is processed during secretion to the bacterial surface. As with most processed proteins, the mature form of FHA has been assumed to be the functional form of the protein. However, our results indicate that the full-length form plays an essential role in virulence in vivo. Furthermore, we have found that FHA contains intramolecular regulators of processing and that this control of processing is integral to its virulence activities. This report highlights the advantage of studying protein maturation and function simultaneously, as a role for the full-length form of FHA was evident only from in vivo infection studies and not from in vitro studies on the production or maturation of FHA or even from in vitro virulence-associated activity assays.
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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11
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Jakob RP, Koch JR, Burmann BM, Schmidpeter PAM, Hunkeler M, Hiller S, Schmid FX, Maier T. Dimeric Structure of the Bacterial Extracellular Foldase PrsA. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3278-92. [PMID: 25525259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of proteins into the membrane-cell wall space is essential for cell wall biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Gram-positive bacteria. Folding and maturation of many secreted proteins depend on a single extracellular foldase, the PrsA protein. PrsA is a 30-kDa protein, lipid anchored to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. The crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis PrsA reveals a central catalytic parvulin-type prolyl isomerase domain, which is inserted into a larger composite NC domain formed by the N- and C-terminal regions. This domain architecture resembles, despite a lack of sequence conservation, both trigger factor, a ribosome-binding bacterial chaperone, and SurA, a periplasmic chaperone in Gram-negative bacteria. Two main structural differences are observed in that the N-terminal arm of PrsA is substantially shortened relative to the trigger factor and SurA and in that PrsA is found to dimerize in a unique fashion via its NC domain. Dimerization leads to a large, bowl-shaped crevice, which might be involved in vivo in protecting substrate proteins from aggregation. NMR experiments reveal a direct, dynamic interaction of both the parvulin and the NC domain with secretion propeptides, which have been implicated in substrate targeting to PrsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Jakob
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Johanna R Koch
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Björn M Burmann
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Philipp A M Schmidpeter
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Hunkeler
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Franz X Schmid
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
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12
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van Ulsen P, Rahman SU, Jong WS, Daleke-Schermerhorn MH, Luirink J. Type V secretion: From biogenesis to biotechnology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1592-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Jacob-Dubuisson F, Guérin J, Baelen S, Clantin B. Two-partner secretion: as simple as it sounds? Res Microbiol 2013; 164:583-95. [PMID: 23542425 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The two-partner secretion (TPS) pathway is a branch of type V secretion. TPS systems are dedicated to the secretion across the outer membrane of long proteins that form extended β-helices. They are composed of a 'TpsA' cargo protein and a 'TpsB' transporter, which belongs to the Omp85 superfamily. This basic design can be supplemented by additional components in some TPS systems. X-ray structures are available for the conserved TPS domain of several TpsA proteins and for one TpsB transporter. However, the molecular mechanisms of two-partner secretion remain to be deciphered, and in particular, the specific role(s) of the TPS domain and the conformational dynamics of the TpsB transporter. Deciphering the TPS pathway may reveal functional features of other transporters of the Omp85 superfamily.
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14
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Denman CC, Brown AR. Mannitol promotes adherence of an outbreak strain of Burkholderia multivorans via an exopolysaccharide-independent mechanism that is associated with upregulation of newly identified fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:771-781. [PMID: 23378576 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia multivorans, a member of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), is an important pathogen of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. Mannitol, approved as an inhaled osmolyte therapy for use in CF patients, promotes exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by the Bcc. In the present study, we investigated the role of mannitol-induced EPS in the adherence of B. multivorans. We report that mannitol promoted adherence of two representative B. multivorans strains. However, whilst this enhanced adherence was largely EPS-dependent in an environmental isolate, it was EPS-independent within a CF outbreak strain, suggesting strain-to-strain variation in adhesins. Genome sequencing of the outbreak strain enabled the identification of two distinct loci encoding putative fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins. The putative fimbriae-encoding locus was found to be widely distributed amongst clinical and environmental B. multivorans. In contrast, the locus encoding the putative afimbrial adhesin (of the filamentous haemagglutinin family, FHA) was restricted to clinical isolates. Both loci contributed to biofilm formation and mucin adherence. Furthermore, we report that mannitol promoted expression of both loci, and that the locus encoding the putative FHA-family adhesin is a key determinant of the enhanced adherence observed following growth in mannitol. Our studies provide the first characterization, to our knowledge, of B. multivorans adhesins, and in so doing highlight the strain-dependent role of EPS in the Bcc and the difficulties in assigning phenotypic traits to Bcc EPS due to the wider response to mannitol. Our observations also highlight the need to monitor the microbiological effects of inhaled mannitol therapy in Bcc-infected CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Denman
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Alan R Brown
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Kale A, Phansopa C, Suwannachart C, Craven CJ, Rafferty JB, Kelly DJ. The virulence factor PEB4 (Cj0596) and the periplasmic protein Cj1289 are two structurally related SurA-like chaperones in the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21254-65. [PMID: 21524997 PMCID: PMC3122185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.220442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PEB4 protein is an antigenic virulence factor implicated in host cell adhesion, invasion, and colonization in the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. peb4 mutants have defects in outer membrane protein assembly and PEB4 is thought to act as a periplasmic chaperone. The crystallographic structure of PEB4 at 2.2-Å resolution reveals a dimer with distinct SurA-like chaperone and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) domains encasing a large central cavity. Unlike SurA, the chaperone domain is formed by interlocking helices from each monomer, creating a domain-swapped architecture. PEB4 stimulated the rate of proline isomerization limited refolding of denatured RNase T(1) in a juglone-sensitive manner, consistent with parvulin-like PPIase domains. Refolding and aggregation of denatured rhodanese was significantly retarded in the presence of PEB4 or of an engineered variant specifically lacking the PPIase domain, suggesting the chaperone domain possesses a holdase activity. Using bioinformatics approaches, we identified two other SurA-like proteins (Cj1289 and Cj0694) in C. jejuni. The 2.3-Å structure of Cj1289 does not have the domain-swapped architecture of PEB4 and thus more resembles SurA. Purified Cj1289 also enhanced RNase T(1) refolding, although poorly compared with PEB4, but did not retard the refolding of denatured rhodanese. Structurally, Cj1289 is the most similar protein to SurA in C. jejuni, whereas PEB4 has most structural similarity to the Par27 protein of Bordetella pertussis. Our analysis predicts that Cj0694 is equivalent to the membrane-anchored chaperone PpiD. These results provide the first structural insights into the periplasmic assembly of outer membrane proteins in C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kale
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Chatchawal Phansopa
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Chatrudee Suwannachart
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - C. Jeremy Craven
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - John B. Rafferty
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Kelly
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Baud C, Gutsche I, Willery E, de Paepe D, Drobecq H, Gilleron M, Locht C, Jamin M, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Membrane-associated DegP in Bordetella chaperones a repeat-rich secretory protein. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:1625-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Role of the periplasmic chaperones Skp, SurA, and DegQ in outer membrane protein biogenesis in Neisseria meningitidis. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1612-21. [PMID: 21296967 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00532-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The periplasmic chaperones Skp, SurA, and DegP are implicated in the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Escherichia coli. Here, we investigated whether these chaperones exert similar functions in Neisseria meningitidis. Although N. meningitidis does not contain a homolog of the protease/chaperone DegP, it does possess a homolog of another E. coli protein, DegQ, which can functionally replace DegP when overproduced. Hence, we examined whether in N. meningitidis, DegQ acts as a functional homolog of DegP. Single skp, surA, and degQ mutants were easily obtained, showing that none of these chaperones is essential in N. meningitidis. Furthermore, all combinations of double mutants were generated and no synthetic lethality was observed. The absence of SurA or DegQ did not affect OMP biogenesis. In contrast, the absence of Skp resulted in severely lower levels of the porins PorA and PorB but not of other OMPs. These decreased levels were not due to proteolytic activity of DegQ, since porin levels remained low in a skp degQ double mutant, indicating that neisserial DegQ is not a functional homolog of E. coli DegP. The absence of Skp resulted in lower expression of the porB gene, as shown by using a P(porB)-lacZ fusion. We found no cross-species complementation when Skp of E. coli or N. meningitidis was heterologously expressed in skp mutants, indicating that Skp functions in a species-specific manner. Our results demonstrate an important role for Skp but not for SurA or DegQ in OMP biogenesis in N. meningitidis.
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Dimou M, Venieraki A, Liakopoulos G, Kouri ED, Tampakaki A, Katinakis P. Gene Expression and Biochemical Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii Cyclophilins and Protein Interaction Studies of the Cytoplasmic Isoform with dnaK and lpxH. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 20:176-90. [DOI: 10.1159/000329486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Identification of a novel arsenite oxidase gene, arxA, in the haloalkaliphilic, arsenite-oxidizing bacterium Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii strain MLHE-1. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:3755-62. [PMID: 20453090 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00244-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although arsenic is highly toxic to most organisms, certain prokaryotes are known to grow on and respire toxic metalloids of arsenic (i.e., arsenate and arsenite). Two enzymes are known to be required for this arsenic-based metabolism: (i) the arsenate respiratory reductase (ArrA) and (ii) arsenite oxidase (AoxB). Both catalytic enzymes contain molybdopterin cofactors and form distinct phylogenetic clades (ArrA and AoxB) within the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family of enzymes. Here we report on the genetic identification of a "new" type of arsenite oxidase that fills a phylogenetic gap between the ArrA and AoxB clades of arsenic metabolic enzymes. This "new" arsenite oxidase is referred to as ArxA and was identified in the genome sequence of the Mono Lake isolate Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii MLHE-1, a chemolithoautotroph that can couple arsenite oxidation to nitrate reduction. A genetic system was developed for MLHE-1 and used to show that arxA (gene locus ID mlg_0216) was required for chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidation. Transcription analysis also showed that mlg_0216 was only expressed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of arsenite. The mlg_0216 gene is referred to as arxA because of its greater homology to arrA relative to aoxB and previous reports that implicated Mlg_0216 (ArxA) of MLHE-1 in reversible arsenite oxidation and arsenate reduction in vitro. Our results and past observations support the position that ArxA is a distinct clade within the DMSO reductase family of proteins. These results raise further questions about the evolutionary relationships between arsenite oxidases (AoxB) and arsenate respiratory reductases (ArrA).
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Allen WJ, Phan G, Waksman G. Structural biology of periplasmic chaperones. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 78:51-97. [PMID: 20663484 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(08)78003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteins often require specific helper proteins, chaperones, to assist with their correct folding and to protect them from denaturation and aggregation. The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria provides a particularly challenging environment for chaperones to function in as it lacks readily available energy sources such as adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) to power reaction cycles. Periplasmic chaperones have therefore evolved specialized mechanisms to carry out their functions without the input of external energy and in many cases to transduce energy provided by protein folding or ATP hydrolysis at the inner membrane. Structural and biochemical studies have in recent years begun to elucidate the specific functions of many important periplasmic chaperones and how these functions are carried out. This includes not only specific carrier chaperones, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of adhesive fimbriae in pathogenic bacteria, but also more general pathways including the periplasmic transport of outer membrane proteins and the extracytoplasmic stress responses. This chapter aims to provide an overview of protein chaperones so far identified in the periplasm and how structural biology has assisted with the elucidation of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Allen
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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21
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Baud C, Hodak H, Willery E, Drobecq H, Locht C, Jamin M, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Role of DegP for two-partner secretion in Bordetella. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:315-29. [PMID: 19703106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sorting of proteins destined to the surface or the extracellular milieu is mediated by specific machineries, which guide the protein substrates towards the proper route of secretion and determine the compartment in which folding occurs. In gram-negative bacteria, the two-partner secretion (TPS) pathway is dedicated to the secretion of large proteins rich in beta-helical structure. The secretion of the filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), a 230 kDa adhesin of Bordetella pertussis, represents a model TPS system. FHA is exported by the Sec machinery and transits through the periplasm in an extended conformation. From there it is translocated across the outer membrane by its dedicated transporter FhaC to finally fold into a long beta-helix at the cell surface in a progressive manner. In this work, we show that B. pertussis lacking the periplasmic chaperone/protease DegP has a strong growth defect at 37 degrees C, and the integrity of its outer membrane is compromised. While both phenotypes are significantly aggravated by the presence of FHA, the chaperone activity of DegP markedly alleviates the periplasmic stress. In vitro, DegP binds to non-native FHA with high affinity. We propose that DegP chaperones the extended FHA polypeptide in the periplasm and is thus involved in the TPS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baud
- INSERM U629, Lille, France
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22
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Heikkinen O, Seppala R, Tossavainen H, Heikkinen S, Koskela H, Permi P, Kilpeläinen I. Solution structure of the parvulin-type PPIase domain of Staphylococcus aureus PrsA--implications for the catalytic mechanism of parvulins. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:17. [PMID: 19309529 PMCID: PMC2678132 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium causing many kinds of infections from mild respiratory tract infections to life-threatening states as sepsis. Recent emergence of S. aureus strains resistant to numerous antibiotics has created a need for new antimicrobial agents and novel drug targets. S. aureus PrsA is a membrane associated extra-cytoplasmic lipoprotein which contains a parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase domain. PrsA is known to act as an essential folding factor for secreted proteins in Gram-positive bacteria and thus it is a potential target for antimicrobial drugs against S. aureus. Results We have solved a high-resolution solution structure of the parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase domain of S. aureus PrsA (PrsA-PPIase). The results of substrate peptide titrations pinpoint the active site and demonstrate the substrate preference of the enzyme. With detailed NMR spectroscopic investigation of the orientation and tautomeric state of the active site histidines we are able to give further insight into the structure of the catalytic site. NMR relaxation analysis gives information on the dynamic behaviour of PrsA-PPIase. Conclusion Detailed structural description of the S. aureus PrsA-PPIase lays the foundation for structure-based design of enzyme inhibitors. The structure resembles hPin1-type parvulins both structurally and regarding substrate preference. Even though a wealth of structural data is available on parvulins, the catalytic mechanism has yet to be resolved. The structure of S. aureus PrsA-PPIase and our findings on the role of the conserved active site histidines help in designing further experiments to solve the detailed catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Immunoproteomic analysis of Bordetella pertussis and identification of new immunogenic proteins. Vaccine 2009; 27:542-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Wohlkönig A, Hodak H, Clantin B, Sénéchal M, Bompard C, Jacob-Dubuisson F, Villeret V. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the peptidylprolyl isomerase Par27 of Bordetella pertussis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:809-12. [PMID: 18765910 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108024731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Proteins with both peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities play a crucial role in protein folding in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. Few such proteins have been structurally characterized and to date only the crystal structure of SurA from Escherichia coli has been reported. Par27, the prototype of a new group of parvulins, has recently been identified. Par27 exhibits both chaperone and PPIase activities in vitro and is the first identified parvulin protein that forms dimers in solution. Par27 has been expressed in E. coli. The protein was purified using affinity and gel-filtration chromatographic techniques and crystallized in two different crystal forms. Form A, which belongs to space group P2 (unit-cell parameters a = 42.2, b = 142.8, c = 56.0 A, beta = 95.1 degrees ), diffracts to 2.8 A resolution, while form B, which belongs to space group C222 (unit-cell parameters a = 54.6, b = 214.1, c = 57.8 A), diffracts to 2.2 A resolution. Preliminary diffraction data analysis agreed with the presence of one monomer in the asymmetric unit of the orthorhombic crystal form and two in the monoclinic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Wohlkönig
- Approches Structurales et Fonctionnelles de Pathogenèse, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 1, Université de Lille 2, IFR142, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP245 Lille 59021 CEDEX, France
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