1
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Ma X, Li M, Wang X, Qi G, Wei L, Zhang D. Sialylation in the gut: From mucosal protection to disease pathogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 343:122471. [PMID: 39174097 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Sialylation, a crucial post-translational modification of glycoconjugates, entails the attachment of sialic acid (SA) to the terminal glycans of glycoproteins and glycolipids through a tightly regulated enzymatic process involving various enzymes. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of sialylation within the gut, encompassing its involvement in mucosal protection and its impact on disease progression. The sialylation of mucins and epithelial glycoproteins contributes to the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Furthermore, sialylation regulates immune responses in the gut, shaping interactions among immune cells, as well as their activation and tolerance. Additionally, the gut microbiota and gut-brain axis communication are involved in the role of sialylation in intestinal health. Altered sialylation patterns have been implicated in various intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), and other intestinal disorders. Emerging research underscores sialylation as a promising avenue for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic interventions in intestinal diseases. Potential strategies such as sialic acid supplementation, inhibition of sialidases, immunotherapy targeting sialylated antigens, and modulation of sialyltransferases have been utilized in the treatment of intestinal diseases. Future research directions will focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying sialylation alterations, identifying sialylation-based biomarkers, and developing targeted interventions for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Ma
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Muyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dekui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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2
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Zouaghi MO, Amri N, Hassen S, Arfaoui Y, Özdemir N, Özdemir I, Hamdi N. Biological determination, Molecular Docking and Hirshfeld surface analysis of rhoduim(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complex: Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT calculations, Optical and Non Linear Optical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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3
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Ambrin G, Cai S, Singh BR. Critical analysis in the advancement of cell-based assays for botulinum neurotoxin. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:1-17. [PMID: 35212259 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2035315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study on botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) has rapidly evolved for their structure and functions as opposed to them being poisons or cures. Since their discoveries, the scientific community has come a long way in understanding BoNTs' structure and biological activity. Given its current application as a tool for understanding neurocellular activity and as a drug against over 800 neurological disorders, relevant and sensitive assays have become critical for biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological studies. The natural entry of the toxin being ingestion, it has also become important to examine its mechanism while crossing the epithelial cell barrier. Several techniques and methodologies have been developed, for its entry, pharmacokinetics, and biological activity for identification, and drug efficacy both in vivo and in vitro conditions. However, each of them presents its own challenges. The cell-based assay is a platform that exceeds the sensitivity of mouse bioassay while encompassing all the steps of intoxication including cell binding, transcytosis, endocytosis, translocation and proteolytic activity. In this article we review in detail both the neuronal and nonneuronal based cellular interaction of BoNT involving its transportation, and interaction with the targeted cells, and intracellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghuncha Ambrin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Shuowei Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Botulinum Research Center, Dartmouth, MA, USA
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4
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Tulin EKC, Yoshimura T, Nakazawa C, Saito S, Kanai K, Kozono T, Nakakita SI, Tonozuka T, Ikenaka K, Nishikawa A. Recombinant lectin Gg for brain imaging of glycan structure and formation in the CNS node of Ranvier. J Neurochem 2022; 163:461-477. [PMID: 36156798 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nodes of Ranvier are unmyelinated gaps in the axon, important for the efficient transmission of action potentials. Despite the identification of several glycoproteins involved in node formation and maintenance, glycans' structure and formation in the node remain unclear. Previously, we developed a recombinant lectin from the Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin complex, specific to the galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine terminal epitopes (Gg). Gg stained Neuro2a cells. Here, we show Gg punctuate staining in mouse brain cryosections. Thus, we hypothesized that Gg could help study glycans in the node of Ranvier. Lectin histochemistry on mouse brain cryosections confirmed that Gg binds specifically to the node of Ranvier in the central nervous system (CNS). Using a combination of lectin blotting, glycosidase treatment on tissue sections, and lectin histochemistry, Gg ligands were identified as α-galactose terminal glycoproteins in the perinodal extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we detected the spatiotemporal distribution of galactosylated glycans in the CNS node of Ranvier in mouse brain tissues at different postnatal times. Finally, we observed impaired clustering of galactosylated glycans in the nodes during demyelination and remyelination in cuprizone-induced demyelination and remyelination mouse model. In conclusion, Gg can serve as a novel brain imaging tool in glycobiology and report glycoprotein formation and alterations in the CNS node of Ranvier. Our findings might serve as a first step to establish the role of glycans in the node of Ranvier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ea Kristine Clarisse Tulin
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakazawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shion Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Kozono
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Tonozuka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Glycan detecting tools developed from the Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin complex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21973. [PMID: 34754033 PMCID: PMC8578614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins with the ability to recognize and bind to specific glycan structures. These molecules play important roles in many biological systems and are actively being studied because of their ability to detect glycan biomarkers for many diseases. Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin complex; HA1, HA2, and HA3 are lectins that aid in the internalization of the toxin complex by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface. HA1 mutants have been previously reported, namely HA1 W176A/D271F and HA1 N278A/Q279A which are specific to galactose (Gal)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) sugars, respectively. In this study, we utilized HA1 mutants and expressed them in complex with HA2 WT and HA3 WT to produce glycan detecting tools with high binding affinity. Particularly, two types were made: Gg and Rn. Gg is an Alexa 488 conjugated lectin complex specific to Gal and GalNAc, while Rn is an Alexa 594 conjugated lectin complex specific to Neu5Ac. The specificities of these lectins were identified using a glycan microarray followed by competitive sugar inhibition experiments on cells. In addition, we confirmed that Gg and Rn staining is clearly different depending on cell type, and the staining pattern of these lectins reflects the glycans present on the cell surface as shown in enzyme treatment experiments. The availability of Gg and Rn provide us with new promising tools to study Gal, GalNAc, and Neu5Ac terminal epitopes which can aid in understanding the functional role of glycans in physiological and pathological events.
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6
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Ismaya WT, Tjandrawinata RR, Rachmawati H. Prediction of the Mannose-Binding Site in the Agaricus bisporus Mannose-Binding Protein. Protein J 2021; 40:554-561. [PMID: 33959874 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus mannose-binding protein (Abmb) was discovered as part of mushroom tyrosinase (PPO3) complex. Apart from its presence, nothing is known about its function or activity in the mushroom. The protein is evolutionarily related to lectins with β-trefoil fold, which are glucose or galactose (and their derivatives) binding proteins. Abmb is also recently showed to display the typical agglutination activity of lectin when in complex with PPO3; this further supports Abmb similarity to its structural homologs from lectin with β-trefoil fold. However, Abmb has no affinity towards glucose or galactose but for mannose, thus its binding to the sugar may be different from its homologs. To date, the natural ligand of Abmb is unknown and the structure of Abmb in the presence of a ligand is not available. Therefore, the mannose-binding site of Abmb was predicted using molecular docking, which was consulted with the information from its structural homologs. This conservative approach would prevent over-speculation. The mannose-binding site of Abmb is likely located in the same region to that of Abmb structural homologs but with a shift in position due to the presence of additional surface loop. In addition, benefiting from the information from an in vitro study on Abmb sugar specificity, the mannose poses suggested that the sugar might interact with the side chains of Arg15, Thr45, Gln48, Asp49, Asp51 and Arg51. Most of these residues were equally present in Abmb structural homologs despite variation of their positions in the amino acid sequence. The variation probably originates from alteration of its amino acid sequence during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsa Tirta Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, PP-7, 17550, Cikarang, Indonesia.
| | | | - Heni Rachmawati
- Research Group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesa 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia. .,Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesa 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia.
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7
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Identification of the Ricin-B-Lectin LdRBLk in the Colorado Potato Beetle and an Analysis of Its Expression in Response to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050364. [PMID: 34066637 PMCID: PMC8148562 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin-B-lectins (RBLs) have been identified in many groups of organisms, including coleopterans insects, particularly the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (LdRBLs). We hypothesized that one of these LdRBLs (LdRBLk) may be involved in the immune response to fungal infections. We performed a theoretical analysis of the structure of this protein. Additionally, the expression levels of the LdRBlk gene were measured in L. decemlineata in response to infections with the fungi Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. The expression levels of LdRBlk in the L. decemlineata cuticle and fat body were increased in response to both infections. The induction of LdRBlk expression was dependent on the susceptibility of larvae to the fungi. Upregulation of the LdRBlk gene was also observed in response to other stresses, particularly thermal burns. Elevation of LdRBlk expression was frequently observed to be correlated with the expression of the antimicrobial peptide attacin but was not correlated with hsp90 regulation. Commercially available β-lectin of ricin from Ricinuscommunis was observed to inhibit the germination of conidia of the fungi. We suggest that LdRBLk is involved in antifungal immune responses in the Colorado potato beetle, either exerting fungicidal properties directly or acting as a modulator of the immune response.
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8
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Amatsu S, Fujinaga Y. Botulinum Hemagglutinin: Critical Protein for Adhesion and Absorption of Neurotoxin Complex in Host Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:183-190. [PMID: 32306327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum hemagglutinin (HA) is one of the auxiliary protein components of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex, the most lethal toxin known. HA promotes the intestinal absorption of BoNT by at least two mechanisms, resulting in high oral toxicity. One of the mechanisms is the attachment of large progenitor toxin complexes (L-PTCs) to the cell surface of the intestinal epithelium by the carbohydrate-binding activity of HA. The other is epithelial barrier disruption by the E-cadherin-binding activity of HA. The carbohydrate-binding activity of HA also promotes attachment to the basolateral cell surface, which increases the frequency of contact between HA and E-cadherin. Together, the carbohydrate-binding activity of HA is critical for the intestinal absorption of BoNTs. The trimeric triskelion-shaped structure of HA confers the multivalent binding to its ligands and increases the pathogenic biological activities of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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9
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Ismaya WT, Efthyani A, Retnoningrum DS, Lai X, Dijkstra BW, Tjandrawinata RR, Rachmawati H. Study of response of Swiss Webster mice to light subunit of mushroom tyrosinase. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:411-416. [PMID: 28800260 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1339912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The light subunit of mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, tyrosinase (LSMT), has been identified as an extrinsic component of the enzyme. Its function is unknown, but it can cross an epithelial cell layer, which suggests that it can be absorbed by the intestine. A similar capability has been demonstrated for the HA-33 component of the progenitor toxin from Clostridium botulinum, which is the closest structural homolog of LSMT. Unlike HA-33, LSMT appears to be non-immunogenic as shown by preliminary tests in Swiss Webster mice. We investigated the immunogenicity and histopathology of LSMT in mice to determine its safety in vivo. LSMT did not evoke generation of antibodies after prolonged periods of intraperitoneal administration. Histopathological observations confirmed the absence of responses in organs after twelve weekly administrations of LSMT. We found that LSMT is not toxic and is less immunogenic than the C. botulinum HA-33 protein, which supports further research and development for pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Ismaya
- a Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences , JABABEKA II Industrial Estate , Cikarang
| | - A Efthyani
- b Research group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Bandung Institute of Technology , Bandung
| | - D S Retnoningrum
- c Research group of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Bandung Institute of Technology , Bandung , Indonesia
| | - X Lai
- d European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , Grenoble , France
| | - B W Dijkstra
- e Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - R R Tjandrawinata
- a Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences , JABABEKA II Industrial Estate , Cikarang
| | - H Rachmawati
- b Research group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Bandung Institute of Technology , Bandung.,f Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology , Bandung Institute of Technology , Bandung , Indonesia
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10
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Pirazzini M, Rossetto O, Eleopra R, Montecucco C. Botulinum Neurotoxins: Biology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:200-235. [PMID: 28356439 PMCID: PMC5394922 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects.
Novel BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their
biologic and pharmacological properties remain largely unknown. The molecular
structure of the large protein complexes that the toxin forms with accessory
proteins, which are included in some BoNT type A1 and B1 pharmacological
preparations, have been determined. By far the largest effort has been dedicated to
the testing and validation of BoNTs as therapeutic agents in an ever increasing
number of applications, including pain therapy. BoNT type A1 has been also exploited
in a variety of cosmetic treatments, alone or in combination with other agents, and
this specific market has reached the size of the one dedicated to the treatment of
medical syndromes. The pharmacological properties and mode of action of BoNTs have
shed light on general principles of neuronal transport and protein-protein
interactions and are stimulating basic science studies. Moreover, the wide array of
BoNTs discovered and to be discovered and the production of recombinant BoNTs endowed
with specific properties suggest novel uses in therapeutics with increasing
disease/symptom specifity. These recent developments are reviewed here to provide an
updated picture of the biologic mechanism of action of BoNTs, of their increasing use
in pharmacology and in cosmetics, and of their toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (M.P., O.R., C.M.); Neurologic Department, University-Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy (R.E.); and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (M.P., O.R., C.M.); Neurologic Department, University-Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy (R.E.); and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (M.P., O.R., C.M.); Neurologic Department, University-Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy (R.E.); and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy (M.P., O.R., C.M.); Neurologic Department, University-Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy (R.E.); and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy (C.M.)
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11
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Colletier JP, Sawaya MR, Gingery M, Rodriguez JA, Cascio D, Brewster AS, Michels-Clark T, Hice RH, Coquelle N, Boutet S, Williams GJ, Messerschmidt M, DePonte DP, Sierra RG, Laksmono H, Koglin JE, Hunter MS, Park HW, Uervirojnangkoorn M, Bideshi DK, Brunger AT, Federici BA, Sauter NK, Eisenberg DS. De novo phasing with X-ray laser reveals mosquito larvicide BinAB structure. Nature 2016; 539:43-47. [PMID: 27680699 PMCID: PMC5161637 DOI: 10.1038/nature19825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the devastating diseases borne by mosquitoes. These crystals are composed of homologous molecules, BinA and BinB, which play distinct roles in the multi-step intoxication process, transforming from harmless, robust crystals, to soluble protoxin heterodimers, to internalized mature toxin, and finally to toxic oligomeric pores. The small size of the crystals-50 unit cells per edge, on average-has impeded structural characterization by conventional means. Here we report the structure of Lysinibacillus sphaericus BinAB solved de novo by serial-femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser. The structure reveals tyrosine- and carboxylate-mediated contacts acting as pH switches to release soluble protoxin in the alkaline larval midgut. An enormous heterodimeric interface appears to be responsible for anchoring BinA to receptor-bound BinB for co-internalization. Remarkably, this interface is largely composed of propeptides, suggesting that proteolytic maturation would trigger dissociation of the heterodimer and progression to pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Mari Gingery
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tara Michels-Clark
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert H Hice
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel P DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hartawan Laksmono
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California 92504, USA
| | - Monarin Uervirojnangkoorn
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California 92504, USA
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David S Eisenberg
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
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12
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Sagane Y, Hayashi S, Akiyama T, Matsumoto T, Hasegawa K, Yamano A, Suzuki T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Yajima S. Conformational divergence in the HA-33/HA-17 trimer of serotype C and D botulinum toxin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:280-285. [PMID: 27237978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum produces a large toxin complex (L-TC) comprising botulinum neurotoxin associated with auxiliary nontoxic proteins. A complex of 33- and 17-kDa hemagglutinins (an HA-33/HA-17 trimer) enhances L-TC transport across the intestinal epithelial cell layer via binding HA-33 to a sugar on the cell surface. At least two subtypes of serotype C/D HA-33 exhibit differing preferences for the sugars sialic acid and galactose. Here, we compared the three-dimensional structures of the galactose-binding HA-33 and HA-33/HA-17 trimers produced by the C-Yoichi strain. Comparisons of serotype C/D HA-33 sequences reveal a variable region with relatively low sequence similarity across the C. botulinum strains; the variability of this region may influence the manner of sugar-recognition by HA-33. Crystal structures of sialic acid- and galactose-binding HA-33 are broadly similar in appearance. However, small-angle X-ray scattering revealed distinct solution structures for HA-33/HA-17 trimers. A structural change in the C-terminal variable region of HA-33 might cause a dramatic shift in the conformation and sugar-recognition mode of HA-33/HA-17 trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Hayashi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akiyama
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | | | - Kimiko Hasegawa
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-Cho, Akishima 196-8666, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamano
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-Cho, Akishima 196-8666, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
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13
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Ismaya WT, Yunita, Damayanti S, Wijaya C, Tjandrawinata RR, Retnoningrum DS, Rachmawati H. In Silico Study to Develop a Lectin-Like Protein from Mushroom Agaricus bisporus for Pharmaceutical Application. Sci Pharm 2016; 84:203-17. [PMID: 27110510 PMCID: PMC4839548 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.isp.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A lectin-like protein of unknown function designated as LSMT was recently discovered in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The protein shares high structural similarity to HA-33 from Clostridium botulinum (HA33) and Ricin-B-like lectin from the mushroom Clitocybe nebularis (CNL), which have been developed as drug carrier and anti-cancer, respectively. These homologous proteins display the ability to penetrate the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer, and are beneficial for oral administration. As the characteristics of LSMT are unknown, a structural study in silico was performed to assess its potential pharmaceutical application. The study suggested potential binding to target ligands such as HA-33 and CNL although the nature, specificity, capacity, mode, and strength may differ. Further molecular docking experiments suggest that interactions between the LSMT and tested ligands may take place. This finding indicates the possible use of the LSMT protein, initiating new research on its use for pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsa Tirta Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri, Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
| | - Yunita
- Research group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Sophi Damayanti
- Research group of Pharmacochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Caroline Wijaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri, Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
| | - Raymond R Tjandrawinata
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri, Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
| | - Debbie Sofie Retnoningrum
- Research group of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- Research group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Rummel A. The long journey of botulinum neurotoxins into the synapse. Toxicon 2015; 107:9-24. [PMID: 26363288 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. They are also very effective, widely used medicines applied locally in sub-nanogram quantities. BoNTs are released together with several non-toxic, associated proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PCT) by Clostridium botulinum to become highly potent oral poisons ingested via contaminated food. They block the neurotransmission in susceptible animals and humans already in nanogram quantities due to their specific ability to enter motoneurons and to cleave only selected neuronal proteins involved in neuroexocytosis. BoNTs have developed a sophisticated strategy to passage the gastrointestinal tract and to be absorbed in the intestine of the host to finally attack neurons. A non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNHA) forms a binary complex with BoNT to protect it from gastrointestinal degradation. This binary M-PTC is one component of the bi-modular 14-subunit ∼760 kDa large progenitor toxin complex. The other component is the structurally and functionally independent dodecameric hemagglutinin (HA) complex which facilitates the absorption on the intestinal epithelium by glycan binding. Subsequent to its transcytosis the HA complex disrupts the tight junction of the intestinal barrier from the basolateral side by binding to E-cadherin. Now, the L-PTC can also enter the circulation by paracellular routes in much larger quantities. From here, the dissociated BoNTs reach the neuromuscular junction and accumulate via interaction with polysialo gangliosides, complex glycolipids, on motoneurons at the neuromuscular junction. Subsequently, additional specific binding to luminal segments of synaptic vesicles proteins like SV2 and synaptotagmin leads to their uptake. Finally, the neurotoxins shut down the synaptic vesicle cycle, which they had exploited before to enter their target cells, via specific cleavage of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, which constitute the core components of the cellular membrane fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Miyata K, Suzuki T, Hayashi S, Miyashita SI, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Hemagglutinin gene shuffling amongClostridium botulinumserotypes C and D yields distinct sugar recognition of the botulinum toxin complex. Pathog Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Sugawara Y, Iwamori M, Matsumura T, Yutani M, Amatsu S, Fujinaga Y. Clostridium botulinum type C hemagglutinin affects the morphology and viability of cultured mammalian cells via binding to the ganglioside GM3. FEBS J 2015; 282:3334-47. [PMID: 26077172 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin is conventionally divided into seven serotypes, designated A-G, and is produced as large protein complexes through associations with non-toxic components, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and non-toxic non-HA. These non-toxic proteins dramatically enhance the oral toxicity of the toxin complex. HA is considered to have a role in toxin transport through the intestinal epithelium by carbohydrate binding and epithelial barrier-disrupting activity. Type A and B HAs disrupt E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, and, in turn, the intercellular epithelial barrier. Type C HA (HA/C) disrupts the barrier function by affecting cell morphology and viability, the mechanism of which remains unknown. In this study, we identified GM3 as the target molecule of HA/C. We found that sialic acid binding of HA is essential for the activity. It was abolished when cells were pre-treated with an inhibitor of ganglioside synthesis. Consistent with this, HA/C bound to a-series gangliosides in a glycan array. In parallel, we isolated clones resistant to HA/C activity from a susceptible mouse fibroblast strain. These cells lacked expression of ST-I, the enzyme that transfers sialic acid to lactosylceramide to yield GM3. These clones became sensitive to HA/C activity when GM3 was expressed by transfection with the ST-I gene. The sensitivity of fibroblasts to HA/C was reduced by expressing ganglioside synthesis genes whose products utilize GM3 as a substrate and consequently generate other a-series gangliosides, suggesting a GM3-specific mechanism. Our results demonstrate that HA/C affects cells in a GM3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sugawara
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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17
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Kim DW, Lee SK, Ahnn J. Botulinum Toxin as a Pain Killer: Players and Actions in Antinociception. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2435-53. [PMID: 26134255 PMCID: PMC4516922 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been widely used to treat a variety of clinical ailments associated with pain. The inhibitory action of BoNTs on synaptic vesicle fusion blocks the releases of various pain-modulating neurotransmitters, including glutamate, substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), as well as the addition of pain-sensing transmembrane receptors such as transient receptor potential (TRP) to neuronal plasma membrane. In addition, growing evidence suggests that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of BoNTs are mediated through various molecular pathways. Recent studies have revealed that the detailed structural bases of BoNTs interact with their cellular receptors and SNAREs. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms related to the efficacy of BoNTs in alleviating human pain and insights on engineering the toxins to extend therapeutic interventions related to nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
- BK21 PLUS Life Science for BioDefense Research (BDR) Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
- BK21 PLUS Life Science for BioDefense Research (BDR) Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
- The Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
- BK21 PLUS Life Science for BioDefense Research (BDR) Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
- The Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
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18
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Lam KH, Jin R. Architecture of the botulinum neurotoxin complex: a molecular machine for protection and delivery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 31:89-95. [PMID: 25889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely poisonous protein toxins that cause the fatal paralytic disease botulism. They are naturally produced in bacteria with several nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) and together they form a progenitor toxin complex (PTC), the largest bacterial toxin complex known. In foodborne botulism, the PTC functions as a molecular machine that helps BoNT breach the host defense in the gut. Here, we discuss the substantial recent advance in elucidating the atomic structures and assembly of the 14-subunit PTC, including structures of BoNT and four NAPs. These structural studies shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which BoNT is protected against the acidic environment and proteolytic destruction in the gastrointestinal tract, and how it is delivered across the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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19
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Sugawara Y, Yutani M, Amatsu S, Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y. Functional dissection of the Clostridium botulinum type B hemagglutinin complex: identification of the carbohydrate and E-cadherin binding sites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111170. [PMID: 25340348 PMCID: PMC4207779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) inhibits neurotransmitter release in motor nerve endings, causing botulism, a condition often resulting from ingestion of the toxin or toxin-producing bacteria. BoNTs are always produced as large protein complexes by associating with a non-toxic protein, non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNH), and some toxin complexes contain another non-toxic protein, hemagglutinin (HA), in addition to NTNH. These accessory proteins are known to increase the oral toxicity of the toxin dramatically. NTNH has a protective role against the harsh conditions in the digestive tract, while HA is considered to facilitate intestinal absorption of the toxin by intestinal binding and disruption of the epithelial barrier. Two specific activities of HA, carbohydrate and E-cadherin binding, appear to be involved in these processes; however, the exact roles of these activities in the pathogenesis of botulism remain unclear. The toxin is conventionally divided into seven serotypes, designated A through G. In this study, we identified the amino acid residues critical for carbohydrate and E-cadherin binding in serotype B HA. We constructed mutants defective in each of these two activities and examined the relationship of these activities using an in vitro intestinal cell culture model. Our results show that the carbohydrate and E-cadherin binding activities are functionally and structurally independent. Carbohydrate binding potentiates the epithelial barrier-disrupting activity by enhancing cell surface binding, while E-cadherin binding is essential for the barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sugawara
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kammerer RA, Benoit RM. Botulinum neurotoxins: new questions arising from structural biology. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:517-26. [PMID: 25282537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic substances known and cause botulism in vertebrates. They have also emerged as effective and powerful reagents for cosmetic and medical applications. One important prerequisite for understanding BoNT function in disease, and the further development of the toxins for cosmetic and medical applications, is a detailed knowledge of BoNT interactions with non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins and cell surface receptors. Based on the substantial recent progress in obtaining high-resolution crystal structures of key BoNT complexes, we summarize the major advances in understanding BoNT interactions and discuss the resulting potential implications, in particular those relating to BoNT serotype A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Roger M Benoit
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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21
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Lorenzon-Ojea AR, Caldeira W, Ribeiro AF, Fisher SJ, Guzzo CR, Bevilacqua E. Stromal cell derived factor-2 (Sdf2): A novel protein expressed in mouse. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:262-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Lee K, Lam KH, Kruel AM, Perry K, Rummel A, Jin R. High-resolution crystal structure of HA33 of botulinum neurotoxin type B progenitor toxin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:568-73. [PMID: 24631690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced as progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs) by Clostridium botulinum. The PTCs are composed of BoNT and non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs), which serve to protect and deliver BoNT through the gastrointestinal tract in food borne botulism. HA33 is a key NAP component that specifically recognizes host carbohydrates and helps enrich PTC on the intestinal lumen preceding its transport across the epithelial barriers. Here, we report the crystal structure of HA33 of type B PTC (HA33/B) in complex with lactose at 1.46Å resolution. The structural comparisons among HA33 of serotypes A-D reveal two different HA33-glycan interaction modes. The glycan-binding pockets on HA33/A and B are more suitable to recognize galactose-containing glycans in comparison to the equivalent sites on HA33/C and D. On the contrary, HA33/C and D could potentially recognize Neu5Ac as an independent receptor, whereas HA33/A and B do not. These findings indicate that the different oral toxicity and host susceptibility observed among different BoNT serotypes could be partly determined by the serotype-specific interaction between HA33 and host carbohydrate receptors. Furthermore, we have identified a key structural water molecule that mediates the HA33/B-lactose interactions. It provides the structural basis for development of new receptor-mimicking compounds, which have enhanced binding affinity with HA33 through their water-displacing moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangkook Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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23
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Amatsu S, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Kitadokoro K, Fujinaga Y. Crystal structure of Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin reveals a huge triskelion-shaped molecular complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35617-25. [PMID: 24165130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum HA is a component of the large botulinum neurotoxin complex and is critical for its oral toxicity. HA plays multiple roles in toxin penetration in the gastrointestinal tract, including protection from the digestive environment, binding to the intestinal mucosal surface, and disruption of the epithelial barrier. At least two properties of HA contribute to these roles: the sugar-binding activity and the barrier-disrupting activity that depends on E-cadherin binding of HA. HA consists of three different proteins, HA1, HA2, and HA3, whose structures have been partially solved and are made up mainly of β-strands. Here, we demonstrate structural and functional reconstitution of whole HA and present the complete structure of HA of serotype B determined by x-ray crystallography at 3.5 Å resolution. This structure reveals whole HA to be a huge triskelion-shaped molecule. Our results suggest that whole HA is functionally and structurally separable into two parts: HA1, involved in recognition of cell-surface carbohydrates, and HA2-HA3, involved in paracellular barrier disruption by E-cadherin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- From the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasakigosyokaido-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 and
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24
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Lee K, Gu S, Jin L, Le TTN, Cheng LW, Strotmeier J, Kruel AM, Yao G, Perry K, Rummel A, Jin R. Structure of a bimodular botulinum neurotoxin complex provides insights into its oral toxicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003690. [PMID: 24130488 PMCID: PMC3795040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the fatal disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. BoNTs are released together with several auxiliary proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs) to become highly potent oral poisons. Here, we report the structure of a ∼760 kDa 14-subunit large PTC of serotype A (L-PTC/A) and reveal insight into its absorption mechanism. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and functional studies, we found that L-PTC/A consists of two structurally and functionally independent sub-complexes. A hetero-dimeric 290 kDa complex protects BoNT, while a hetero-dodecameric 470 kDa complex facilitates its absorption in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. BoNT absorption is mediated by nine glycan-binding sites on the dodecameric sub-complex that forms multivalent interactions with carbohydrate receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. We identified monosaccharides that blocked oral BoNT intoxication in mice, which suggests a new strategy for the development of preventive countermeasures for BoNTs based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry. Food-borne botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) poisoning results in fatal muscle paralysis. But how can BoNT–a large protein released by the bacteria clostridia–survive the hostile gastrointestinal (GI) tract to gain access to neurons that control muscle contraction? Here, we report the complete structure of a bimodular ∼760 kDa BoNT/A large progenitor toxin complex (L-PTC), which is composed of BoNT and four non-toxic bacterial proteins. The architecture of this bacterial machinery mimics an Apollo lunar module, whereby the “ascent stage” (a ∼290 kDa module) protects BoNT from destruction in the GI tract and the 3-arm “descent stage” (a ∼470 kDa module) mediates absorption of BoNT by binding to host carbohydrate receptors in the small intestine. This new finding has helped us identify the carbohydrate-binding sites and the monosaccharide IPTG as a prototypical oral inhibitor, which extends survival following lethal BoNT/A intoxication of mice. Hence, pre-treatment with small molecule inhibitors based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry can provide temporary protection against BoNT entry into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangkook Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shenyan Gu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Jin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thi Tuc Nghi Le
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Strotmeier
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (AR); (RJ)
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (RJ)
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25
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Sagane Y, Hayashi S, Matsumoto T, Miyashita SI, Inui K, Miyata K, Yajima S, Suzuki T, Hasegawa K, Yamano A, Nishikawa A, Ohyama T, Watanabe T, Niwa K. Sugar-induced conformational change found in the HA-33/HA-17 trimer of the botulinum toxin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:483-7. [PMID: 23916708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Large-sized botulinum toxin complex (L-TC) is formed by conjugation of neurotoxin, nontoxic nonhemagglutinin and hemagglutinin (HA) complex. The HA complex is formed by association of three HA-70 molecules and three HA-33/HA-17 trimers, comprised of a single HA-17 and two HA-33 proteins. The HA-33/HA-17 trimer isolated from serotype D L-TC has the ability to bind to and penetrate through the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer in a sialic acid-dependent manner, and thus it plays an important role in toxin delivery through the intestinal cell wall. In this study, we determined the solution structure of the HA-33/HA-17 trimer by using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The SAXS image of HA-33/HA-17 exhibited broadly similar appearance to the crystal image of the complex. On the other hand, in the presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid, glucose and galactose, the solution structure of the HA-33/HA-17 trimer was drastically altered compared to the structure in the absence of the sugars. Sugar-induced structural change of the HA-33/HA-17 trimer may contribute to cell binding and subsequent transport across the intestinal cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan.
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Gu S, Jin R. Assembly and function of the botulinum neurotoxin progenitor complex. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 364:21-44. [PMID: 23239347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most poisonous substances known to man, but paradoxically, BoNT-containing medicines and cosmetics have been used with great success in the clinic. Accidental BoNT poisoning mainly occurs through oral ingestion of food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. BoNTs are naturally produced in the form of progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs), which are high molecular weight (up to ~900 kDa) multiprotein complexes composed of BoNT and several non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). NAPs protect the inherently fragile BoNTs against the hostile environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and help BoNTs pass through the intestinal epithelial barrier before they are released into the general circulation. These events are essential for ingested BoNTs to gain access to motoneurons, where they inhibit neurotransmitter release and cause muscle paralysis. In this review, we discuss the structural basis for assembly of NAPs and BoNT into the PTC that protects BoNT and facilitate its delivery into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyan Gu
- Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by Clostridium botulinum and associates with nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins to form high-molecular weight progenitor complexes (PCs). The PCs are required for the oral toxicity of BoNT in the context of food-borne botulism and are thought to protect BoNT from destruction in the gastrointestinal tract and aid in absorption from the gut lumen. The PC can differ in size and protein content depending on the C. botulinum strain. The oral toxicity of the BoNT PC increases as the size of the PC increases, but the molecular architecture of these large complexes and how they contribute to BoNT toxicity have not been elucidated. We have generated 2D images of PCs from strains producing BoNT serotypes A1, B, and E using negative stain electron microscopy and single-particle averaging. The BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B PCs were observed as ovoid-shaped bodies with three appendages, whereas the BoNT/E PC was observed as an ovoid body. Both the BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B PCs showed significant flexibility, and the BoNT/B PC was documented as a heterogeneous population of assembly/disassembly intermediates. We have also determined 3D structures for each serotype using the random conical tilt approach. Crystal structures of the individual proteins were placed into the BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B PC electron density maps to generate unique detailed models of the BoNT PCs. The structures highlight an effective platform that can be engineered for the development of mucosal vaccines and the intestinal absorption of oral biologics.
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Skamnaki VT, Peumans WJ, Kantsadi AL, Cubeta MA, Plas K, Pakala S, Zographos SE, Smagghe G, Nierman WC, Van Damme EJM, Leonidas DD. Structural analysis of theRhizoctonia solaniagglutinin reveals a domain-swapping dimeric assembly. FEBS J 2013; 280:1750-63. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki T. Skamnaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Thessaly; Larissa; Greece
| | - Willy J. Peumans
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Belgium
| | | | - Marc A. Cubeta
- Department of Plant Pathology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC; USA
| | - Kirsten Plas
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Suman Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; J. Craig Venter Institute; Rockville; MD; USA
| | - Spyridon E. Zographos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens; Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - William C. Nierman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; J. Craig Venter Institute; Rockville; MD; USA
| | | | - Demetres D. Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Thessaly; Larissa; Greece
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Application of purified botulinum type a neurotoxin to treat experimental trigeminal neuropathy in rats and patients with urinary incontinence and prostatic hyperplasia. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:648384. [PMID: 22745637 PMCID: PMC3382382 DOI: 10.1155/2012/648384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type A neurotoxin (NTX) of Clostridium botulinum was purified by a simple procedure using a lactose gel column. The toxicity of this purified toxin preparation was retained for at least 1 year at -30°C by supplementation with either 0.1% albumin or 0.05% albumin plus 1% trehalose. When purified NTX was used to treat 49 patients with urinary incontinence caused by either refractory idiopathic or neurogenic detrusor overactivity, 36 patients showed significant improvement in symptoms. These beneficial effects were also observed in cases of prostatic hyperplasia. The results obtained with NTX were similar to that of Botox. The effects of NTX on trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital nerve constriction (IoNC) in rats were also studied. Trigeminal ganglion neurons from ipsilateral to IoNC exhibited significantly faster onset of FM4-64 release than sham-operated contralateral neurons. Intradermal injection of NTX in the area of IoNC alleviated IoNC-induced pain behavior and reduced the exaggerated FM4-64 release in trigeminal ganglion neurons.
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Yamashita S, Yoshida H, Uchiyama N, Nakakita Y, Nakakita SI, Tonozuka T, Oguma K, Nishikawa A, Kamitori S. Carbohydrate recognition mechanism of HA70 from Clostridium botulinum deduced from X-ray structures in complexes with sialylated oligosaccharides. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2404-10. [PMID: 22684008 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum produces the botulinum neurotoxin, forming a large complex as progenitor toxins in association with non-toxic non-hemagglutinin and/or several different hemagglutinin (HA) subcomponents, HA33, HA17 and HA70, which bind to carbohydrate of glycoproteins from epithelial cells in the infection process. To elucidate the carbohydrate recognition mechanism of HA70, X-ray structures of HA70 from type C toxin (HA70/C) in complexes with sialylated oligosaccharides were determined, and a binding assay by the glycoconjugate microarray was performed. These results suggested that HA70/C can recognize both α2-3- and α2-6-sialylated oligosaccharides, and that it has a higher affinity for α2-3-sialylated oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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31
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Gu S, Jin R. Assembly and Function of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Progenitor Complex. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45790-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Matsuo T, Miyata K, Inui K, Ito H, Horiuchi R, Suzuki T, Yoneyama T, Oguma K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Characterization of sugar recognition by the toxin complex produced by theClostridium botulinumserotype C variant strain Yoichi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nishimura K, Kitadokoro K, Takegahara Y, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Karatani H, Fujinaga Y. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the HA3 subcomponent of the type B botulinum neurotoxin complex. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1244-6. [PMID: 22102038 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111027412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The haemagglutinin subcomponent HA3 of the type B botulinum neurotoxin complex, which is important in toxin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, has been expressed, purified and subsequently crystallized in two crystal forms at different pH values. Form I belonged to space group R32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 357.4, c = 249.5 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°. Form II belonged to space group I4(1)32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 259.0 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. Diffraction data were collected from these crystals to a resolution of 3.0 Å for both form I and form II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Yang JP, Ma XX, He YX, Li WF, Kang Y, Bao R, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Crystal structure of the 30K protein from the silkworm Bombyx mori reveals a new member of the β-trefoil superfamily. J Struct Biol 2011; 175:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nakamura T, Tonozuka T, Ito S, Takeda Y, Sato R, Matsuo I, Ito Y, Oguma K, Nishikawa A. Molecular diversity of the two sugar-binding sites of the β-trefoil lectin HA33/C (HA1) from Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 512:69-77. [PMID: 21640703 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A critical role in internalizing the Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin into gastrointestinal cells is played by nontoxic components complexed with the toxin. One of the components, a β-trefoil lectin has been known as HA33 or HA1. The HA33 from C. botulinum type A (HA33/A) has been predicted to have a single sugar-binding site, while type C HA33 (HA33/C) has two sites. Here we constructed HA33/C mutants and evaluated the binding capacities of the individual sites through mucin-assay and isothermal titration calorimetry. The mutant W176A (site I knockout) had a K(d) value of 31.5mM for galactose (Gal) and 61.3mM for N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), while the K(d) value for N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) was too high to be determined. In contrast, the double mutant N278A/Q279A (site II knockout) had a K(d) value of 11.8mM for Neu5Ac. We also determined the crystal structures of wild-type and the F179I mutant in complex with GalNAc at site II. The results suggest that site I of HA33/C is quite unique in that it mainly recognizes Neu5Ac, and site II seems less important for the lectin specificity. The architectures and the properties of the sugar-binding sites of HA33/C and HA33/A were shown to be drastically different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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36
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Sulzenbacher G, Roig-Zamboni V, Peumans WJ, Rougé P, Van Damme EJ, Bourne Y. Crystal structure of the GalNAc/Gal-specific agglutinin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reveals novel adaptation of a beta-trefoil domain. J Mol Biol 2010; 400:715-23. [PMID: 20566411 PMCID: PMC2956877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A lectin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that shares only weak sequence similarity with characterized fungal lectins has recently been identified. S. sclerotiorum agglutinin (SSA) is a homodimeric protein consisting of two identical subunits of approximately 17 kDa and displays specificity primarily towards Gal/GalNAc. Glycan array screening indicates that SSA readily interacts with Gal/GalNAc-bearing glycan chains. The crystal structures of SSA in the ligand-free form and in complex with the Gal-beta1,3-GalNAc (T-antigen) disaccharide have been determined at 1.6 and 1.97 A resolution, respectively. SSA adopts a beta-trefoil domain as previously identified for other carbohydrate-binding proteins of the ricin B-like lectin superfamily and accommodates terminal non-reducing galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl glycans. Unlike other structurally related lectins, SSA contains a single carbohydrate-binding site at site alpha. SSA reveals a novel dimeric assembly markedly dissimilar to those described earlier for ricin-type lectins. The present structure exemplifies the adaptability of the beta-trefoil domain in the evolution of fungal lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlind Sulzenbacher
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB, UMR-6098) CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Campus Luminy, Case 932, F-13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Véronique Roig-Zamboni
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB, UMR-6098) CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Campus Luminy, Case 932, F-13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Willy J. Peumans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR-CNRS 5546, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Toulouse, France
| | - Els J.M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Bourne
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB, UMR-6098) CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Campus Luminy, Case 932, F-13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
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Identification of novel pathogenicity loci in Clostridium perfringens strains that cause avian necrotic enteritis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10795. [PMID: 20532244 PMCID: PMC2879425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type A Clostridium perfringens causes poultry necrotic enteritis (NE), an enteric disease of considerable economic importance, yet can also exist as a member of the normal intestinal microbiota. A recently discovered pore-forming toxin, NetB, is associated with pathogenesis in most, but not all, NE isolates. This finding suggested that NE-causing strains may possess other virulence gene(s) not present in commensal type A isolates. We used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies to generate draft genome sequences of seven unrelated C. perfringens poultry NE isolates and one isolate from a healthy bird, and identified additional novel NE-associated genes by comparison with nine publicly available reference genomes. Thirty-one open reading frames (ORFs) were unique to all NE strains and formed the basis for three highly conserved NE-associated loci that we designated NELoc-1 (42 kb), NELoc-2 (11.2 kb) and NELoc-3 (5.6 kb). The largest locus, NELoc-1, consisted of netB and 36 additional genes, including those predicted to encode two leukocidins, an internalin-like protein and a ricin-domain protein. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Southern blotting revealed that the NE strains each carried 2 to 5 large plasmids, and that NELoc-1 and -3 were localized on distinct plasmids of sizes approximately 85 and approximately 70 kb, respectively. Sequencing of the regions flanking these loci revealed similarity to previously characterized conjugative plasmids of C. perfringens. These results provide significant insight into the pathogenetic basis of poultry NE and are the first to demonstrate that netB resides in a large, plasmid-encoded locus. Our findings strongly suggest that poultry NE is caused by several novel virulence factors, whose genes are clustered on discrete pathogenicity loci, some of which are plasmid-borne.
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38
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Interaction of botulinum toxin with the epithelial barrier. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:974943. [PMID: 20169001 PMCID: PMC2822237 DOI: 10.1155/2010/974943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a protein toxin (approximately 150 kDa), which possesses a metalloprotease activity. Food-borne botulism is manifested when BoNT is absorbed from the digestive tract to the blood stream and enters the peripheral nerves, where the toxin cleaves core proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus and elicits the inhibition of neurotransmitter release. The initial obstacle to orally ingested BoNT entering the body is the epithelial barrier of the digestive tract. Recent cell biology and molecular biology studies are beginning to elucidate the mechanism by which this large protein toxin crosses the epithelial barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural features of botulinum toxins (BoNT and BoNT complex) and the interaction of these toxins with the epithelial barrier.
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Kulkarni AA, Weiss AA, Iyer SS. Glycan-based high-affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:327-93. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Nakamura T, Kotani M, Tonozuka T, Ide A, Oguma K, Nishikawa A. Crystal Structure of the HA3 Subcomponent of Clostridium botulinum Type C Progenitor Toxin. J Mol Biol 2009; 385:1193-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Yoneyama T, Miyata K, Chikai T, Mikami A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa K, Ikeda T, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Niwa K. Clostridium botulinum serotype D neurotoxin and toxin complex bind to bovine aortic endothelial cells via sialic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 54:290-8. [PMID: 18801042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced as a large toxin complex (L-TC) associated with nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) and three hemagglutinin subcomponents (HA-70, -33 and -17). The binding properties of BoNT to neurons and L-TC to intestinal epithelial cells are well documented, while those to other tissues are largely unknown. Here, to obtain novel insights into the pathogenesis of foodborne botulism, we examine whether botulinum toxins bind to vascular endothelial cells. BoNT and 750 kDa L-TC (a complex of BoNT, NTNHA and HAs) of Clostridium botulinum serotype D were incubated with bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), and binding to the cells was assessed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot. Both BoNT and L-TC bound to BAECs, with L-TC showing stronger binding. Binding of BoNT and L-TC to BAECs was significantly inhibited by N-acetyl neuraminic acid in the cell culture medium or by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. However, galactose, lactose or N-acetyl galactosamine did not significantly inhibit toxin binding to the cells. This is the first report demonstrating that BoNT and L-TC bind to BAECs via sialic acid, and this mechanism may be important in the trafficking pathway of BoNT in foodborne botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yoneyama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
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42
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Treiber N, Reinert DJ, Carpusca I, Aktories K, Schulz GE. Structure and mode of action of a mosquitocidal holotoxin. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:150-9. [PMID: 18586267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the full mosquitocidal toxin from Bacillus sphaericus (MTX(holo)) has been determined at 2.5 A resolution by the molecular replacement method. The resulting structure revealed essentially the complete chain consisting of four ricin B-type domains curling around the catalytic domain in a hedgehog-like assembly. As the structure was virtually identical in three different crystal packings, it is probably not affected by packing contacts. The structure of MTX(holo) explains earlier autoinhibition data. An analysis of published complexes comprising ricin B-type lectin domains and sugar molecules shows that the general construction principle applies to all four lectin domains of MTX(holo), indicating 12 putative sugar-binding sites. These sites are sequence-related to those of the cytotoxin pierisin from cabbage butterfly, which are known to bind glycolipids. It seems therefore likely that MTX(holo) also binds glycolipids. The seven contact interfaces between the five domains are predominantly polar and not stronger than common crystal contacts so that in an appropriate environment, the multidomain structure would likely uncurl into a string of single domains. The structure of the isolated catalytic domain plus an extended linker was established earlier in three crystal packings, two of which showed a peculiar association around a 7-fold axis. The catalytic domain of the reported MTX(holo) closely resembles all three published structures, except one with an appreciable deviation of the 40 N-terminal residues. A comparison of all structures suggests a possible scenario for the translocation of the toxin into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Treiber
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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