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Ivanova JR, Benk AS, Schaefer JV, Dreier B, Hermann LO, Plückthun A, Missirlis D, Spatz JP. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as Actin Labels of Distinct Cytoskeletal Structures in Living Cells. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8919-8933. [PMID: 38489155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The orchestrated assembly of actin and actin-binding proteins into cytoskeletal structures coordinates cell morphology changes during migration, cytokinesis, and adaptation to external stimuli. The accurate and unbiased visualization of the diverse actin assemblies within cells is an ongoing challenge. We describe here the identification and use of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) as synthetic actin binders. Actin-binding DARPins were identified through ribosome display and validated biochemically. When introduced or expressed inside living cells, fluorescently labeled DARPins accumulated at actin filaments, validated through phalloidin colocalization on fixed cells. Nevertheless, different DARPins displayed different actin labeling patterns: some DARPins labeled efficiently dynamic structures, such as filopodia, lamellipodia, and blebs, while others accumulated primarily in stress fibers. This differential intracellular distribution correlated with DARPin-actin binding kinetics, as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments. Moreover, the rapid arrest of actin dynamics induced by pharmacological treatment led to the fast relocalization of DARPins. Our data support the hypothesis that the localization of actin probes depends on the inherent dynamic movement of the actin cytoskeleton. Compared to the widely used LifeAct probe, one DARPin exhibited enhanced signal-to-background ratio while retaining a similar ability to label stress fibers. In summary, we propose DARPins as promising actin-binding proteins for labeling or manipulation in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Ivanova
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amelie S Benk
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- CSL Behring AG, 3014 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leon O Hermann
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Missirlis
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, INF 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, INF 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Glögl M, Friedrich N, Cerutti G, Lemmin T, Kwon YD, Gorman J, Maliqi L, Mittl PRE, Hesselman MC, Schmidt D, Weber J, Foulkes C, Dingens AS, Bylund T, Olia AS, Verardi R, Reinberg T, Baumann NS, Rusert P, Dreier B, Shapiro L, Kwong PD, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Trapping the HIV-1 V3 loop in a helical conformation enables broad neutralization. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1323-1336. [PMID: 37605043 PMCID: PMC10497408 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The third variable (V3) loop on the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimer is indispensable for virus cell entry. Conformational masking of V3 within the trimer allows efficient neutralization via V3 only by rare, broadly neutralizing glycan-dependent antibodies targeting the closed prefusion trimer but not by abundant antibodies that access the V3 crown on open trimers after CD4 attachment. Here, we report on a distinct category of V3-specific inhibitors based on designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) technology that reinstitute the CD4-bound state as a key neutralization target with up to >90% breadth. Broadly neutralizing DARPins (bnDs) bound V3 solely on open envelope and recognized a four-turn amphipathic α-helix in the carboxy-terminal half of V3 (amino acids 314-324), which we termed 'αV3C'. The bnD contact surface on αV3C was as conserved as the CD4 binding site. Molecular dynamics and escape mutation analyses underscored the functional relevance of αV3C, highlighting the potential of αV3C-based inhibitors and, more generally, of postattachment inhibition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Glögl
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Young D Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liridona Maliqi
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R E Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria C Hesselman
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam S Olia
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Gaudreault F, Baardsnes J, Martynova Y, Dachon A, Hogues H, Corbeil CR, Purisima EO, Arbour M, Sulea T. Exploring rigid-backbone protein docking in biologics discovery: a test using the DARPin scaffold. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1253689. [PMID: 37692063 PMCID: PMC10484509 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1253689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate protein-protein docking remains challenging, especially for artificial biologics not coevolved naturally against their protein targets, like antibodies and other engineered scaffolds. We previously developed ProPOSE, an exhaustive docker with full atomistic details, which delivers cutting-edge performance by allowing side-chain rearrangements upon docking. However, extensive protein backbone flexibility limits its practical applicability as indicated by unbound docking tests. To explore the usefulness of ProPOSE on systems with limited backbone flexibility, here we tested the engineered scaffold DARPin, which is characterized by its relatively rigid protein backbone. A prospective screening campaign was undertaken, in which sequence-diversified DARPins were docked and ranked against a directed epitope on the target protein BCL-W. In this proof-of-concept study, only a relatively small set of 2,213 diverse DARPin interfaces were selected for docking from the huge theoretical library from mutating 18 amino-acid positions. A computational selection protocol was then applied for enrichment of binders based on normalized computed binding scores and frequency of binding modes against the predefined epitope. The top-ranked 18 designed DARPin interfaces were selected for experimental validation. Three designs exhibited binding affinities to BCL-W in the nanomolar range comparable to control interfaces adopted from known DARPin binders. This result is encouraging for future screening and engineering campaigns of DARPins and possibly other similarly rigid scaffolds against targeted protein epitopes. Method limitations are discussed and directions for future refinements are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Gaudreault
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yuliya Martynova
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurore Dachon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hervé Hogues
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher R. Corbeil
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Enrico O. Purisima
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Arbour
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Becker L, Plückthun A. DARPins bind their cytosolic targets after having been translocated through the protective antigen pore of anthrax toxin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8048. [PMID: 37198284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein-protein interactions in aberrant signaling pathways have emerged as a prime target in several diseases, particularly cancer. Since many protein-protein interactions are mediated by rather flat surfaces, they can typically not be interrupted by small molecules as they require cavities for binding. Therefore, protein drugs might be developed to compete with undesired interactions. However, proteins in general are not able to translocate from the extracellular side to the cytosolic target site by themselves, and thus an efficient protein translocation system, ideally combining efficient translocation with receptor specificity, is in high demand. Anthrax toxin, the tripartite holotoxin of Bacillus anthracis, is one of the best studied bacterial protein toxins and has proven to be a suitable candidate for cell-specific translocation of cargoes in vitro and in vivo. Our group recently developed a retargeted protective antigen (PA) variant fused to different Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) to achieve receptor specificity, and we incorporated a receptor domain to stabilize the prepore and prevent cell lysis. This strategy had been shown to deliver high amounts of cargo DARPins fused behind the N-terminal 254 amino acids of Lethal Factor (LFN). Here, we established a cytosolic binding assay, demonstrating the ability of DARPins to refold in the cytosol and bind their target after been translocated by PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Strubel A, Münick P, Chaikuad A, Dreier B, Schaefer J, Gebel J, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Knapp S, Plückthun A, Dötsch V. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as a tool box for analyzing p63. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2445-2458. [PMID: 35717504 PMCID: PMC9751120 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the p53 transcription factor family is dependent on several folded domains. In addition to a DNA-binding domain, members of this family contain an oligomerization domain. p63 and p73 also contain a C-terminal Sterile α-motif domain. Inhibition of most transcription factors is difficult as most of them lack deep pockets that can be targeted by small organic molecules. Genetic knock-out procedures are powerful in identifying the overall function of a protein, but they do not easily allow one to investigate roles of individual domains. Here we describe the characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that were selected as tight binders against all folded domains of p63. We determine binding affinities as well as specificities within the p53 protein family and show that DARPins can be used as intracellular inhibitors for the modulation of transcriptional activity. By selectively inhibiting DNA binding of the ΔNp63α isoform that competes with p53 for the same promoter sites, we show that p53 can be reactivated. We further show that inhibiting the DNA binding activity stabilizes p63, thus providing evidence for a transcriptionally regulated negative feedback loop. Furthermore, the ability of DARPins to bind to the DNA-binding domain and the Sterile α-motif domain within the dimeric-only and DNA-binding incompetent conformation of TAp63α suggests a high structural plasticity within this special conformation. In addition, the developed DARPins can also be used to specifically detect p63 in cell culture and in primary tissue and thus constitute a very versatile research tool for studying the function of p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strubel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Münick
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Gebel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Dötsch
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Programmable DARPin-based receptors for the detection of thrombotic markers. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:1125-1134. [PMID: 35941237 PMCID: PMC9512699 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies remain constrained by the limited availability of sensors for disease markers. Here we present an integrated target-to-receptor pipeline for constructing a customizable advanced modular bispecific extracellular receptor (AMBER) that combines our generalized extracellular molecule sensor (GEMS) system with a high-throughput platform for generating designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins). For proof of concept, we chose human fibrin degradation products (FDPs) as markers with high clinical relevance and screened a DARPin library for FDP binders. We built AMBERs equipped with 19 different DARPins selected from 160 hits, and found 4 of them to be functional as heterodimers with a known single-chain variable fragments binder. Tandem receptors consisting of combinations of the validated DARPins are also functional. We demonstrate applications of these AMBER receptors in vitro and in vivo by constructing designer cell lines that detect pathological concentrations of FDPs and respond with the production of a reporter and a therapeutic anti-thrombotic protein. ![]()
Merging the generalized extracellular molecule sensor (GEMS) system with screening designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) identifies an advanced modular bispecific extracellular receptor (AMBER) for detection of fibrinogen degradation products.
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7
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Friedrich N, Stiegeler E, Glögl M, Lemmin T, Hansen S, Kadelka C, Wu Y, Ernst P, Maliqi L, Foulkes C, Morin M, Eroglu M, Liechti T, Ivan B, Reinberg T, Schaefer JV, Karakus U, Ursprung S, Mann A, Rusert P, Kouyos RD, Robinson JA, Günthard HF, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Distinct conformations of the HIV-1 V3 loop crown are targetable for broad neutralization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6705. [PMID: 34795280 PMCID: PMC8602657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein elicits a vigorous, but largely non-neutralizing antibody response directed to the V3-crown, whereas rare broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target the V3-base. Challenging this view, we present V3-crown directed broadly neutralizing Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (bnDs) matching the breadth of V3-base bnAbs. While most bnAbs target prefusion Env, V3-crown bnDs bind open Env conformations triggered by CD4 engagement. BnDs achieve breadth by focusing on highly conserved residues that are accessible in two distinct V3 conformations, one of which resembles CCR5-bound V3. We further show that these V3-crown conformations can, in principle, be attacked by antibodies. Supporting this conclusion, analysis of antibody binding activity in the Swiss 4.5 K HIV-1 cohort (n = 4,281) revealed a co-evolution of V3-crown reactivities and neutralization breadth. Our results indicate a role of V3-crown responses and its conformational preferences in bnAb development to be considered in preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Friedrich
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Stiegeler
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.424277.0Present Address: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.29078.340000 0001 2203 2861Present Address: Euler Institute, Faculty of Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hansen
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: NGM Bio, 333 Oysterpoint Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Claus Kadelka
- grid.34421.300000 0004 1936 7312Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Yufan Wu
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Innovent Biologics Inc, 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123 China
| | - Patrick Ernst
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Present Address: Office Research and Teaching, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liridona Maliqi
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Morin
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: BeiGene Switzerland GmbH, Aeschengraben 27, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Eroglu
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Janssen Vaccines AG, Rehhagstrasse 79, 3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Liechti
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Present Address: ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Branislav Ivan
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.410567.1Present Address: Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V. Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Present Address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics (CBT), Novartis Pharma AG, Virchow 16, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Umut Karakus
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ursprung
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Present Address: University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Axel Mann
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A. Robinson
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Ribosome Display Technology: Applications in Disease Diagnosis and Control. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030028. [PMID: 32605027 PMCID: PMC7551589 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody ribosome display remains one of the most successful in vitro selection technologies for antibodies fifteen years after it was developed. The unique possibility of direct generation of whole proteins, particularly single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs), has facilitated the establishment of this technology as one of the foremost antibody production methods. Ribosome display has become a vital tool for efficient and low-cost production of antibodies for diagnostics due to its advantageous ability to screen large libraries and generate binders of high affinity. The remarkable flexibility of this method enables its applicability to various platforms. This review focuses on the applications of ribosome display technology in biomedical and agricultural fields in the generation of recombinant scFvs for disease diagnostics and control.
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9
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BCL-w: apoptotic and non-apoptotic role in health and disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:260. [PMID: 32317622 PMCID: PMC7174325 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins integrates signals that trigger either cell survival or apoptosis. The balance between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic proteins is important for tissue development and homeostasis, while impaired apoptosis contributes to several pathologies and can be a barrier against effective treatment. BCL-w is an anti-apoptotic protein that shares a sequence similarity with BCL-XL, and exhibits a high conformational flexibility. BCL-w level is controlled by a number of signaling pathways, and the repertoire of transcriptional regulators largely depends on the cellular and developmental context. As only a few disease-relevant genetic alterations of BCL2L2 have been identified, increased levels of BCL-w might be a consequence of abnormal activation of signaling cascades involved in the regulation of BCL-w expression. In addition, BCL-w transcript is a target of a plethora of miRNAs. Besides its originally recognized pro-survival function during spermatogenesis, BCL-w has been envisaged in different types of normal and diseased cells as an anti-apoptotic protein. BCL-w contributes to survival of senescent and drug-resistant cells. Its non-apoptotic role in the promotion of cell migration and invasion has also been elucidated. Growing evidence indicates that a high BCL-w level can be therapeutically relevant in neurodegenerative disorders, neuron dysfunctions and after small intestinal resection, whereas BCL-w inhibition can be beneficial for cancer patients. Although several drugs and natural compounds can bi-directionally affect BCL-w level, agents that selectively target BCL-w are not yet available. This review discusses current knowledge on the role of BCL-w in health, non-cancerous diseases and cancer.
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Computational Modeling of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein Complexes with Their Targets. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2852-2868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Caria S, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Structural insight into an evolutionarily ancient programmed cell death regulator - the crystal structure of marine sponge BHP2 bound to LB-Bak-2. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2543. [PMID: 28079890 PMCID: PMC5386376 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sponges of the porifera family harbor some of the evolutionary most ancient orthologs of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family, a protein family critical to regulation of apoptosis. The genome of the sponge Geodia cydonium contains the putative pro-survival Bcl-2 homolog BHP2, which protects sponge tissue as well as mammalian Hek-293 and NIH-3T3 cells against diverse apoptotic stimuli. The Lake Baikal demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis has been shown to encode both putative pro-survival Bcl-2 (LB-Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 members (LB-Bak-2), which have been implied in axis formation (branches) in L. baicalensis. However, the molecular mechanism of action of sponge-encoded orthologs of Bcl-2 remains to be clarified. Here, we report that the pro-survival Bcl-2 ortholog BHP2 from G. cydonium is able to bind the BH3 motif of a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, LB-Bak-2 of the sponge L. baicalensis. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structure of BHP2 bound to LB-Bak-2, which revealed that using a binding groove conserved across all pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins, BHP2 binds multi-motif Bax-like proteins through their BH3-binding regions. However, BHP2 discriminates against BH3-only bearing proteins by blocking access to a hydrophobic pocket that is critical for BH3 motif binding in pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins from higher organisms. This differential binding mode is reflected in a structure-based phylogenetic comparison of BHP2 with other Bcl-2 family members, which revealed that BHP2 does not cluster with either Bcl-2 members of higher organisms or pathogen-encoded homologs, and assumes a discrete position. Our findings suggest that the molecular machinery and mechanisms for executing Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis as observed in mammals are evolutionary ancient, with early regulation of apoptotic machineries closely resembling their modern counterparts in mammals rather than Caenorhabditis elegans or drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caria
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne,Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mark G Hinds
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne,Victoria 3086, Australia
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Generation of Fluorogen-Activating Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (FADAs) as Versatile Sensor Tools. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1272-1289. [PMID: 26812208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes constitute a valuable toolbox to address a variety of biological questions and they have become irreplaceable for imaging methods. Commonly, such probes consist of fluorescent proteins or small organic fluorophores coupled to biological molecules of interest. Recently, a novel class of fluorescence-based probes, fluorogen-activating proteins (FAPs), has been reported. These binding proteins are based on antibody single-chain variable fragments and activate fluorogenic dyes, which only become fluorescent upon activation and do not fluoresce when free in solution. Here we present a novel class of fluorogen activators, termed FADAs, based on the very robust designed ankyrin repeat protein scaffold, which also readily folds in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm. The FADA generated in this study was obtained by combined selections with ribosome display and yeast surface display. It enhances the fluorescence of malachite green (MG) dyes by a factor of more than 11,000 and thus activates MG to a similar extent as FAPs based on single-chain variable fragments. As shown by structure determination and in vitro measurements, this FADA was evolved to form a homodimer for the activation of MG dyes. Exploiting the favorable properties of the designed ankyrin repeat protein scaffold, we created a FADA biosensor suitable for imaging of proteins on the cell surface, as well as in the cytosol. Moreover, based on the requirement of dimerization for strong fluorogen activation, a prototype FADA biosensor for in situ detection of a target protein and protein-protein interactions was developed. Therefore, FADAs are versatile fluorescent probes that are easily produced and suitable for diverse applications and thus extend the FAP technology.
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Abstract
High-resolution protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography or NMR have proven invaluable for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of a vast range of proteins. Here, we describe methods to generate complexes of proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family of proteins with either biological ligands or small molecule antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Physical Sciences 4, Room 205, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Plückthun A. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins): binding proteins for research, diagnostics, and therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 55:489-511. [PMID: 25562645 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) can recognize targets with specificities and affinities that equal or surpass those of antibodies, but because of their robustness and extreme stability, they allow a multitude of more advanced formats and applications. This review highlights recent advances in DARPin design, illustrates their properties, and gives some examples of their use. In research, they have been established as intracellular, real-time sensors of protein conformations and as crystallization chaperones. For future therapies, DARPins have been developed by advanced, structure-based protein engineering to selectively induce apoptosis in tumors by uncoupling surface receptors from their signaling cascades. They have also been used successfully for retargeting viruses. In ongoing clinical trials, DARPins have shown good safety and efficacy in macular degeneration diseases. These developments all ultimately exploit the high stability, solubility, and aggregation resistance of these molecules, permitting a wide range of conjugates and fusions to be produced and purified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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