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Tomás G, Techera C, Marandino A, Olivera V, Williman J, Panzera Y, Pérez R, Vagnozzi A. Genomic characterization of infectious bursal disease virus in Argentina provides evidence of the recent transcontinental spread of Chinese genotype A2dB1b. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:430-438. [PMID: 38742448 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2355918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a significant pathogen affecting the poultry industry worldwide. Its epidemiological history has been marked by the emergence of strains with different antigenic, pathogenic, and genetic features, some of which have shown notable spread potential. The A2dB1b genotype, also known as novel variant, has become widespread and gained increased relevance in IBDV epidemiology. This genotype was described in China in the 2010s and rapidly spread in Asia and Africa. The present study describes the circulation of the A2dB1b genotype in Argentina. Applying a next-generation sequencing approach, we obtained the complete coding sequence of 18 Argentine viruses. The high level of genomic homogeneity observed amongst these viruses, their monophyletic clustering in both partial and complete segments A and B derived phylogenies, and their close relatedness to some Chinese strains suggest that a unique transcontinental spread event from China to Argentina occurred recently. The apparent success of the A2dB1b genotype spreading throughout Asia, Africa, and South America may partially be due to specific amino acid characteristics. Novel residues in the hypervariable region of VP2 may help A2dB1b IBDVs evade the protection elicited by the applied commercial vaccines. Our findings underscore the importance of continuous characterization of field samples and evaluation of the control measures currently applied to fight against this specific IBDV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Olivera
- Laboratorio de Aves, Instituto de Virología e Innovación Tecnológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquín Williman
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- Laboratorio de Aves, Instituto de Virología e Innovación Tecnológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Techera C, Tomás G, Grecco S, Williman J, Hernández M, Olivera V, Banda A, Vagnozzi A, Panzera Y, Marandino A, Pérez R. A rapid and affordable amplicon-based method for next-generation genome sequencing of the infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114807. [PMID: 37683937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes a severe immunosuppressive disorder in young chickens. IBDV evolution resulted in the emergence of strains with divergent genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic characteristics. Genetic classification is typically performed by sequencing the coding region of the most immunogenic region of the viral protein 2 (VP2). Sequencing both double-stranded RNA genome segments is essential to achieve a more comprehensive IBDV classification that can detect recombinants and reassortments. Here, we report the development and standardization of a tiled PCR amplicon protocol for the direct and cost-effective genome sequencing of global IBDV strains using next-generation technology. Primers for tiled PCR were designed with adapters to bypass expensive and time-consuming library preparation steps. Sequencing was performed on Illumina MiniSeq equipment, and fourteen complete genomes of field strains were assembled using reference sequences. The PCR-enrichment step was used to obtain genomes from low-titer biological samples that were difficult to amplify using traditional sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of the obtained genomes confirmed previous strain classification. By combining the enrichment methodology with massive sequencing, it is possible to obtain IBDV genomic sequences in a fast and affordable manner. This procedure can be a valuable tool to better understand virus epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín Williman
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Olivera
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Banda
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS, United States
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Le XTK, Do RT, Doan HTT, Nguyen KT, Pham LTK, Le TH. Phylogenotyping of infectious bursal disease virus in Vietnam according to the newly unified genotypic classification scheme. Arch Virol 2023; 168:201. [PMID: 37402052 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 1987, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has circulated and evolved in Vietnam, but little is known about the genotypes present. IBDV samples were collected in 1987, 2001-2006, 2008, 2011, 2015-2019, and 2021 in 18 provinces. We conducted phylogenotyping analysis based on an alignment of 143 VP2-HVR (hypervariable region) sequences from 64 Vietnamese isolates (26 previous and 38 additional sequences and two vaccines, and alignment of 82 VP1 B-marker sequences, including one vaccine and four Vietnamese field strains. The analysis identified three A-genotypes, A1, A3, and A7, and two B-genotypes, B1 and B3, among the Vietnamese IBDV isolates. The lowest average evolutionary distance (8.6%) was seen between the A1 and A3 genotypes, and the highest (21.7%) was between A5 and A7, while there was a distance of 14% between B1 and B3 and 17% between B3 and B2. Unique signature residues were observed for genotypes A2, A3, A5, A6, and A8, which could be used for genotypic discrimination. A timeline statistical summary revealed that the A3-genotype predominated (79.8% presence) in Vietnam from 1987 to 2021 and that it remained the dominant IBDV genotype over the last five years (2016-2021). The current study contributes to a better understanding of the circulating genotypes and evolution of IBDV in Vietnam and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Khanh Pham
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Brodrick AJ, Broadbent AJ. The Formation and Function of Birnaviridae Virus Factories. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108471. [PMID: 37239817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) reverse genetics to engineer tagged reporter viruses has revealed that the virus factories (VFs) of the Birnaviridae family are biomolecular condensates that show properties consistent with liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Although the VFs are not bound by membranes, it is currently thought that viral protein 3 (VP3) initially nucleates the formation of the VF on the cytoplasmic leaflet of early endosomal membranes, and likely drives LLPS. In addition to VP3, IBDV VFs contain VP1 (the viral polymerase) and the dsRNA genome, and they are the sites of de novo viral RNA synthesis. Cellular proteins are also recruited to the VFs, which are likely to provide an optimal environment for viral replication; the VFs grow due to the synthesis of the viral components, the recruitment of other proteins, and the coalescence of multiple VFs in the cytoplasm. Here, we review what is currently known about the formation, properties, composition, and processes of these structures. Many open questions remain regarding the biophysical nature of the VFs, as well as the roles they play in replication, translation, virion assembly, viral genome partitioning, and in modulating cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Brodrick
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, 8127 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Andrew J Broadbent
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, 8127 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Hu X, Chen Z, Wu X, Fu Q, Chen Z, Huang Y, Wu H. PRMT5 Facilitates Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Replication through Arginine Methylation of VP1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0163722. [PMID: 36786602 PMCID: PMC10062139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01637-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The infectious bursal diseases virus (IBDV) polymerase, VP1 protein, is responsible for transcription, initial translation and viral genomic replication. Knowledge about the new kind of post-translational modification of VP1 supports identification of novel drugs against the virus. Because the arginine residue is known to be methylated by protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) enzyme, we investigated whether IBDV VP1 is a substrate for known PRMTs. In this study, we show that VP1 is specifically associated with and methylated by PRMT5 at the arginine 426 (R426) residue. IBDV infection causes the accumulation of PRMT5 in the cytoplasm, which colocalizes with VP1 as a punctate structure. In addition, ectopic expression of PRMT5 significantly enhances the viral replication. In the presence of PMRT5, enzyme inhibitor and knockout of PRMT5 remarkably decreased viral replication. The polymerase activity of VP1 was severely damaged when R426 mutated to alanine, resulting in impaired viral replication. Our study reports a novel form of post-translational modification of VP1, which supports its polymerase function to facilitate the viral replication. IMPORTANCE Post-translational modification of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP1 is important for the regulation of its polymerase activity. Investigation of the significance of specific modification of VP1 can lead to better understanding of viral replication and can probably also help in identifying novel targets for antiviral compounds. Our work demonstrates the molecular mechanism of VP1 methylation mediated by PRMT5, which is critical for viral polymerase activity, as well as viral replication. Our study expands a novel insight into the function of arginine methylation of VP1, which might be useful for limiting the replication of IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Reddy VRAP, Nazki S, Asfor A, Broadbent AJ. An Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Reverse Genetics Rescue System and Neutralization Assay in Chicken B Cells. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e639. [PMID: 36622206 PMCID: PMC10108048 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a major threat to the productivity of the poultry industry due to morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression that exacerbates secondary infections and reduces the efficacy of vaccination programs. Field strains of IBDV have a preferred tropism for chicken B cells, the majority of which reside in the bursa of Fabricius (BF). IBDV adaptation to adherent cell culture is associated with mutations altering amino acids in the hypervariable region (HVR) of the capsid protein, which affects immunogenicity and virulence. Until recently, this has limited both the application of reverse genetics systems for engineering molecular clones, and the use of in vitro neutralization assays, to cell-culture-adapted strains of IBDV. Here, we describe the rescue of molecular clones of IBDV containing the HVR from diverse field strains, along with a neutralization assay to quantify antibody responses against the rescued viruses, both using chicken B cells. These methods are readily adaptable to any laboratory with molecular biology expertise and negate the need to obtain wild-type strains. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: A chicken B-cell rescue system for IBDV Basic Protocol 2: A chicken B-cell neutralization assay for IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amin Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Section Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
| | - Andrew J Broadbent
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Diaz-Beneitez E, Cubas-Gaona LL, Candelas-Rivera O, Benito-Zafra A, Sánchez-Aparicio MT, Miorin L, Rodríguez JF, García-Sastre A, Rodríguez D. Interaction between chicken TRIM25 and MDA5 and their role in mediated antiviral activity against IBDV infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1068328. [PMID: 36519174 PMCID: PMC9742432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1068328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of an immunosuppressive disease that affects domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) severely affecting poultry industry worldwide. IBDV infection is characterized by a rapid depletion of the bursal B cell population by apoptosis and the atrophy of this chief lymphoid organ. Previous results from our laboratory have shown that exposure of infected cells to type I IFN leads to an exacerbated apoptosis, indicating an important role of IFN in IBDV pathogenesis. It has been described that recognition of the dsRNA IBDV genome by MDA5, the only known cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor for viral RNA in chickens, leads to type I IFN production. Here, we confirm that TRIM25, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that leads to RIG-I activation in mammalian cells, significantly contributes to positively regulate MDA5-mediated activation of the IFN-inducing pathway in chicken DF-1 cells. Ectopic expression of chTRIM25 together with chMDA5 or a deletion mutant version exclusively harboring the CARD domains (chMDA5 2CARD) enhances IFN-β and NF-ĸB promoter activation. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we show that chMDA5 interacts with chTRIM25 through the CARD domains. Moreover, chTRIM25 co-localizes with both chMDA5 and chMDA5 2CARD, but not with chMDA5 mutant proteins partially or totally lacking these domains. On the other hand, ablation of endogenous chTRIM25 expression reduces chMDA5-induced IFN-β and NF-ĸB promoter activation. Interestingly, ectopic expression of either wild-type chTRIM25, or a mutant version (chTRIM25 C59S/C62S) lacking the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, restores the co-stimulatory effect of chMDA5 in chTRIM25 knockout cells, suggesting that the E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of chTRIM25 is not required for its downstream IFN-β and NF-ĸB activating function. Also, IBDV-induced expression of IFN-β, Mx and OAS genes was reduced in chTRIM25 knockout as compared to wild-type cells, hence contributing to the enhancement of IBDV replication. Enhanced permissiveness to replication of other viruses, such as avian reovirus, Newcastle disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus was also observed in chTRIM25 knockout cells. Additionally, chTRIM25 knockout also results in reduced MAVS-induced IFN-β promoter stimulation. Nonetheless, similarly to its mammalian counterpart, chTRIM25 overexpression in wild-type DF-1 cells causes the degradation of ectopically expressed chMAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Diaz-Beneitez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Candelas-Rivera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Benito-Zafra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Sánchez-Aparicio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - José F. Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based MedicineI at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Evaluating the Breadth of Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Genogroup A1 Strains Using a Novel Chicken B-Cell Rescue System and Neutralization Assay. J Virol 2022; 96:e0125522. [PMID: 36069547 PMCID: PMC9517715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01255-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) genogroups have been identified based on the sequence of the capsid hypervariable region (HVR) (A1 to A8). Given reported vaccine failures, there is a need to evaluate the ability of vaccines to neutralize the different genogroups. To address this, we used a reverse genetics system and the chicken B-cell line DT40 to rescue a panel of chimeric IBDVs and perform neutralization assays. Chimeric viruses had the backbone of a lab-adapted strain (PBG98) and the HVRs from diverse field strains as follows: classical F52-70 (A1), U.S. variant Del-E (A2), Chinese variant SHG19 (A2), very virulent UK661 (A3), M04/09 distinct (A4), Italian ITA-04 (A6), and Australian variant Vic-01/94 (A8). Rescued viruses showed no substitutions at amino acid positions 253, 284, or 330, previously found to be associated with cell-culture adaptation. Sera from chickens inoculated with wild-type (wt) (F52-70) or vaccine (228E) A1 strains had the highest mean virus neutralization (VN) titers against the A1 virus (log2 15.4 and 12.7) and the lowest against A2 viruses (log2 7.4 to 7.9; P = 0.0001 to 0.0274), consistent with A1 viruses being most antigenically distant from A2 strains, which correlated with the extent of differences in the predicted HVR structure. VN titers against the other genogroups ranged from log2 9.3 to 13.3, and A1 strains were likely more closely antigenically related to genogroups A3 and A4 than A6 and A8. Our data are consistent with field observations and validate the new method, which can be used to screen future vaccine candidates for breadth of neutralizing antibodies and evaluate the antigenic relatedness of different genogroups. IMPORTANCE There is a need to evaluate the ability of vaccines to neutralize diverse IBDV genogroups and to better understand the relationship between HVR sequence, structure, and antigenicity. Here, we used a chicken B-cell line to rescue a panel of chimeric IBDVs with the HVR from seven diverse IBDV field strains and to conduct neutralization assays and protein modeling. We evaluated the ability of sera from vaccinated or infected birds to neutralize the different genogroups. Our novel chicken B-cell rescue system and neutralization assay can be used to screen IBDV vaccine candidates, platforms, and regimens for the breadth of neutralizing antibody responses elicited, evaluate the antigenic relatedness of diverse IBDV strains, and when coupled with structural modeling, elucidate immunodominant and conserved epitopes to strategically design novel IBDV vaccines in the future.
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Wang Q, Chu F, Zhang X, Hu H, Lu L, Wang F, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Xu Z, Eldemery F, Ou C, Liu X. Infectious bursal disease virus replication is inhibited by avain T cell chemoattractant chemokine CCL19. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:912908. [PMID: 35935208 PMCID: PMC9355407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.912908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine CCL19, together with its receptor CCR7, is one of the most important factors recruiting immune cells into target organ during virus infection. Our previous study has shown that CCL19 played a vital role in the process of T cell trafficking into bursae during bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection. In this study, we hypothesized that CCL19 could exert direct influences on IBDV replication other than recruiting immune cells. A eukaryotic expression vector of pEGFP-N1/CCL19 was successfully constructed and identified by PCR, double enzymes digestion, and sequencing. Different concentrations of pEGFP-N1/CCL19 plasmids were transfected into DF1 cells and CCL19 protein was highly expressed. Then, DF1 cells were infected with IBDV B87 strain post-transfection. Based on PCR and Western blot results, CCL19 could obviously decrease the gene levels of VP1 and VP2 and the protein levels of VP2 and VP3. When CCL19 was knocked down, the gene levels of VP1 and VP2 were significantly upregulated. Moreover, indirect immunostaining revealed that the IBDV content was largely decreased after CCL19 overexpression. Additionally, CCL19 inhibitory effects might rely on activation of the JNK signal pathway. Taken together, chemokine CCL19 directly blocks IBDV replication in DF1 cells, indicating that CCL19 could play crucial functions other than recruiting T cells during the pathogenesis of IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fuming Chu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huilong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lang Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Changbo Ou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Changbo Ou
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
- Xingyou Liu
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10
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Characterization and pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus in southern China. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102018. [PMID: 35952600 PMCID: PMC9372626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Trapp J, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus' interferences with host immune cells: What do we know? Avian Pathol 2022; 51:303-316. [PMID: 35616498 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInfectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases in chickens leading to high economic losses due increased mortality and condemnation rates, secondary infections and the need for antibiotic treatment. Over 400 publications have been listed in PubMed.gov in the last five years pointing out the research interest in this disease and the development of improved preventive measures. While B cells are the main target cells of the virus, also other immune and non-immune cell populations are affected leading a multifaceted impact on the normally well orchestrated immune system in IBDV-infected birds. Recent studies clearly revealed the contribution of innate immune cells as well as T cells to a cytokine storm and subsequent death of affected birds in the acute phase of the disease. Transcriptomics identified differential regulation of immune related genes between different chicken genotypes as well as virus strains, which may be associated with a variable disease outcome. The recent availability of primary B cell culture systems allowed a closer look into virus-host interactions during IBDV-infection. The new emerging field of research with transgenic chickens will open up new opportunities to understand the impact of IBDV on the host also under in vivo conditions, which will help to understand the complex virus-host interactions further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trapp
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Feng X, Zhu N, Cui Y, Hou L, Zhou J, Qiu Y, Yang X, Liu C, Wang D, Guo J, Sun T, Shi Y, Han N, Mo M, Liu J. Characterization and pathogenicity of a naturally reassortant and recombinant infectious bursal disease virus in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e746-e758. [PMID: 34657384 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), an Avibirnavirus, is the pathogen of infectious bursal disease, which is a severely immunosuppressive disease in 3-15-week-old chickens. Different phenotypes of IBDV, including classical, variant, very virulent (vv) and attenuated IBDV, have been reported in many chicken-rearing countries worldwide. Here, we isolated and identified a naturally reassortant and recombinant IBDV (designated GXB02) from 20-day-old chickens with clinicopathological changes of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in Guangxi Province, China. Whole genomic sequencing showed that the strain GXB02 simultaneously has both reassortant and recombinant characteristics with segments A and B being derived from recombinant intermediate vaccine strain and classic strains of IBDV. Segment A of strain GXB02 was incorporated into the skeleton of an intermediate IBDV vaccine strain (W2512), where the breakpoints of two recombinant events located at nucleotide positions 1468 and 1648 were replaced by reassortant vvIBDV (PK2) and vvIBDV (D6948) of segment A, respectively. We used this GXB02 strain to inoculate 21-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens to evaluate its pathogenicity. Strain GXB02 has clinicopathologic characteristics of IBD with severe bursal lesions, as evidenced by necrosis, depletion of lymphocytes, and follicle atrophy, indicating that reassortment with classical strains in segment B or/and recombination with very virulent strains increased pathogenicity of the strain GXB02 in chickens. These findings provide important insights into the genetic exchange between classic and attenuated strains of IBDV with two recombinant events occurring at the intermediate derivative segment A with vvIBDV strains, thereby increasing the difficulty of prevention and control of IBD due to novel reassortant-recombinant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changzhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinshuo Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Wang Y, Jiang N, Fan L, Niu X, Zhang W, Huang M, Gao L, Li K, Gao Y, Liu C, Cui H, Liu A, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qi X. Identification and Pathogenicity Evaluation of a Novel Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Genotype A2dB3). Viruses 2021; 13:v13091682. [PMID: 34578267 PMCID: PMC8472943 DOI: 10.3390/v13091682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a non-enveloped, bi-segmented double-stranded RNA virus and the causative agent of a poultry immunosuppressive disease known as infectious bursal disease (IBD). The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) recently posed a great threat to the development of the poultry industry. In this study, we identified a novel segment-reassortant IBDV strain, IBDV-JS19-14701 (Genotype A2dB3). Phylogenic analysis showed that Segments A and B of IBDV-JS19-14701 were derived from emerging nVarIBDV (Genotype A2dB1) and long-prevalent HLJ0504-like strains (Genotype A3B3) in China, respectively. The pathogenicity of IBDV-JS19-14701 was further evaluated via animal experiments. IBDV-JS19-14701 exhibited a similar virulence to chickens with the nVarIBDV. The identification of this reassortment event is beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of nVarIBDV and will contribute to the efficient prevention and control of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Linjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xinxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Aijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-5105-1692
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14
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Mediates the Establishment of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Replication Complexes in Association with Early Endosomes. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02313-20. [PMID: 33361427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02313-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the archetypal member of the family Birnaviridae and the etiological agent of Gumboro disease, a highly contagious immunosuppressive infection of concern to the global poultry sector for its adverse health effects in chicks. Unlike most double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, which enclose their genomes within specialized cores throughout their viral replication cycle, birnaviruses organize their bisegmented dsRNA genome in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) structures. Recently, we demonstrated that IBDV exploits endosomal membranes for replication. The establishment of IBDV replication machinery on the cytosolic leaflet of endosomal compartments is mediated by the viral protein VP3 and its intrinsic ability to target endosomes. In this study, we identified the early endosomal phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] as a key host factor of VP3 association with endosomal membranes and consequent establishment of IBDV replication complexes in early endosomes. Indeed, our data reveal a crucial role for PtdIns(3)P in IBDV replication. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the replicative strategy of birnaviruses and strongly suggest that it resembles those of positive-strand RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, which replicate in association with host membranes. Furthermore, our findings support the role of birnaviruses as evolutionary intermediaries between +ssRNA and dsRNA viruses and, importantly, demonstrate a novel role for PtdIns(3)P in the replication of a dsRNA virus.IMPORTANCE Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infects chicks and is the causative agent of Gumboro disease. During IBDV outbreaks in recent decades, the emergence of very virulent variants and the lack of effective prevention/treatment strategies to fight this disease have had devastating consequences for the poultry industry. IBDV belongs to the peculiar family Birnaviridae Unlike most dsRNA viruses, birnaviruses organize their genomes in ribonucleoprotein complexes and replicate in a core-independent manner. We recently demonstrated that IBDV exploits host cell endosomes as platforms for viral replication, a process that depends on the VP3 viral protein. In this study, we delved deeper into the molecular characterization of IBDV-endosome association and investigated the role of host cell phosphatidylinositide lipids in VP3 protein localization and IBDV infection. Together, our findings demonstrate that PtdIns(3)P serves as a scaffold for the association of VP3 to endosomes and reveal its essential role for IBDV replication.
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15
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Structure and dsRNA-binding activity of the Birnavirus Drosophila X Virus VP3 protein. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02166-20. [PMID: 33239452 PMCID: PMC7851550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02166-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Birnavirus multifunctional protein VP3 plays an essential role coordinating the virus life cycle, interacting with the capsid protein VP2, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase VP1 and with the dsRNA genome. Furthermore, the role of this protein in controlling host cell responses triggered by dsRNA and preventing gene silencing has been recently demonstrated. Here we report the X-ray structure and dsRNA-binding activity of the N-terminal domain of Drosophila X virus (DXV) VP3. The domain folds in a bundle of three α-helices and arranges as a dimer, exposing to the surface a well-defined cluster of basic residues. Site directed mutagenesis combined with Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) revealed that this cluster, as well as a flexible and positively charged region linking the first and second globular domains of DXV VP3, are essential for dsRNA-binding. Also, RNA silencing studies performed in insect cell cultures confirmed the crucial role of this VP3 domain for the silencing suppression activity of the protein.IMPORTANCE The Birnavirus moonlighting protein VP3 plays crucial roles interacting with the dsRNA genome segments to form stable ribonucleoprotein complexes and controlling host cell immune responses, presumably by binding to and shielding the dsRNA from recognition by the host silencing machinery. The structural, biophysical and functional data presented in this work has identified the N-terminal domain of VP3 as responsible for the dsRNA-binding and silencing suppression activities of the protein in Drosophila X virus.
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16
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Mata CP, Rodríguez JM, Suzuki N, Castón JR. Structure and assembly of double-stranded RNA mycoviruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:213-247. [PMID: 33837717 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoviruses are a diverse group that includes ssRNA, dsRNA, and ssDNA viruses, with or without a protein capsid, as well as with a complex envelope. Most mycoviruses are transmitted by cytoplasmic interchange and are thought to lack an extracellular phase in their infection cycle. Structural analysis has focused on dsRNA mycoviruses, which usually package their genome in a 120-subunit T=1 icosahedral capsid, with a capsid protein (CP) dimer as the asymmetric unit. The atomic structure is available for four dsRNA mycovirus from different families: Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus L-A (ScV-L-A), Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV), Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), and Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1 (RnQV1). Their capsids show structural variations of the same framework, with asymmetric or symmetric CP dimers respectively for ScV-L-A and PsV-F, dimers of similar domains of a single CP for PcV, or of two different proteins for RnQV1. The CP dimer is the building block, and assembly proceeds through dimers of dimers or pentamers of dimers, in which the genome is packed as ssRNA by interaction with CP and/or viral polymerase. These capsids remain structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle. The T=1 capsid participates in RNA synthesis, organizing the viral polymerase (1-2 copies) and a single loosely packaged genome segment. It also acts as a molecular sieve, to allow the passage of viral transcripts and nucleotides, but to prevent triggering of host defense mechanisms. Due to the close mycovirus-host relationship, CP evolved to allocate peptide insertions with enzyme activity, as reflected in a rough outer capsid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Mata
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Javier M Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Yang H, Ye C. Reverse genetics approaches for live-attenuated vaccine development of infectious bursal disease virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:139-144. [PMID: 32892072 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), which is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, leads to severe immunosuppression in young chickens and results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. To date, vaccination with live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) is a convenient method to provide effective protection against IBDV infection. Classical attenuated viruses are usually obtained by either passaging virus in cultured cells or natural isolation. However, these empiric attenuation methods, which are time-consuming and not guaranteed, are not reliable for emergent antigenic variant and very virulent IBDV strains. The reverse genetics (RG) system opens a new avenue for the development of IBDV LAV. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biological characteristics of IBDV structure and genome organization, as well as the established RG systems. We also describe the details for the strategies used to develop IBDV LAV based on the RG systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
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18
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Shirokov DA, Manuvera VA, Miroshina OA, Dubovoi AS, Samuseva GN, Dmitrieva ME, Lazarev VN. Generation of recombinant VP3 protein of infectious bursal disease virus in three different expression systems, antigenic analysis of the obtained polypeptides and development of an ELISA test. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1611-1620. [PMID: 32405826 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which infects young chickens, is one of the most important pathogens that harm the poultry industry. Evaluation of the immune status of birds before and after vaccination is of great importance for controlling the disease caused by this virus. Therefore, the development of low-cost and easy-to-manufacture test systems for IBDV antibody detection remains an urgent issue. In this study, three expression systems (bacteria, yeast, and human cells) were used to produce recombinant VP3 protein of IBDV. VP3 is a group-specific antigen and hence may be a good candidate for use in diagnostic tests. Comparison of the antigenic properties of the obtained polypeptides showed that the titres of antibodies raised in chickens against bacteria- or human-cell-derived recombinant VP3 were high, whereas the antibody level against yeast-derived recombinant VP3 was low. The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of sera from IBDV-infected chickens demonstrated that the recombinant VP3 produced in E. coli would be the best choice for use in test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A Shirokov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- K. I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Valentin A Manuvera
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Science, Branch of All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiyev Posad, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Miroshina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr S Dubovoi
- All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Science, Branch of All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiyev Posad, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina N Samuseva
- All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Science, Branch of All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiyev Posad, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Margarita E Dmitrieva
- All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Science, Branch of All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiyev Posad, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vassili N Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
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19
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Jumaa RS, Allawi AB, Jabbar RN. Genetic Analysis of Field Isolates of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Iraqi Farms. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i1.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty samples of bursa of Fabricius were collected from broiler chickens suspected to be infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in different areas of Iraq for molecular evaluation. The extracted nucleic acid was amplified using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting genes of segment A (Vp2, Vp3, Vp4 and Vp5 genes) and segment B (VP1 genes). The products of amplification were sent to Korea for sequencing using Sanger method. The sequencing analysis of the IBDV from the Iraqi isolates revealed that each gene had different transition and transversion (nonsense and missense of point mutation) compared to reference genes. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the VP2 of segment A of the Iraqi samples was similar to that of an Egyptian strain with 96%similarity, the polypeptide VP2-3-4 of segment A of the Iraqi samples was similar to those of a Chinese strain with 99% similarity and the VP5 of segment A was similar to that of Chinese strain with 99% similarity. However, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the VP1 of segment B had 95% similarity with that of a Chinese strain.
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20
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Discrete Virus Factories Form in the Cytoplasm of Cells Coinfected with Two Replication-Competent Tagged Reporter Birnaviruses That Subsequently Coalesce over Time. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02107-19. [PMID: 32321810 PMCID: PMC7307154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Birnaviridae family, responsible for major economic losses to poultry and aquaculture, is composed of nonenveloped viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome that replicate in discrete cytoplasmic virus factories (VFs). Reassortment is common; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown given that VFs may act as a barrier to genome mixing. In order to provide new information on VF trafficking during dsRNA virus coinfection, we rescued two recombinant infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) of strain PBG98 containing either a split GFP11 or a tetracysteine (TC) tag fused to the VP1 polymerase (PBG98-VP1-GFP11 and PBG98-VP1-TC). DF-1 cells transfected with GFP1-10 prior to PBG98-VP1-GFP11 infection or stained with a biarsenical derivative of the red fluorophore resorufin (ReAsH) following PBG98-VP1-TC infection, had green or red foci in the cytoplasm, respectively, that colocalized with VP3 and dsRNA, consistent with VFs. The average number of VFs decreased from a mean of 60 to 5 per cell between 10 and 24 h postinfection (hpi) (P < 0.0001), while the average area increased from 1.24 to 45.01 μm2 (P < 0.0001), and live cell imaging revealed that the VFs were highly dynamic structures that coalesced in the cytoplasm. Small VFs moved faster than large (average 0.57 μm/s at 16 hpi compared to 0.22 μm/s at 22 hpi), and VF coalescence was dependent on an intact microtubule network and actin cytoskeleton. During coinfection with PBG98-VP1-GFP11 and PBG98-VP1-TC viruses, discrete VFs initially formed from each input virus that subsequently coalesced 10 to 16 hpi, and we speculate that Birnaviridae reassortment requires VF coalescence.IMPORTANCE Reassortment is common in viruses with segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes. However, these viruses typically replicate within discrete cytoplasmic virus factories (VFs) that may represent a barrier to genome mixing. We generated the first replication competent tagged reporter birnaviruses, infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) containing a split GFP11 or tetracysteine (TC) tag and used the viruses to track the location and movement of IBDV VFs, in order to better understand the intracellular dynamics of VFs during a coinfection. Discrete VFs initially formed from each virus that subsequently coalesced from 10 h postinfection. We hypothesize that VF coalescence is required for the reassortment of the Birnaviridae This study provides new information that adds to our understanding of dsRNA virus VF trafficking.
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21
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Tomás G, Marandino A, Techera C, Olivera V, Perbolianachis P, Fuques E, Grecco S, Hernández M, Hernández D, Calleros L, Craig MI, Panzera Y, Vagnozzi A, Pérez R. Origin and global spreading of an ancestral lineage of the infectious bursal disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1198-1212. [PMID: 31834976 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an economically relevant and widespread pathogen that produces immunosuppression in young chickens. IBDV is genetically classified into seven genogroups (G1-G7), where the traditional classic, variant and very virulent strains correspond to G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The G4 strains, also known as 'distinct' (dIBDV), have recently acquired increased relevance because of their prevalence and notorious impair to the poultry industry in South America. Here, worldwide dIBDV strains were studied using phylogenetic and phylodynamic approaches. The phylogenetic analyses performed using partial and complete sequences of both viral segments (A and B) consistently clustered the dIBDV strains in a monophyletic group. The analyses of the VP5, polyprotein and VP1 coding regions identified amino acid residues that act as markers for the identification of the entire dIBDV group or different sub-populations. The phylodynamic analyses performed using the hypervariable region of VP2 indicated that the dIBDV strains emerged in the early 1930s in Eastern Europe, shortly after the emergence of classic strains (1927) and before variant (1949) and very virulent strains (1967). The analysis of the migration routes indicated that after its emergence, the dIBDV strains spread to Eastern Asia around 1959, to Brazil around 1963, and to Argentina around 1990. These inter-continental migrations resulted in three sub-populations that are currently represented by strains from (a) Brazil, (b) Eastern Asia and Canada, and (c) Eastern Europe, Argentina and Uruguay. Taken together, our results highlight the complex evolutionary history of IBDV and the importance of new phylodynamic data to unravel and nearly follow the different evolutionary pathways taken by this important poultry pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Olivera
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Perbolianachis
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eddie Fuques
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Calleros
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Isabel Craig
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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22
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Sicard A, Pirolles E, Gallet R, Vernerey MS, Yvon M, Urbino C, Peterschmitt M, Gutierrez S, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. A multicellular way of life for a multipartite virus. eLife 2019; 8:43599. [PMID: 30857590 PMCID: PMC6414197 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A founding paradigm in virology is that the spatial unit of the viral replication cycle is an individual cell. Multipartite viruses have a segmented genome where each segment is encapsidated separately. In this situation the viral genome is not recapitulated in a single virus particle but in the viral population. How multipartite viruses manage to efficiently infect individual cells with all segments, thus with the whole genome information, is a long-standing but perhaps deceptive mystery. By localizing and quantifying the genome segments of a nanovirus in host plant tissues we show that they rarely co-occur within individual cells. We further demonstrate that distinct segments accumulate independently in different cells and that the viral system is functional through complementation across cells. Our observation deviates from the classical conceptual framework in virology and opens an alternative possibility (at least for nanoviruses) where the infection can operate at a level above the individual cell level, defining a viral multicellular way of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sicard
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pirolles
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Gallet
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michel Yvon
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cica Urbino
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, BGPI, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, BGPI, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Serafin Gutierrez
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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23
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Tomás G, Marandino A, Courtillon C, Amelot M, Keita A, Pikula A, Hernández M, Hernández D, Vagnozzi A, Panzera Y, Domańska-Blicharz K, Eterradossi N, Pérez R, Soubies SM. Antigenicity, pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effect caused by a South American isolate of infectious bursal disease virus belonging to the "distinct" genetic lineage. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:245-254. [PMID: 30663339 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1572867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease affecting young chickens. The recently described "distinct IBDV" (dIBDV) genetic lineage encompasses a group of worldwide distributed strains that share conserved genetic characteristics in both genome segments making them unique within IBDV strains. Phenotypic characterization of these strains is scarce and limited to Asiatic and European strains collected more than 15 years ago. The present study aimed to assess the complete and comprehensive phenotypic characterization of a recently collected South American dIBDV strain (1/chicken/URY/1302/16). Genetic analyses of both partial genome segments confirmed that this strain belongs to the dIBDV genetic lineage and that it is not a reassortant. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies indicated that this strain has a particular antigenic profile, similar to that obtained in a dIBDV strain from Europe (80/GA), which differs from those previously found in the traditional classic, variant and very virulent strains. Chickens infected with the South American dIBDV strain showed subclinical infections but had a marked bursal atrophy. Further analysis using Newcastle disease virus-immunized chickens, previously infected with the South American and European dIBDV strains, demonstrated their severe immunosuppressive effect. These results indicate that dIBDV strains currently circulating in South America can severely impair the immune system of chickens, consequently affecting the local poultry industry. Our study provides new insights into the characteristics and variability of this global genetic lineage and is valuable to determine whether specific control measures are required for the dIBDV lineage. Research Highlights A South American strain of the dIBDV lineage was phenotypically characterized. The strain produced subclinical infections with a marked bursal atrophy. Infected chickens were severely immunosuppressed. The dIBDV strains are antigenically divergent from other IBDV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Céline Courtillon
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Michel Amelot
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Alassane Keita
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Anna Pikula
- c Department of Poultry Diseases , National Veterinary Research Institute Pulawy , Poland
| | - Martín Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- d Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Yanina Panzera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | | | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Ruben Pérez
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Sébastien Mathieu Soubies
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
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24
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Ubiquitination Is Essential for Avibirnavirus Replication by Supporting VP1 Polymerase Activity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01899-18. [PMID: 30429342 PMCID: PMC6340032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01899-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avibirnavirus protein VP1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is responsible for IBDV genome replication, gene expression, and assembly. However, little is known about its chemical modification relating to its polymerase activity. In this study, we revealed the molecular mechanism of ubiquitin modification of VP1 via a K63-linked ubiquitin chain during infection. Lysine (K) residue 751 at the C terminus of VP1 is the target site for ubiquitin, and its ubiquitination is independent of VP1’s interaction with VP3 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4A II. The K751 ubiquitination promotes the polymerase activity of VP1 and unubiquitinated VP1 mutant IBDV significantly impairs virus replication. We conclude that VP1 is the ubiquitin-modified protein and reveal the mechanism by which VP1 promotes avibirnavirus replication. Ubiquitination is critical for several cellular physical processes. However, ubiquitin modification in virus replication is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the presence and effect of ubiquitination on polymerase activity of viral protein 1 (VP1) of avibirnavirus. We report that the replication of avibirnavirus is regulated by ubiquitination of its VP1 protein, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In vivo detection revealed the ubiquitination of VP1 protein in IBDV-infected target organs and different cells but not in purified IBDV particles. Further analysis of ubiquitination confirms that VP1 is modified by K63-linked ubiquitin chain. Point mutation screening showed that the ubiquitination site of VP1 was at the K751 residue in the C terminus. The K751 ubiquitination is independent of VP1’s interaction with VP3 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4A II. Polymerase activity assays indicated that the K751 ubiquitination at the C terminus of VP1 enhanced its polymerase activity. The K751-to-R mutation of VP1 protein did not block the rescue of IBDV but decreased the replication ability of IBDV. Our data demonstrate that the ubiquitination of VP1 is crucial to regulate its polymerase activity and IBDV replication. IMPORTANCE Avibirnavirus protein VP1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is responsible for IBDV genome replication, gene expression, and assembly. However, little is known about its chemical modification relating to its polymerase activity. In this study, we revealed the molecular mechanism of ubiquitin modification of VP1 via a K63-linked ubiquitin chain during infection. Lysine (K) residue 751 at the C terminus of VP1 is the target site for ubiquitin, and its ubiquitination is independent of VP1’s interaction with VP3 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4A II. The K751 ubiquitination promotes the polymerase activity of VP1 and unubiquitinated VP1 mutant IBDV significantly impairs virus replication. We conclude that VP1 is the ubiquitin-modified protein and reveal the mechanism by which VP1 promotes avibirnavirus replication.
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25
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Techera C, Tomás G, Panzera Y, Banda A, Perbolianachis P, Pérez R, Marandino A. Development of real-time PCR assays for single and simultaneous detection of infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia virus. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 43:58-63. [PMID: 30447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and chicken anemia virus (CAV) cause relevant immunosuppressive diseases in poultry. Clinical diagnosis of these viruses is challenging given the different disease presentations and the frequent occurrence of co-infections with other pathogens. Here, we standardized and validated simplex and duplex RT-qPCR assays for the straightforward detection of IBDV and CAV. The qPCR assays are based on primers and hydrolysis probes that target highly conserved regions of IBDV and CAV genomes. Analytical sensitivity tests on 10-fold serial dilutions containing 100-108 viral genomes indicated that the simplex assays have good determination coefficients and efficiency and detect a wide range of virus doses (102 to 108 molecules copies/reactions). The relatively small values of intra- and inter-assay variability ensure the repeatability and support its reproducibility in different diagnostic and research facilities. The assays are also efficient tools for absolute quantification as indicated by the analytical performance analysis. The assays have an excellent specificity and absence of cross-reactivity with negative samples, or with other common avian viruses. The simplex IBDV and CAV assays use probes labelled with different dyes (FAM and HEX) and can be multiplexed for the simultaneous detection of both viruses. The determination coefficients, PCR efficiencies, and relatively small intra- and inter-assay variability were comparable to the simplex assays. This duplex assay is the first to simultaneously detect IBDV and CAV using the same RNA extraction from the bursa of Fabricius in a single and straightforward step. Therefore, this method is time saving, provides quantitative results for both targets without any cross-reaction, and reduces the risk of carrying-over contaminations. The qPCR assays here developed can be used in simplex and duplex formats for detection and quantification of large number of samples with reliable sensitivity and specificity. These tools are expected to improve surveillance and control of these ubiquitous viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Banda
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 97813, Pearl, MS39288, USA
| | - Paula Perbolianachis
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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26
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Mertens J, Bondia P, Allende-Ballestero C, Carrascosa JL, Flors C, Castón JR. Mechanics of Virus-like Particles Labeled with Green Fluorescent Protein. Biophys J 2018; 115:1561-1568. [PMID: 30249401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoindentation with an atomic force microscope was used to investigate the mechanical properties of virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the avian pathogen infectious bursal disease virus, in which the major capsid protein was modified by fusion with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). These VLPs assemble as ∼70-nm-diameter T = 13 icosahedral capsids with large cargo space. The effect of the insertion of heterologous proteins in the capsid was characterized in the elastic regime, revealing that EGFP-labeled chimeric VLPs are more rigid than unmodified VLPs. In addition, nanoindentation measurements beyond the elastic regime allowed the determination of brittleness and rupture force limit. EGFP incorporation results in a complex shape of the indentation curve and lower critical indentation depth of the capsid, rendering more brittle particles as compared to unlabeled VLPs. These observations suggest the presence of a complex and more constrained network of interactions between EGFP and the capsid inner shell. These results highlight the effect of fluorescent protein insertion on the mechanical properties of these capsids. Because the physical properties of the viral capsid are connected to viral infectivity and VLP transport and disassembly, our results are relevant to design improved labeling strategies for fluorescence tracking in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mertens
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Bondia
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, Spain; Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José L Carrascosa
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, Spain; Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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The RNA-Binding Protein of a Double-Stranded RNA Virus Acts like a Scaffold Protein. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00968-18. [PMID: 30021893 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00968-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus with a T=13 icosahedral capsid, has a virion assembly strategy that initiates with a precursor particle based on an internal scaffold shell similar to that of tailed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses. In IBDV-infected cells, the assembly pathway results mainly in mature virions that package four dsRNA segments, although minor viral populations ranging from zero to three dsRNA segments also form. We used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), cryo-electron tomography, and atomic force microscopy to characterize these IBDV populations. The VP3 protein was found to act as a scaffold protein by building an irregular, ∼40-Å-thick internal shell without icosahedral symmetry, which facilitates formation of a precursor particle, the procapsid. Analysis of IBDV procapsid mechanical properties indicated a VP3 layer beneath the icosahedral shell, which increased the effective capsid thickness. Whereas scaffolding proteins are discharged in tailed dsDNA viruses, VP3 is a multifunctional protein. In mature virions, VP3 is bound to the dsRNA genome, which is organized as ribonucleoprotein complexes. IBDV is an amalgam of dsRNA viral ancestors and traits from dsDNA and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses.IMPORTANCE Structural analyses highlight the constraint of virus evolution to a limited number of capsid protein folds and assembly strategies that result in a functional virion. We report the cryo-EM and cryo-electron tomography structures and the results of atomic force microscopy studies of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a double-stranded RNA virus with an icosahedral capsid. We found evidence of a new inner shell that might act as an internal scaffold during IBDV assembly. The use of an internal scaffold is reminiscent of tailed dsDNA viruses, which constitute the most successful self-replicating system on Earth. The IBDV scaffold protein is multifunctional and, after capsid maturation, is genome bound to form ribonucleoprotein complexes. IBDV encompasses numerous functional and structural characteristics of RNA and DNA viruses; we suggest that IBDV is a modern descendant of ancestral viruses and comprises different features of current viral lineages.
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Identification and assessment of virulence of a natural reassortant of infectious bursal disease virus. Vet Res 2018; 49:89. [PMID: 30208951 PMCID: PMC6134583 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the most important immunosuppressive viral agents in poultry production. Prophylactic vaccinations of chicken flocks are the primary tool for disease control. Widely used immunoprophylaxis can, however, provide high pressure which contributes to the genetic diversification of circulating viruses, e.g. through reassortment of genome segments. We report the genetic and phenotypic characterization of a field reassortant IBDV (designated as Bpop/03) that acquired segment A from very virulent IBDV and segment B from classical attenuated D78-like IBDV. Despite the mosaic genetic make-up, the virus caused high mortality (80%) in experimentally infected SPF chickens and induced lesions typical of the acute form of IBD. The in vivo study results are in contrast with the foregoing experimental investigations in which the natural reassortants exhibited an intermediate pathotype, and underline the complex nature of IBDV virulence.
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Capsid Structure of dsRNA Fungal Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090481. [PMID: 30205532 PMCID: PMC6164181 DOI: 10.3390/v10090481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most fungal, double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses lack an extracellular life cycle stage and are transmitted by cytoplasmic interchange. dsRNA mycovirus capsids are based on a 120-subunit T = 1 capsid, with a dimer as the asymmetric unit. These capsids, which remain structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, nevertheless, are dynamic particles involved in the organization of the viral genome and the viral polymerase necessary for RNA synthesis. The atomic structure of the T = 1 capsids of four mycoviruses was resolved: the L-A virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScV-L-A), Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV), Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), and Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1 (RnQV1). These capsids show structural variations of the same framework, with 60 asymmetric or symmetric homodimers for ScV-L-A and PsV-F, respectively, monomers with a duplicated similar domain for PcV, and heterodimers of two different proteins for RnQV1. Mycovirus capsid proteins (CP) share a conserved α-helical domain, although the latter may carry different peptides inserted at preferential hotspots. Insertions in the CP outer surface are likely associated with enzymatic activities. Within the capsid, fungal dsRNA viruses show a low degree of genome compaction compared to reoviruses, and contain one to two copies of the RNA-polymerase complex per virion.
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Ye C, Yu Z, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Ruan Y, Guo Y, Chen M, Luan S, Zhang E, Liu H. STAU1 binds to IBDV genomic double-stranded RNA and promotes viral replication via attenuation of MDA5-dependent β interferon induction. FASEB J 2018; 33:286-300. [PMID: 29979632 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800062rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection triggers the induction of type I IFN, which is mediated by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 recognition of the viral genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, the mechanism of IBDV overcoming the type I IFN antiviral response remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that IBDV genomic dsRNA selectively binds to the host cellular RNA binding protein Staufen1 (STAU1) in vitro and in vivo. The viral dsRNA binding region was mapped to the N-terminal moiety of STAU1 (residues 1-468). Down-regulation of STAU1 impaired IBDV replication and enhanced IFN-β transcription in response to IBDV infection, while having little effect on the viral attachment to the host cells and cellular entry. Conversely, overexpression of STAU1 but not the IBDV dsRNA-binding deficient STAU1 mutant (469-702) led to a suppression of IBDV dsRNA-induced IFN-β promoter activity. Moreover, we found that the binding of STAU1 to IBDV dsRNA decreased the association of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 but not VP3 with the IBDV dsRNA in vitro. Finally, we showed that STAU1 and VP3 suppressed IFN-β gene transcription in response to IBDV infection in an additive manner. Collectively, these findings provide a novel insight into the evasive strategies used by IBDV to escape the host IFN antiviral response.-Ye, C., Yu, Z., Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., Ruan, Y., Guo, Y., Chen, M., Luan, S., Zhang, E., Liu, H. STAU1 binds to IBDV genomic double-stranded RNA and promotes viral replication via attenuation of MDA5-dependent β interferon induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Zhaoli Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Yina Ruan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Yueping Guo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Mianmian Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Shilu Luan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Enli Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Hebin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and.,Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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31
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Exacerbated Apoptosis of Cells Infected with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus upon Exposure to Interferon Alpha. J Virol 2018. [PMID: 29540594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00364-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) belongs to the Birnaviridae family and is the etiological agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease (IBD) that affects domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). IBD or Gumboro disease leads to high rates of morbidity and mortality of infected animals and is responsible for major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. IBD is characterized by a massive loss of IgM-bearing B lymphocytes and the destruction of the bursa of Fabricius. The molecular bases of IBDV pathogenicity are still poorly understood; nonetheless, an exacerbated cytokine immune response and B cell depletion due to apoptosis are considered main factors that contribute to the severity of the disease. Here we have studied the role of type I interferon (IFN) in IBDV infection. While IFN pretreatment confers protection against subsequent IBDV infection, the addition of IFN to infected cell cultures early after infection drives massive apoptotic cell death. Downregulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), or nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) expression drastically reduces the extent of apoptosis, indicating that they are critical proteins in the apoptotic response induced by IBDV upon treatment with IFN-α. Our results indicate that IBDV genomic dsRNA is a major viral factor that contributes to the triggering of apoptosis. These findings provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms of IBDV-induced immunosuppression and pathogenesis in chickens.IMPORTANCE IBDV infection represents an important threat to the poultry industry worldwide. IBDV-infected chickens develop severe immunosuppression, which renders them highly susceptible to secondary infections and unresponsive to vaccination against other pathogens. The early dysregulation of the innate immune response led by IBDV infection and the exacerbated apoptosis of B cells have been proposed as the main factors that contribute to virus-induced immunopathogenesis. Our work contributes for the first time to elucidating a potential mechanism driving the apoptotic death of IBDV-infected cells upon exposure to type I IFN. We provide solid evidence about the critical importance of PKR, TNF-α, and NF-κB in this phenomenon. The described mechanism could facilitate the early clearance of infected cells, thereby aiding in the amelioration of IBDV-induced pathogenesis, but it could also contribute to B cell depletion and immunosuppression. The balance between these two opposing effects might be dramatically affected by the genetic backgrounds of both the host and the infecting virus strain.
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32
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Abed M, Soubies S, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Allée C, Amelot M, De Boisseson C, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Belahouel A, Kara R, Essalhi A, Temim S, Khelef D, Eterradossi N. Infectious bursal disease virus in Algeria: Detection of highly pathogenic reassortant viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:48-57. [PMID: 29409800 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an immunosuppressive viral disease, present worldwide, which causes mortality and immunosuppression in young chickens. The causative agent, the Avibirnavirus IBDV, is a non-enveloped virus whose genome consists of two segments (A and B) of double-stranded RNA. Different pathotypes of IBDV exist, ranging from attenuated vaccine strains to very virulent viruses (vvIBDV). In Algeria, despite the prophylactic measures implemented, cases of IBD are still often diagnosed clinically and the current molecular epidemiology of IBDV remains unknown. The presence of the virus and especially of strains genetically close to vvIBDV was confirmed in 2000 by an unpublished OIE report. In this study, nineteen IBDV isolates were collected in Algeria between September 2014 and September 2015 during clinical outbreaks. These isolates were analyzed at the genetic, antigenic and pathogenic levels. Our results reveal a broad genetic and phenotypic diversity of pathogenic IBDV strains in Algeria, with, i) the circulation of viruses with both genome segments related to European vvIBDV, which proved as pathogenic for specific pathogen-free chickens as vvIBDV reference strain, ii) the circulation of viruses closely related - yet with a specific segment B - to European vvIBDV, their pathogenicity being lower than reference vvIBDV, iii) the detection of reassortant viruses whose segment A was related to vvIBDV whereas their segment B did not appear closely related to any reference sequence. Interestingly, the pathogenicity of these potentially reassortant strains was comparable to that of reference vvIBDV. All strains characterized in this study exhibited an antigenicity similar to the cognate reference IBDV strains. These data reveal the continuous genetic evolution of IBDV strains in Algerian poultry through reassortment and acquisition of genetic material of unidentified origin. Continuous surveillance of the situation as well as good vaccination practice associated with appropriate biosecurity measures are necessary for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Abed
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sébastien Soubies
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Experimental Poultry Unit (SELEAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire De Boisseson
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Ali Belahouel
- Veterinary Practice, Beni Slimane, 26000, Medea, Algeria
| | | | | | - Soraya Temim
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamel Khelef
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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33
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Abstract
Most emerging and re-emerging human and animal viral diseases are associated with RNA viruses. All these pathogens, with the exception of retroviruses, encode a specialized enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), which catalyze phosphodiester-bond formation between ribonucleotides (NTPs) in an RNA template-dependent manner. These enzymes function either as single polypeptides or in complex with other viral or host components to transcribe and replicate the viral RNA genome. The structures of RdRPs and RdRP catalytic complexes, currently available for several members of (+) ssRNA, (-)ssRNA and dsRNA virus families, have provided high resolution snapshots of the functional steps underlying replication and transcription of viral RNA genomes and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ferrero
- Structural Biology Unit, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrer-Orta
- Structural Biology Unit, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Verdaguer
- Structural Biology Unit, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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34
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Pascual E, Mata CP, Carrascosa JL, Castón JR. Assembly/disassembly of a complex icosahedral virus to incorporate heterologous nucleic acids. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:494001. [PMID: 29083994 PMCID: PMC7103166 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa96ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hollow protein containers are widespread in nature, and include virus capsids as well as eukaryotic and bacterial complexes. Protein cages are studied extensively for applications in nanotechnology, nanomedicine and materials science. Their inner and outer surfaces can be modified chemically or genetically, and the internal cavity can be used to template, store and/or arrange molecular cargos. Virus capsids and virus-like particles (VLP, noninfectious particles) provide versatile platforms for nanoscale bioengineering. Study of capsid protein self-assembly into monodispersed particles, and of VLP structure and biophysics is necessary not only to understand natural processes, but also to infer how these platforms can be redesigned to furnish novel functional VLP. Here we address the assembly dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a complex icosahedral virus. IBDV has a ~70 nm-diameter T = 13 capsid with VP2 trimers as the only structural subunits. During capsid assembly, VP2 is synthesized as a precursor (pVP2) whose C terminus is cleaved. The pVP2 C terminus has an amphipathic helix that controls VP2 polymorphism. In the absence of the VP3 scaffolding protein, necessary for control of assembly, 466/456-residue pVP2 intermediates bearing this helix assemble into VLP only when expressed with an N-terminal His6 tag (the HT-VP2-466 protein). HT-VP2-466 capsids are optimal for genetic insertion of proteins (cargo space ~78 000 nm3). We established an in vitro assembly/disassembly system of HT-VP2-466-based VLP for heterologous nucleic acid packaging and/or encapsulation of drugs and other molecules. HT-VP2-466 (empty) capsids were disassembled and reassembled by dialysis against low-salt/basic pH and high-salt/acid pH buffers, respectively, thus illustrating the reversibility in vitro of IBDV capsid assembly. HT-VP2-466 VLP also packed heterologous DNA by non-specific confinement during assembly. These and previous results establish the bases for biotechnological applications based on the IBDV capsid and its ability to incorporate exogenous proteins and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pascual
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos P Mata
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Carrascosa
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 Interacts with Ribonucleoprotein Complexes To Enhance Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Polymerase Activity. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00584-17. [PMID: 28592532 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00584-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus. Segment A contains two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), which encode viral proteins VP2, VP3, VP4, and VP5. Segment B contains one ORF and encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1. IBDV ribonucleoprotein complexes are composed of VP1, VP3, and dsRNA and play a critical role in mediating viral replication and transcription during the virus life cycle. In the present study, we identified a cellular factor, VDAC1, which was upregulated during IBDV infection and found to mediate IBDV polymerase activity. VDAC1 senses IBDV infection by interacting with viral proteins VP1 and VP3. This association is caused by RNA bridging, and all three proteins colocalize in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of VDAC1 resulted in a reduction in viral polymerase activity and a subsequent decrease in viral yield. Moreover, overexpression of VDAC1 enhanced IBDV polymerase activity. We also found that the viral protein VP3 can replace segment A to execute polymerase activity. A previous study showed that mutations in the C terminus of VP3 directly influence the formation of VP1-VP3 complexes. Our immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that protein-protein interactions between VDAC1 and VP3 and between VDAC1 and VP1 play a role in stabilizing the interaction between VP3 and VP1, further promoting IBDV polymerase activity.IMPORTANCE The cellular factor VDAC1 controls the entry and exit of mitochondrial metabolites and plays a pivotal role during intrinsic apoptosis by mediating the release of many apoptogenic molecules. Here we identify a novel role of VDAC1, showing that VDAC1 interacts with IBDV ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and facilitates IBDV replication by enhancing IBDV polymerase activity through its ability to stabilize interactions in RNP complexes. To our knowledge, this is the first report that VDAC1 is specifically involved in regulating IBDV RNA polymerase activity, providing novel insight into virus-host interactions.
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36
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Ertel KJ, Benefield D, Castaño-Diez D, Pennington JG, Horswill M, den Boon JA, Otegui MS, Ahlquist P. Cryo-electron tomography reveals novel features of a viral RNA replication compartment. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28653620 PMCID: PMC5515581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest genetic class of viruses, include numerous important pathogens such as Zika virus. These viruses replicate their RNA genomes in novel, membrane-bounded mini-organelles, but the organization of viral proteins and RNAs in these compartments has been largely unknown. We used cryo-electron tomography to reveal many previously unrecognized features of Flock house nodavirus (FHV) RNA replication compartments. These spherular invaginations of outer mitochondrial membranes are packed with electron-dense RNA fibrils and their volumes are closely correlated with RNA replication template length. Each spherule’s necked aperture is crowned by a striking cupped ring structure containing multifunctional FHV RNA replication protein A. Subtomogram averaging of these crowns revealed twelve-fold symmetry, concentric flanking protrusions, and a central electron density. Many crowns were associated with long cytoplasmic fibrils, likely to be exported progeny RNA. These results provide new mechanistic insights into positive-strand RNA virus replication compartment structure, assembly, function and control. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25940.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Ertel
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Desirée Benefield
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Janice G Pennington
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Mark Horswill
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Johan A den Boon
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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37
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Mosley YYC, Wu CC, Lin TL. A free VP3 C-terminus is essential for the replication of infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Res 2017; 232:77-79. [PMID: 28189698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been successfully incorporated into the viral-like particles of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with a linker at the C-terminus of VP3 in a baculovirus system. However, when the same locus in segment A was used to express GFP by a reverse genetic (RG) system, no viable GFP-expressing IBDV was recovered. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, cDNA construct of segment A with only the linker sequence (9 amino acids) was applied to generate RG IBDV virus (rIBDV). Similarly, no rIBDV was recovered. Moreover, when the incubation after transfection was extended, wildtype rIBDV without the linker was recovered suggesting a free C-terminus of VP3 might be necessary for IBDV replication. On the other hand, rIBDV could be recovered when additional sequence (up to 40 nucleotides) were inserted at the 3' noncoding region (NCR) adjacent to the stop codon of VP3, suggesting that the burden of the linker sequence was not in the stretched genome size but the disruption of the VP3 function. Finally, when the stop codon of VP3 was deleted in segment A to extend the translation into the 3' NCR without introducing additional genomic sequence, no rIBDV was recovered. Our data suggest that a free VP3 C-terminus is essential for IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi C Mosley
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ching Ching Wu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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38
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Tomás G, Hernández M, Marandino A, Techera C, Grecco S, Hernández D, Banda A, Panzera Y, Pérez R. Development of an RT-qPCR assay for the specific detection of a distinct genetic lineage of the infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:150-156. [PMID: 27924642 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1228827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a major health threat to the world's poultry industry despite intensive controls including proper biosafety practices and vaccination. IBDV (Avibirnavirus, Birnaviridae) is a non-enveloped virus with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome. The virus is traditionally classified into classic, variant and very virulent strains, each with different epidemiological relevance and clinical implications. Recently, a novel worldwide spread genetic lineage was described and denoted as distinct (d) IBDV. Here, we report the development and validation of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay for the specific detection of dIBDVs in the global poultry industry. The assay employs a TaqMan-MGB probe that hybridizes with a unique molecular signature of dIBDV. The assay successfully detected all the assessed strains belonging to the dIBDV genetic lineage, showing high specificity and absence of cross-reactivity with non-dIBDVs, IBDV-negative samples and other common avian viruses. Using serial dilutions of in vitro-transcribed RNA we obtained acceptable PCR efficiencies and determination coefficients, and relatively small intra- and inter-assay variability. The assay demonstrated a wide dynamic range between 103 and 108 RNA copies/reaction. This rapid, specific and quantitative assay is expected to improve IBDV surveillance and control worldwide and to increase our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of this economically detrimental poultry pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Sofia Grecco
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Banda
- b Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine , Mississippi State University , Pearl , MS , USA
| | - Yanina Panzera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
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Heterodimers as the Structural Unit of the T=1 Capsid of the Fungal Double-Stranded RNA Rosellinia necatrix Quadrivirus 1. J Virol 2016; 90:11220-11230. [PMID: 27707923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01013-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses are transcribed and replicated in a specialized icosahedral capsid with a T=1 lattice consisting of 60 asymmetric capsid protein (CP) dimers. These capsids help to organize the viral genome and replicative complex(es). They also act as molecular sieves that isolate the virus genome from host defense mechanisms and allow the passage of nucleotides and viral transcripts. Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1 (RnQV1), the type species of the family Quadriviridae, is a dsRNA fungal virus with a multipartite genome consisting of four monocistronic segments (segments 1 to 4). dsRNA-2 and dsRNA-4 encode two CPs (P2 and P4, respectively), which coassemble into ∼450-Å-diameter capsids. We used three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy combined with complementary biophysical techniques to determine the structures of RnQV1 virion strains W1075 and W1118. RnQV1 has a quadripartite genome, and the capsid is based on a single-shelled T=1 lattice built of P2-P4 dimers. Whereas the RnQV1-W1118 capsid is built of full-length CP, P2 and P4 of RnQV1-W1075 are cleaved into several polypeptides, maintaining the capsid structural organization. RnQV1 heterodimers have a quaternary organization similar to that of homodimers of reoviruses and other dsRNA mycoviruses. The RnQV1 capsid is the first T=1 capsid with a heterodimer as an asymmetric unit reported to date and follows the architectural principle for dsRNA viruses that a 120-subunit capsid is a conserved assembly that supports dsRNA replication and organization. IMPORTANCE Given their importance to health, members of the family Reoviridae are the basis of most structural and functional studies and provide much of our knowledge of dsRNA viruses. Analysis of bacterial, protozoal, and fungal dsRNA viruses has improved our understanding of their structure, function, and evolution, as well. Here, we studied a dsRNA virus that infects the fungus Rosellinia necatrix, an ascomycete that is pathogenic to a wide range of plants. Using three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation analysis, we determined the structure and stoichiometry of Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1 (RnQV1). The RnQV1 capsid is a T=1 capsid with 60 heterodimers as the asymmetric units. The large amount of genetic information used by RnQV1 to construct a simple T=1 capsid is probably related to the numerous virus-host and virus-virus interactions that it must face in its life cycle, which lacks an extracellular phase.
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Mosley YYC, Wu CC, Lin TL. Infectious bursal disease virus as a replication-incompetent viral vector expressing green fluorescent protein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:23-32. [PMID: 27659678 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has been established as a replication-competent viral vector capable of carrying an epitope at multiple loci in the genome. To enhance the safety and increase the insertion capacity of IBDV as a vector, a replication-incompetent IBDV vector was developed in the present study. The feasibility of replacing one of the viral gene loci, including pvp2, vp3, vp1, or the polyprotein vp243, with the sequence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was explored. A method combining TCID50 and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) determined the most feasible locus for gene replacement to be pvp2. The genomic segment containing gfp at the pvp2 locus was able to be encapsidated into IBDV particles. Furthermore, the expression of GFP in GFP-IBDV infected cells was confirmed by Western blotting and GFP-IBDV particles showed similar morphology and size to that of wildtype IBDV by electron microscopy. By providing the deleted protein in trans in a packaging cell line (pVP2-DF1), replication-incompetent GFP-IBDV particles were successfully plaque-quantified. The gfp sequence from the plaque-forming GFP-IBDV in pVP2-DF1 was confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. To our knowledge, GFP-IBDV developed in the present study is the first replication-incompetent IBDV vector which expresses a foreign protein in infected cells without the capability to produce viral progeny. Additionally, such replication-incompetent IBDV vectors could serve as bivalent vaccine vectors for conferring protection against infections with IBDV and other economically important, or zoonotic, avian pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi C Mosley
- ADDL, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2065, USA
| | - Ching Ching Wu
- ADDL, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2065, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- ADDL, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2065, USA.
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Mosley YYC, Wu CC, Lin TL. IBDV particles packaged with only segment A dsRNA. Virology 2015; 488:68-72. [PMID: 26609936 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multi-segmented dsRNA viruses have been suggested to utilize cis-acting elements in the plus-strand RNA to accomplish genomic RNA assortment during viral packaging. It is not clear if bi-segmented dsRNA birnavirus uses the same strategy. By applying a reverse genetic technique, we generated IBDV particles packaged with only segment A by co-transfection DF-1 cells of cDNA from segment A and VP1 (without 5' and 3' noncoding region of segment B) supporting random assortment mechanism and indicating the packaging elements of segment B include sequences in the 5' and 3' NCR. However, gfp-containing IBDV could not be generated in the presence of gfp cDNA constructs flanked by 5' and 3' NCR from segment A or segment B. The data suggest additional packaging signals are required for IBDV genomic packaging. The presence of VP1 protein in the IBDV-A particles also suggests the formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes might be involved in the assembly of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi C Mosley
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ching Ching Wu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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A protein with simultaneous capsid scaffolding and dsRNA-binding activities enhances the birnavirus capsid mechanical stability. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13486. [PMID: 26336920 PMCID: PMC4559658 DOI: 10.1038/srep13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral capsids are metastable structures that perform many essential processes; they also act as robust cages during the extracellular phase. Viruses can use multifunctional proteins to optimize resources (e.g., VP3 in avian infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV). The IBDV genome is organized as ribonucleoproteins (RNP) of dsRNA with VP3, which also acts as a scaffold during capsid assembly. We characterized mechanical properties of IBDV populations with different RNP content (ranging from none to four RNP). The IBDV population with the greatest RNP number (and best fitness) showed greatest capsid rigidity. When bound to dsRNA, VP3 reinforces virus stiffness. These contacts involve interactions with capsid structural subunits that differ from the initial interactions during capsid assembly. Our results suggest that RNP dimers are the basic stabilization units of the virion, provide better understanding of multifunctional proteins, and highlight the duality of RNP as capsid-stabilizing and genetic information platforms.
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Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP3 Upregulates VP1-Mediated RNA-Dependent RNA Replication. J Virol 2015; 89:11165-8. [PMID: 26311889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00218-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome replication is a critical step in virus life cycles. Here, we analyzed the role of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP3, a major component of IBDV ribonucleoprotein complexes, on the regulation of VP1, the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Data show that VP3, as well as a peptide mimicking its C-terminal domain, efficiently stimulates the ability of VP1 to replicate synthetic single-stranded RNA templates containing the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) from the IBDV genome segments.
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Wang S, Hu B, Si W, Jia L, Zheng X, Zhou J. Avibirnavirus VP4 Protein Is a Phosphoprotein and Partially Contributes to the Cleavage of Intermediate Precursor VP4-VP3 Polyprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128828. [PMID: 26046798 PMCID: PMC4457844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birnavirus-encoded viral protein 4 (VP4) utilizes a Ser/Lys catalytic dyad mechanism to process polyprotein. Here three phosphorylated amino acid residues Ser538, Tyr611 and Thr674 within the VP4 protein of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a member of the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae, were identified by mass spectrometry. Anti-VP4 monoclonal antibodies finely mapping to phosphorylated (p)Ser538 and the epitope motif 530PVVDGIL536 were generated and verified. Proteomic analysis showed that in IBDV-infected cells the VP4 was distributed mainly in the cytoskeletal fraction and existed with different isoelectric points and several phosphorylation modifications. Phosphorylation of VP4 did not influence the aggregation of VP4 molecules. The proteolytic activity analysis verified that the pTyr611 and pThr674 sites within VP4 are involved in the cleavage of viral intermediate precursor VP4-VP3. This study demonstrates that IBDV-encoded VP4 protein is a unique phosphoprotein and that phosphorylation of Tyr611 and Thr674 of VP4 affects its serine-protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Boli Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weiying Si
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (XJZ)
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (XJZ)
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Méndez F, de Garay T, Rodríguez D, Rodríguez JF. Infectious bursal disease virus VP5 polypeptide: a phosphoinositide-binding protein required for efficient cell-to-cell virus dissemination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123470. [PMID: 25886023 PMCID: PMC4401730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a member of the Birnaviridae family, is a major avian pathogen responsible for an immunosuppressive disease affecting juvenile chickens. The IBDV genome is formed by two dsRNA segments. The largest one harbors two partially overlapping open reading frames encoding a non-structural polypeptide, known as VP5, and a large polyprotein, respectively. VP5 is non-essential for virus replication. However, it plays a major role in IBDV pathogenesis. VP5 accumulates at the plasma membrane (PM) of IBDV-infected cells. We have analyzed the mechanism underlying the VP5 PM targeting. Updated topological prediction algorithm servers fail to identify a transmembrane domain within the VP5 sequence. However, the VP5 polycationic C-terminal region, harboring three closely spaced patches formed by two or three consecutive basic amino acid residues (lysine or arginine), might account for its PM tropism. We have found that mutations, either C-terminal VP5 deletions or replacement of basic amino acids by alanine residues, that reduce the electropositive charge of the VP5 C-terminus abolish PM targeting. Lipid overlay assays performed with an affinity-purified Flag-tagged VP5 (FVP5) protein version show that this polypeptide binds several phosphoinositides (PIP), exhibiting a clear preference for monophosphate species. Experiments performed with FVP5 mutant proteins lacking the polycationic domain demonstrate that this region is essential for PIP binding. Data gathered with IBDV mutants expressing C-terminal deleted VP5 polypeptides generated by reverse genetics demonstrate that the VP5-PIP binding domain is required both for its PM targeting in infected cells, and for efficient virus dissemination. Data presented here lead us to hypothesize that IBDV might use a non-lytic VP5-dependent cell-to-cell spreading mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Méndez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás de Garay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José F. Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Hernández M, Tomás G, Marandino A, Iraola G, Maya L, Mattion N, Hernández D, Villegas P, Banda A, Panzera Y, Pérez R. Genetic characterization of South American infectious bursal disease virus reveals the existence of a distinct worldwide-spread genetic lineage. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:212-21. [PMID: 25746415 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1025696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the most concerning health problems for world poultry production. IBDVs comprise four well-defined evolutionary lineages known as classic (c), classic attenuated (ca), variant (va) and very virulent (vv) strains. Here, we characterized IBDVs from South America by the genetic analysis of both segments of the viral genome. Viruses belonging to c, ca and vv strains were unambiguously classified by the presence of molecular markers and phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the vp2 gene. Notably, the majority of the characterized viruses (9 out of 15) could not be accurately assigned to any of the previously described strains and were then denoted as distinct (d) IBDVs. These dIBDVs constitute an independent evolutionary lineage that also comprises field IBDVs from America, Europe and Asia. The hypervariable VP2 sequence of dIBDVs has a unique and conserved molecular signature (272T, 289P, 290I and 296F) that is a diagnostic character for classification. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) also identified the dIBDVs as a cluster of genetically related viruses separated from the typical strains. DAPC and genetic distance estimation indicated that the dIBDVs are one of the most genetically divergent IBDV lineages. The vp1 gene of the dIBDVs has non-vvIBDV markers and unique nucleotide and amino acid features that support their divergence in both genomic segments. The present study suggests that the dIBDVs comprise a neglected, highly divergent lineage that has been circulating in world poultry production since the early time of IBDV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
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Gimenez MC, Rodríguez Aguirre JF, Colombo MI, Delgui LR. Infectious bursal disease virusuptake involves macropinocytosis and trafficking to early endosomes in a Rab5-dependent manner. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:988-1007. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María C. Gimenez
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad Juan Agustín Maza; Mendoza Argentina
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET; Mendoza Argentina
| | | | - María I. Colombo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad Juan Agustín Maza; Mendoza Argentina
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET; Mendoza Argentina
| | - Laura R. Delgui
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad Juan Agustín Maza; Mendoza Argentina
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET; Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Mendoza Argentina
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Three-dimensional structure of a protozoal double-stranded RNA virus that infects the enteric pathogen Giardia lamblia. J Virol 2014; 89:1182-94. [PMID: 25378500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02745-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Giardia lamblia virus (GLV) is a small, nonenveloped, nonsegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus infecting Giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human intestine and a major agent of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide. GLV (genus Giardiavirus) is a member of family Totiviridae, along with several other groups of protozoal or fungal viruses, including Leishmania RNA viruses and Trichomonas vaginalis viruses. Interestingly, GLV is more closely related than other Totiviridae members to a group of recently discovered metazoan viruses that includes penaeid shrimp infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Moreover, GLV is the only known protozoal dsRNA virus that can transmit efficiently by extracellular means, also like IMNV. In this study, we used transmission electron cryomicroscopy and icosahedral image reconstruction to examine the GLV virion at an estimated resolution of 6.0 Å. Its outermost diameter is 485 Å, making it the largest totivirus capsid analyzed to date. Structural comparisons of GLV and other totiviruses highlighted a related "T=2" capsid organization and a conserved helix-rich fold in the capsid subunits. In agreement with its unique capacity as a protozoal dsRNA virus to survive and transmit through extracellular environments, GLV was found to be more thermoresistant than Trichomonas vaginalis virus 1, but no specific protein machinery to mediate cell entry, such as the fiber complexes in IMNV, could be localized. These and other structural and biochemical findings provide a basis for future work to dissect the cell entry mechanism of GLV into a "primitive" (early-branching) eukaryotic host and an important enteric pathogen of humans. IMPORTANCE Numerous pathogenic bacteria, including Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio cholerae, are infected with lysogenic bacteriophages that contribute significantly to bacterial virulence. In line with this phenomenon, several pathogenic protozoa, including Giardia lamblia, Leishmania species, and Trichomonas vaginalis are persistently infected with dsRNA viruses, and growing evidence indicates that at least some of these protozoal viruses can likewise enhance the pathogenicity of their hosts. Understanding of these protozoal viruses, however, lags far behind that of many bacteriophages. Here, we investigated the dsRNA virus that infects the widespread enteric parasite Giardia lamblia. Using electron cryomicroscopy and icosahedral image reconstruction, we determined the virion structure of Giardia lamblia virus, obtaining new information relating to its assembly, stability, functions in cell entry and transcription, and similarities and differences with other dsRNA viruses. The results of our study set the stage for further mechanistic work on the roles of these viruses in protozoal virulence.
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van Cleef KWR, van Mierlo JT, Miesen P, Overheul GJ, Fros JJ, Schuster S, Marklewitz M, Pijlman GP, Junglen S, van Rij RP. Mosquito and Drosophila entomobirnaviruses suppress dsRNA- and siRNA-induced RNAi. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8732-44. [PMID: 24939903 PMCID: PMC4117760 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a crucial antiviral defense mechanism in insects, including the major mosquito species that transmit important human viruses. To counteract the potent antiviral RNAi pathway, insect viruses encode RNAi suppressors. However, whether mosquito-specific viruses suppress RNAi remains unclear. We therefore set out to study RNAi suppression by Culex Y virus (CYV), a mosquito-specific virus of the Birnaviridae family that was recently isolated from Culex pipiens mosquitoes. We found that the Culex RNAi machinery processes CYV double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Furthermore, we show that RNAi is suppressed in CYV-infected cells and that the viral VP3 protein is responsible for RNAi antagonism. We demonstrate that VP3 can functionally replace B2, the well-characterized RNAi suppressor of Flock House virus. VP3 was found to bind long dsRNA as well as siRNAs and interfered with Dicer-2-mediated cleavage of long dsRNA into siRNAs. Slicing of target RNAs by pre-assembled RNA-induced silencing complexes was not affected by VP3. Finally, we show that the RNAi-suppressive activity of VP3 is conserved in Drosophila X virus, a birnavirus that persistently infects Drosophila cell cultures. Together, our data indicate that mosquito-specific viruses may encode RNAi antagonists to suppress antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen W R van Cleef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joël T van Mierlo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelke J Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Schuster
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Singh Y, Yadav K, Singh VK, Kumar R. Molecular diagnosis and adaptation of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus on chicken embryo fibroblast cell. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.351-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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