1
|
Jiang T, Wan G, Zhang H, Gyawali YP, Underbakke ES, Feng C. Mapping the Intersubunit Interdomain FMN-Heme Interactions in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase by Targeted Quantitative Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1395-1411. [PMID: 38747545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mammals is a family of multidomain proteins in which interdomain electron transfer (IET) is controlled by domain-domain interactions. Calmodulin (CaM) binds to the canonical CaM-binding site in the linker region between the FMN and heme domains of NOS and allows tethered FMN domain motions, enabling an intersubunit FMN-heme IET in the output state for NO production. Our previous cross-linking mass spectrometric (XL MS) results demonstrated site-specific protein dynamics in the CaM-responsive regions of rat neuronal NOS (nNOS) reductase construct, a monomeric protein [Jiang et al., Biochemistry, 2023, 62, 2232-2237]. In this work, we have extended our combined approach of XL MS structural mapping and AlphaFold structural prediction to examine the homodimeric nNOS oxygenase/FMN (oxyFMN) construct, an established model of the NOS output state. We employed parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) based quantitative XL MS (qXL MS) to assess the CaM-induced changes in interdomain dynamics and interactions. Intersubunit cross-links were identified by mapping the cross-links onto top AlphaFold structural models, which was complemented by comparing their relative abundances in the cross-linked dimeric and monomeric bands. Furthermore, contrasting the CaM-free and CaM-bound nNOS samples shows that CaM enables the formation of the intersubunit FMN-heme docking complex and that CaM binding induces extensive, allosteric conformational changes across the NOS regions. Moreover, the observed cross-links sites specifically respond to changes in ionic strength. This indicates that interdomain salt bridges are responsible for stabilizing and orienting the output state for efficient FMN-heme IET. Taken together, our targeted qXL MS results have revealed that CaM and ionic strength modulate specific dynamic changes in the CaM/FMN/heme complexes, particularly in the context of intersubunit interdomain FMN-heme interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Guanghua Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Yadav Prasad Gyawali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Eric S Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh S, Gyawali YP, Jiang T, Bukowski GS, Zheng H, Zhang H, Owopetu R, Thielges MC, Feng C. Probing calmodulin-NO synthase interactions via site-specific infrared spectroscopy: an introductory investigation. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:243-250. [PMID: 38580821 PMCID: PMC11181464 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) binds to a linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to regulate the functional conformational dynamics. Specific residues on the interdomain interface guide the domain-domain docking to facilitate the electron transfer in NOS. Notably, the docking interface between CaM and the heme-containing oxygenase domain of NOS is isoform specific, which is only beginning to be investigated. Toward advancing understanding of the distinct CaM-NOS docking interactions by infrared spectroscopy, we introduced a cyano-group as frequency-resolved vibrational probe into CaM individually and when associated with full-length and a bi-domain oxygenase/FMN construct of the inducible NOS isoform (iNOS). Site-specific, selective labeling with p-cyano-L-phenylalanine (CNF) by amber suppression of CaM bound to the iNOS has been accomplished by protein coexpression due to the instability of recombinant iNOS protein alone. We introduced CNF at residue 108, which is at the putative CaM-heme (NOS) docking interface. CNF was also introduced at residue 29, which is distant from the docking interface. FT IR data show that the 108 site is sensitive to CaM-NOS complex formation, while insensitivity to its association with the iNOS protein or peptide was observed for the 29 site. Moreover, narrowing of the IR bands at residue 108 suggests the C≡N probe experiences a more limited distribution of environments, indicating side chain restriction apparent for the complex with iNOS. This initial work sets the stage for residue-specific characterizations of structural dynamics of the docked states of NOS proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yadav Prasad Gyawali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Gregory S Bukowski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Huayu Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Rebecca Owopetu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Megan C Thielges
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gyawali YP, Jiang T, Yang J, Zheng H, Liu R, Zhang H, Feng C. Differential superoxide production in phosphorylated neuronal nitric oxide synthase mu and alpha variants. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 251:112454. [PMID: 38100901 PMCID: PMC10843652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is regulated by phosphorylation in vivo, yet the underlying biochemical mechanisms remain unclear, primarily due to difficulty in obtaining milligram quantities of phosphorylated nNOS protein; detailed spectroscopic and rapid kinetics investigations require purified protein samples at a concentration in the range of hundreds microM. Moreover, the functional diversity of the nNOS isoform is linked to its splice variants. Also of note is that determination of protein phosphorylation stoichiometry remains as a challenge. To address these issues, this study first expanded a recent genetic code expansion approach to produce phosphorylated rat nNOSμ and nNOSα holoproteins through site-specific incorporation of phosphoserine (pSer) at residues 1446 and 1412, respectively; this site is at the C-terminal tail region, a NOS-unique regulatory element. A quantitative mass spectrometric approach was then developed in-house to analyze unphosphorylated peptides in phosphatase-treated and -untreated phospho-nNOS proteins. The observed pSer-incorporation efficiency consistently exceeded 80%, showing high pSer-incorporation efficiency. Notably, EPR spin trapping results demonstrate that under l-arginine-depleted conditions, pSer1412 nNOSα presented a significant reduction in superoxide generation, whereas pSer1446 nNOSμ exhibited the opposite effect, compared to their unphosphorylated counterparts. This suggests that phosphorylation at the C-terminal tail has a regulatory effect on nNOS uncoupling that may differ between variant forms. Furthermore, the methodologies for incorporating pSer into large, complex protein and quantifying the percentage of phosphorylation in recombinant purified protein should be applicable to other protein systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Huayu Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Haikun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Changjian Feng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Felker D, Lee K, Pospiech TH, Morishima Y, Zhang H, Lau M, Southworth DR, Osawa Y. Mapping interactions of calmodulin and neuronal NO synthase by crosslinking and mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105464. [PMID: 37979917 PMCID: PMC10716779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a homodimeric cytochrome P450-like enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. The binding of calmodulin (CaM) to a linker region between the FAD/FMN-containing reductase domain, and the heme-containing oxygenase domain is needed for electron transfer reactions, reduction of the heme, and NO synthesis. Due to the dynamic nature of the reductase domain and low resolution of available full-length structures, the exact conformation of the CaM-bound active complex during heme reduction is still unresolved. Interestingly, hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry studies revealed interactions of the FMN domain and CaM with the oxygenase domain for iNOS, but not nNOS. This finding prompted us to utilize covalent crosslinking and mass spectrometry to clarify interactions of CaM with nNOS. Specifically, MS-cleavable bifunctional crosslinker disuccinimidyl dibutyric urea was used to identify thirteen unique crosslinks between CaM and nNOS as well as 61 crosslinks within the nNOS. The crosslinks provided evidence for CaM interaction with the oxygenase and reductase domain residues as well as interactions of the FMN domain with the oxygenase dimer. Cryo-EM studies, which gave a high-resolution model of the oxygenase domain, along with crosslink-guided docking provided a model of nNOS that brings the FMN within 15 Å of the heme in support for a more compact conformation than previously observed. These studies also point to the utility of covalent crosslinking and mass spectrometry in capturing transient dynamic conformations that may not be captured by hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Felker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kanghyun Lee
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas H Pospiech
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Morishima
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Miranda Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoichi Osawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang T, Wan G, Zhang H, Gyawali YP, Underbakke ES, Feng C. Probing Protein Dynamics in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase by Quantitative Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2232-2237. [PMID: 37459398 PMCID: PMC10529231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is responsible for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule controlling diverse physiological processes such as neurotransmission and vasodilation. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) is a calmodulin (CaM)-controlled enzyme. In the absence of CaM, several intrinsic control elements, along with NADP+ binding, suppress electron transfer across the NOS domains. CaM binding relieves the inhibitory factors to promote the electron transport required for NO production. The regulatory dynamics of nNOS control elements are critical to governing NO signaling, yet mechanistic questions remain, because the intrinsic dynamics of NOS thwart traditional structural biology approaches. Here, we have employed cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL MS) to probe regulatory dynamics in nNOS, focusing on the CaM-responsive control elements. Quantitative XL MS revealed conformational changes differentiating the nNOS reductase (nNOSred) alone, nNOSred with NADP+, nNOS-CaM, and nNOS-CaM with NADP+. We observed distinct effects of CaM vs NADP+ on cross-linking patterns in nNOSred. CaM induces striking global changes, while the impact of NADP+ is primarily localized to the NADPH-binding subdomain. Moreover, CaM increases the abundance of intra-nNOS cross-links that are related to the formation of the inter-CaM-nNOS cross-links. Taken together, these XL MS results demonstrate that CaM and NADP+ site-specifically alter the nNOS conformational landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Guanghua Wan
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Haikun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | - Eric S. Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Changjian Feng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Popova NA, Soodaeva SK, Klimanov IA, Misharin VM, Temnov AA. Autoregulation and Autoinhibition of the Main NO Synthase Isoforms (Brief Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:53-59. [PMID: 38435476 PMCID: PMC10904358 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (II) (NO) is the most important mediator of a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is synthesized by NO synthases (NOSs), which have three main isoforms differing from each other in terms of activation and inhibition features, levels of NO production, subcellular localization, etc. At the same time, all isoforms are structurally very similar, and these differences are determined by NOS autoregulatory elements. The article presents an analysis of the autoregulatory and autoinhibitory mechanisms of the NOS reductase domain that determine differences in the productivity of isoforms, as well as their dependence on the concentration of Ca2+ ions. The main regulatory elements in NOS that modulate the electron transfer from flavin to heme include calmodulin (CaM), an autoinhibitory insert (AI), and the C-terminal tail (C-tail). Hydrophobic interactions of CaM with the surface of the NOS oxidase domain are assumed to facilitate electron transfer from flavin mononucleotide (FMN). CaM binding causes a change in the inter-domain distances, a shift of AI and the C-tail, and, as a result, a decrease in their inhibitory effect. CaM also shifts the conformational equilibrium of the reductase domain towards more open conformations, reduces the lifetime of conformations, their stereometric distribution, and accelerates the flow of electrons through the reductase domain. The AI element, apparently, induces a conformational change that hinders electron transfer within the reductase domain, similar to the hinge domain in cytochrome P450. Together with CaM, the C-tail regulates the electron flow between flavins, the distance and relative orientation of isoalloxane rings, and also modulates the electron flow from FMN to the terminal acceptor. Together with the C-tail, AI also predetermines the dependence of neuronal and endothelial forms of NOS on the concentration of Ca2+ ions, and the C-tail length affects differences in the productivity of NO synthesis. The inhibitory effect of the C-tail is likely to be reduced by CaM binding due to the C-tail shift due to the electrostatic repulsive forces of the negatively charged phosphate and aspartate residues. The autoregulatory elements of NOS require further study, since the mechanisms of their interaction are complex and multidirectional, and hence provide a wide range of characteristics of the observed isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Popova
- Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Biophysics; Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 28 Orekhovy Boulevard, Moscow, 115682, Russia; Researcher, Laboratory of Chemical and Biotechnological Synthesis; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy Per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - S K Soodaeva
- Head of Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Biophysics; Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 28 Orekhovy Boulevard, Moscow, 115682, Russia; Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Chemical and Biotechnological Synthesis; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy Per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - I A Klimanov
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Biophysics; Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 28 Orekhovy Boulevard, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| | - V M Misharin
- Acting Director of the Institute; Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, 28 Orekhovy Boulevard, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| | - A A Temnov
- Head of Laboratory of Chemical and Biotechnological Synthesis; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy Per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The effect of self-administered methamphetamine on GABAergic interneuron populations and functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2903-2919. [PMID: 35920922 PMCID: PMC9385811 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine (METH, "ice") is a potent and addictive psychostimulant. Abuse of METH perturbs neurotransmitter systems and induces neurotoxicity; however, the neurobiological mechanisms which underlie addiction to METH are not fully understood, limiting the efficacy of available treatments. Here we investigate METH-induced changes to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), parvalbumin and calretinin-expressing GABAergic interneuron populations within the nucleus accumbens (NAc), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). We hypothesise that dysfunction or loss of these GABAergic interneuron populations may disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory balance within the brain. METHODS Male Long Evans rats (N = 32) were trained to lever press for intravenous METH or received yoked saline infusions. Following 14 days of behavioural extinction, animals were given a non-contingent injection of saline or METH (1 mg/kg, IP) to examine drug-primed reinstatement to METH-seeking behaviours. Ninety minutes post-IP injection, animals were culled and brain sections were analysed for Fos, nNOS, parvalbumin and calretinin immunoreactivity in eight distinct subregions of the NAc, PFC and OFC. RESULTS METH exposure differentially affected GABAergic populations, with METH self-administration increasing nNOS immunoreactivity at distinct locations in the prelimbic cortex and decreasing parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the NAc. METH self-administration triggered reduced calretinin immunoreactivity, whilst acute METH administration produced a significant increase in calretinin immunoreactivity. As expected, non-contingent METH-priming treatment increased Fos immunoreactivity in subregions of the NAc and PFC. CONCLUSION Here we report that METH exposure in this model may alter the function of GABAergic interneurons in more subtle ways, such as alterations in neuronal firing or synaptic connectivity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Agnew C, Ayaz P, Kashima R, Loving HS, Ghatpande P, Kung JE, Underbakke ES, Shan Y, Shaw DE, Hata A, Jura N. Structural basis for ALK2/BMPR2 receptor complex signaling through kinase domain oligomerization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4950. [PMID: 34400635 PMCID: PMC8368100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors form active tetrameric complexes, comprised of two type I and two type II receptors, which then transmit signals to SMAD proteins. The link between receptor tetramerization and the mechanism of kinase activation, however, has not been elucidated. Here, using hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, combined with analysis of SMAD signaling, we show that the kinase domain of the type I receptor ALK2 and type II receptor BMPR2 form a heterodimeric complex via their C-terminal lobes. Formation of this dimer is essential for ligand-induced receptor signaling and is targeted by mutations in BMPR2 in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We further show that the type I/type II kinase domain heterodimer serves as the scaffold for assembly of the active tetrameric receptor complexes to enable phosphorylation of the GS domain and activation of SMADs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Agnew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Risa Kashima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanna S Loving
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Prajakta Ghatpande
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Eric S Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | | | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
da Silva Calixto P, de Almeida RN, Stiebbe Salvadori MGS, Dos Santos Maia M, Filho JMB, Scotti MT, Scotti L. In Silico Study Examining New Phenylpropanoids Targets with Antidepressant Activity. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:539-554. [PMID: 32881667 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200902171838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products, such as phenylpropanoids, which are found in essential oils derived from aromatic plants, have been explored during non-clinical psychopharmacology studies, to discover new molecules with relevant pharmacological activities in the central nervous system, especially antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder and is considered to be a disabling public health problem, worldwide, as a primary factor associated with suicide. Current clinically administered antidepressants have late-onset therapeutic actions, are associated with several side effects, and clinical studies have reported that some patients do not respond well to treatment or reach complete remission. OBJECTIVE To review important new targets for antidepressant activity and to select phenylpropanoids with antidepressant activity, using Molegro Virtual Docker and Ossis Data Warris, and to verify substances with more promising antidepressant activity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION An in silico molecular modeling study, based on homology, was conducted to determine the three-dimensional structure of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5- HT2AR), then molecular docking studies were performed and the predisposition for cytotoxicity risk among identified molecules was examined. A model for 5-HT2AR homology, with satisfactory results, was obtained indicating the good stereochemical quality of the model. The phenylpropanoid 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol showed the lowest binding energy for 5-HT2AR, with results relevant to the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway, and showed no toxicity within the parameters of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive system toxicity, and skin-tissue irritability, when evaluated in silico; therefore, this molecule can be considered promising for the investigation of antidepressant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Scotti
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Akanji MA, Adeyanju AA, Rotimi D, Adeyemi OS. Nitric Oxide Balance in Health and Diseases: Implications for New Treatment Strategies. Open Biochem J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874091x02014010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule with diverse physiological functions in humans. The steady-state concentration and site of production of nitric oxide determine its effects in biological systems. The human cells are exposed to both beneficial and harmful effects of NO. These dual effects of NO could depend on its local concentration in the cells. Additionally, the rate of synthesis, translocation, direct interaction with other molecules, and signals contribute to the biochemical and physiological effects of NO. In this review, the biochemical and physiological role of NO, particularly in health and disease as touching on cell signaling, oxidative stress, immunity, as well as cardiovascular protection amongst others, is focused on. Therefore, this review objectively discusses the dual functionality of NO in living cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Offenbacher AR, Holman TR. Fatty Acid Allosteric Regulation of C-H Activation in Plant and Animal Lipoxygenases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153374. [PMID: 32722330 PMCID: PMC7436259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the (per) oxidation of fatty acids that serve as important mediators for cell signaling and inflammation. These reactions are initiated by a C-H activation step that is allosterically regulated in plant and animal enzymes. LOXs from higher eukaryotes are equipped with an N-terminal PLAT (Polycystin-1, Lipoxygenase, Alpha-Toxin) domain that has been implicated to bind to small molecule allosteric effectors, which in turn modulate substrate specificity and the rate-limiting steps of catalysis. Herein, the kinetic and structural evidence that describes the allosteric regulation of plant and animal lipoxygenase chemistry by fatty acids and their derivatives are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Offenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Loving HS, Underbakke ES. Conformational Dynamics of FERM-Mediated Autoinhibition in Pyk2 Tyrosine Kinase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3767-3776. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S. Loving
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric S. Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Astashkin AV, Li J, Zheng H, Feng C. Positional Distributions of the Tethered Modules in Nitric Oxide Synthase: Monte Carlo Calculations and Pulsed EPR Measurements. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7075-7086. [PMID: 31310526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme consists of multiple domains connected by flexible random coil tethers. In a catalytic cycle, the NOS domains move within the limits determined by the length and flexibility of the interdomain tethers and form docking complexes with each other. This process represents a key component of the electron transport from the flavin adenine dinucleotide/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate binding domain to the catalytic heme centers located in the oxygenase domain. Studying the conformational behavior of NOS is therefore imperative for a full understanding of the overall catalytic mechanism. In this work, we have investigated the equilibrium positional distributions of the NOS domains and the bound calmodulin (CaM) by using Monte Carlo calculations of the NOS conformations. As a main experimental reference, we have used the magnetic dipole interaction between a bifunctional spin label attached to T34C/S38C mutant CaM and the NOS heme centers, which was measured by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. In general, the calculations of the conformational distributions allow one to determine the range and statistics of positions occupied by the tethered protein domains, assess the crowding effect of the multiple domains on each other, evaluate the accessibility of various potential domain docking sites, and estimate the interaction energies required to achieve target populations of the docked states. In the particular application described here, we have established the specific mechanisms by which the bound CaM facilitates the flavin mononucleotide (FMN)/heme interdomain docking in NOS. We have also shown that the intersubunit FMN/heme domain docking and electron transfer in the homodimeric NOS protein are dictated by the existing structural makeup of the protein. Finally, from comparison of the calculated and experimental docking probabilities, the characteristic stabilization energies for the CaM/heme domain and the FMN domain/heme domain docking complexes have been estimated as -4.5kT and -10.5kT, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Generation and characterization of functional phosphoserine-incorporated neuronal nitric oxide synthase holoenzyme. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 24:1-9. [PMID: 30315355 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is an important pathway for the regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) at the posttranslational level. However, the molecular underpinnings of NOS regulation by phosphorylations remain unclear to date, mainly because of the problems in making a good amount of active phospho-NOS proteins. Herein, we have established a system in which recombinant rat nNOS holoprotein can be produced with site-specific incorporation of phosphoserine (pSer) at residue 1412, using a specialized bacterial host strain for pSer incorporation. The pSer1412 nNOS protein demonstrates UV-Vis, far-UV CD and fluorescence spectral properties that are identical to those of nNOS overexpressed in other bacterial strains. The protein is also functional, possessing normal NO production and NADPH oxidation activities in the presence of abundant substrate L-Arg. Conversely, the rate of FMN-heme interdomain electron transfer (IET) in pSer1412 nNOS is considerably lower than that of wild-type (wt) nNOS, while the phosphomimetic S1142E mutant possesses similar electron transfer kinetics to that of wt. The successful incorporation and high yield of pSer1412 into rat nNOS and the significant change in the IET kinetics upon the phosphorylation demonstrate a highly useful method for incorporating native phosphorylation sites as a substantial improvement to commonly used phosphomimetics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li J, Zheng H, Wang W, Miao Y, Sheng Y, Feng C. Role of an isoform-specific residue at the calmodulin-heme (NO synthase) interface in the FMN - heme electron transfer. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2425-2431. [PMID: 29904908 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interface between calmodulin (CaM) and the NO synthase (NOS) heme domain is the least characterized interprotein interface that the NOS isoforms must traverse through during catalysis. Our previous molecular dynamics simulations predicted a salt bridge between K497 in human inducible NOS (iNOS) heme domain and D118(CaM). Herein, the FMN - heme interdomain electron transfer (IET) rate was found to be notably decreased by charge-reversal mutation, while the IET in the iNOS K497D mutant is significantly restored by the CaM D118K mutation. The results of wild-type protein with added synthetic peptides further demonstrate the critical nature of K497 relative to the rest of the peptide sequence in modulating the IET. These data provide definitive evidence supporting the regulatory role of the isoform-specific K497 residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Huayu Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yubin Miao
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yinghong Sheng
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, College of Arts & Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Changjian Feng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|