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Nash RJ, Li Y. On-demand auxeticity and co-existing pre-tension induced compression stage in a sandwich design with kinematically constrained 3D suture tiles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6994. [PMID: 39143060 PMCID: PMC11324751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
By incorporating concepts from auxeticity, kinematic constraints, pre-tension induced compression (PIC), and suture tessellations, tiled sandwich composites are designed, demonstrating behaviors attributed to the synergy between auxeticity and pre-tension induced contact and compression, simultaneously triggered by a threshold strain. The designs can theoretically achieve on-demand Poisson's ratio in the widest range (-∞, +∞), and once triggered, the Poisson's ratio is stable under large deformation. Also, once the overall strain goes beyond the threshold, the designs enter into a PIC stage, ensuring the middle soft layer takes the tensile load, while the tiles are under compression via contact and the 3D articulation of the tooth-channel pairs. In this PIC stage, the tooth-channel pairs provide kinematic constraints via the contact and relative sliding between teeth and channels. The deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of them are systematically explored via an integrated analytical, numerical, and experimental approach. Mechanical experiments are performed on 3D printed specimens. It is found that the length aspect ratio and the obliqueness of the teeth significantly influence the constraint angle and therefore the auxeticity and strength of the designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Nash
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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2
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Prasad A, Varshney V, Nepal D, Frank GJ. Bioinspired Design Rules from Highly Mineralized Natural Composites for Two-Dimensional Composite Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:500. [PMID: 37887631 PMCID: PMC10604232 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries of two-dimensional (2D) materials, exemplified by the recent entry of MXene, have ushered in a new era of multifunctional materials for applications from electronics to biomedical sensors due to their superior combination of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. MXene, for example, can be designed for specialized applications using a plethora of element combinations and surface termination layers, making them attractive for highly optimized multifunctional composites. Although multiple critical engineering applications demand that such composites balance specialized functions with mechanical demands, the current knowledge of the mechanical performance and optimized traits necessary for such composite design is severely limited. In response to this pressing need, this paper critically reviews structure-function connections for highly mineralized 2D natural composites, such as nacre and exoskeletal of windowpane oysters, to extract fundamental bioinspired design principles that provide pathways for multifunctional 2D-based engineered systems. This paper highlights key bioinspired design features, including controlling flake geometry, enhancing interface interlocks, and utilizing polymer interphases, to address the limitations of the current design. Challenges in processing, such as flake size control and incorporating interlocking mechanisms of tablet stitching and nanotube forest, are discussed along with alternative potential solutions, such as roughened interfaces and surface waviness. Finally, this paper discusses future perspectives and opportunities, including bridging the gap between theory and practice with multiscale modeling and machine learning design approaches. Overall, this review underscores the potential of bioinspired design for engineered 2D composites while acknowledging the complexities involved and providing valuable insights for researchers and engineers in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Geoffrey J. Frank
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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3
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Yuan Y, Hu H, Zhong J, Yan L, Bai Z, Li J. Low-complexity domain-containing protein (LCDP), induced accumulation of calcium carbonate individual crystals to irregular polycrystals in the triangle sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. Gene 2023; 859:147216. [PMID: 36690224 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The nacre layer is composed of sheet-like aragonite crystals, with often loosely arranged polycrystal aragonite sheets which may induce poor mechanical properties in shells. In this study, a full-length low-complexity domain-containing protein (LCDP) cDNA from the triangle sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii was generated and its role in shell formation investigated. The full-length cDNA was 1058 bp; it had an open reading frame (ORF) of 714 bp encoding 237 amino acids and contained a 20-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus and two low-complexity domains. H. cumingii LCDP was not homologous with other species. Tissue expression analyses showed that LCDP was specifically expressed in the mantle. In shell repair assays, significantly higher LCDP expression was observed in the shell repair group from days 12-21 (p < 0.01). After LCDP silencing, aragonite flake shapes in pearl layers became irregular with disordered deposition, while calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystal surfaces in prismatic layers became rougher and organic matrices between crystals appeared skeletonized, indicating the importance of biomineralization. Our in vitro CaCO3 crystallization assays showed that LCDP induced single crystals to polycrystals, probably via loose arrangement between aragonite flakes. These results provide new insights on freshwater mollusk biomineralization and a theoretical basis for improved pearl quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Honghui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jingyan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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4
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Limeira SCM, Rodrigues SC, Ghilardi RP. Characterization of the cross-lamellar structure of Olivancillaria urceus (Gastropoda: Olividae) and its dissolution pattern. Micron 2023; 166:103416. [PMID: 36680997 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we sought to characterize the cross-lamellar microstructure of the gastropod Olivancillaria urceus (Röding, 1798) and its profile after immersion in acid medium. For crystallographic analysis, segments of the valve were removed and crushed. The powder obtained was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) techniques. For microstructural analysis, eight sections were taken from the shell using a rotary saw. The face of interest of each section was polished with Saint Gobain silicon carbide abrasive powder with mesh sizes of 320, 500, 600, and 1000. The eight sections were divided into four groups of two samples. Three groups were left in 4 % glacial acetic acid solution diluted in water for intervals of 20, 40, and 60 min, respectively, and the control group was not degraded. All wafers were then analyzed in Scanning Electron Microscopy to ascertain the microstructure. The angle and thickness of the layers were determined by Image J software. As a result of the FTIR-ATR technique, a transmittance spectrum was obtained whose valleys represent the vibrational modes of the carbonate ion. The diffractogram peaks and their respective Miller indices, are characteristic of the aragonite crystallographic structure and a small fraction of calcite. The micrographs obtained exposed 3 layers of cross-lamellar microstructure, however, the third and innermost layer showed discontinuity. The angle and average thickness were (105 ± 2)° and (727 ± 5)µm for the outermost layer and (116 ± 3)° and (668 ± 6)µm for the middle layer. The tablets immersed in acid medium showed loss of orientation of the calcium carbonate grains after 40 min and 60 min. Thus, the O. urceus shell exhibits orthorhombic calcium carbonate crystallography. Three layers of cross-lamellar microstructure were identified, as well as the configuration of the structure after contact with corrosive media. These results contribute to the characterization of natural materials and serve as a basis for analysis of the preservation potential in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio C M Limeira
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina C Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Vinte, 1600, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato P Ghilardi
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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5
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Deng Z, Chen L, Li L. Comparative nanoindentation study of biogenic and geological calcite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105538. [PMID: 36343519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic minerals are often reported to be harder and tougher than their geological counterparts. However, quantitative comparison of their mechanical properties, particularly fracture toughness, is still limited. Here we provide a systematic comparison of geological and biogenic calcite (mollusk shell Atrina rigida prisms and Placuna placenta laths) through nanoindentation under both dry and 90% relative humidity conditions. Berkovich nanoindentation is used to reveal the mechanical anisotropy of geological calcite when loaded on different crystallographic planes, i.e., reduced modulus Er{104} ≥ Er{108} > Er{001} and hardness H{001} ≥ H{104} ≥ H{108}, and biogenic calcite has comparable modulus but increased hardness than geological calcite. Based on conical nanoindentation, we elucidate that plastic deformation is activated in geological calcite at the low-load regime (<20 mN), involving r{104} and f{012} dislocation slips as well as e{018} twinning, while cleavage fracture dominates under higher loads by cracking along {104} planes. In comparison, biogenic calcite tends to undergo fracture, while the intercrystalline organic interfaces contribute to damage confinement. In addition, increased humidity does not show a significant influence on the properties of geological calcite and the single-crystal A. rigida prisms, however, the laminate composite of P. placenta laths (layer thickness, ∼250-300 nm) exhibits increased toughness and decreased hardness and modulus. We believe the results of this study can provide a benchmark for future investigations on biominerals and bio-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Liuni Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
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6
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Chen G, Lin T, Guo C, Richter L, Dai N. Bending Study of Six Biological Models for Design of High Strength and Tough Structures. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:176. [PMID: 36412704 PMCID: PMC9680280 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High strength and tough structures are beneficial to increasing engineering components service span. Nonetheless, improving structure strength and, simultaneously, toughness is difficult, since these two properties are generally mutually exclusive. Biological organisms exhibit both excellent strength and toughness. Using bionic structures from these biological organisms can be solutions for improving these properties of engineering components. To effectively apply biological models to design biomimetic structures, this paper analyses strengthening and toughening mechanisms of six fundamentally biological models obtained from biological organisms. Numerical models of three-point bending test are established to predict crack propagation behaviors of the six biological models. Furthermore, the strength and toughness of six biomimetic composites are experimentally evaluated. It is identified that the helical model possesses the highest toughness and satisfying strength. This work provides more detailed evidence for engineers to designate bionic models to the design of biomimetic composites with high strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Ce Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Lutz Richter
- Large Space Structures GmbH, Hauptstr. 1e, D-85386 Eching, Germany
| | - Ning Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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7
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Wu H, Chen J, Duan K, Zhu M, Hou Y, Zhou J, Ren Y, Jiang H, Fan R, Lu Y. Three Dimensional Printing of Bioinspired Crossed-Lamellar Metamaterials with Superior Toughness for Syntactic Foam Substitution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42504-42512. [PMID: 36084147 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials such as conch shells with crossed-lamellar textures hold impressive mechanical properties due to their capability to realize effective crack control and energy dissipation through the structural synergy of interfacial modulus mismatch and lamellar orientation disparity. Integrating this mechanism with mechanical metamaterial design can not only avoid the catastrophic post-yield stress drop found in traditional architectural materials with uniform lattice structures but also effectively maintain the stress level and improve the energy absorption ability. Herein, a novel bioinspired design strategy that combines regional particularity and overall cyclicity is proposed to innovate the connotation of long-range periodicity inside the metamaterial, in which the node constraint gradient and crossed-lamellar struts corresponding to the core features of conch shells are able to guide the deformation sequence with a self-strengthening response during compression. Detailed in situ experiments and finite element analysis confirm that the rotated broad layer stacking can shorten and impede the shear bands, further transforming the deformation of bioinspired metamaterial into a progressive, hierarchical way, highlighted by the cross-layer hysteresis. Even based on a brittle polymeric resin, excellent specific energy absorption capacity [4544 kJ/kg] has been achieved in this architecture, which far exceeds the reported metal-based syntactic foams for two orders of magnitude. These results offer new opportunities for the bioinspired metamaterials to substitute the widespread syntactic foams in specific applications required for both lightweight and energy absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Juzheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengya Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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8
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Sun T, Zhao H, Zhang J, Chen Y, Gao J, Liu L, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L, Lin Q. Degradable Bioinspired Hypersensitive Strain Sensor with High Mechanical Strength Using a Basalt Fiber as a Reinforced Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42723-42733. [PMID: 36073899 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have received extensive attention due to their broad application prospects. However, a majority of present flexible strain sensors may fail to maintain normal sensing performances upon external loads because of their low strength and thus their performances are affected drastically with increasing loads, which severely restricts large-area popularization and application. Scorpions with hypersensitive vibration slit sensilla are coincident with a similar predicament. Herein, it is revealed that scorpions intelligently use risky slits to detect subtle vibrations, and meanwhile, the distinct layered composites of the main body of this organ prevent catastrophic failure of the sensory structure. Furthermore, the extensive use of flexible sensors will generate a mass of electronic waste just as obsoleting silicon-based devices. Considering mechanical properties and environmental issues, a flexible strain sensor based on an elastomer (Ecoflex)-wrapped fabric with the woven structure was designed and fabricated. Note that introducing a "green" basalt fiber (BF) into a degradable elastomer can effectively avoid environmental issues and significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the sensor. As a result, it shows excellent sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) ∼138.10) and high durability (∼40,000 cycles). Moreover, the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/BF/Ecoflex flexible strain sensor possesses superior mechanical properties (tensile strength ∼20 MPa) and good flexibility. More significantly, the sensor can maintain normal performances under large external tensions, impact loads, and even underwater environments, providing novel design principles for environmentally friendly flexible sensors under extremely harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Houqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiao Lin
- Biomedical Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
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Batzel GO, Moreno BK, Lopez LS, Nguyen CK, Livingston BT, Joester D, Lyons DC. Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses in the Slipper Snail Crepidula
fornicata Uncover Shell Matrix Genes Expressed During Adult and Larval Biomineralization. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac023. [PMID: 35968217 PMCID: PMC9365450 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastropod shell is a composite composed of minerals and shell matrix proteins (SMPs). SMPs have been identified by proteomics in many molluscs, but few have been studied in detail. Open questions include (1) what gene regulatory networks regulate SMP expression, (2) what roles individual SMPs play in biomineralization, and (3) how the complement of SMPs changes over development. These questions are best addressed in a species in which gene perturbation studies are available; one such species is the slipper snail, Crepidula fornicata. Here, SEM and pXRD analysis demonstrated that the adult shell of C. fornicata exhibits crossed lamellar microstructure and is composed of aragonite. Using high-throughput proteomics we identified 185 SMPs occluded within the adult shell. Over half of the proteins in the shell proteome have known biomineralization domains, while at least 10% have no homologs in public databases. Differential gene expression analysis identified 20 SMP genes that are up-regulated in the shell-producing mantle tissue. Over half of these 20 SMPs are expressed during development with two, CfSMP1 and CfSMP2, expressed exclusively in the shell gland. Together, the description of the shell microstructure and a list of SMPs now sets the stage for studying the consequences of SMP gene knockdowns in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Batzel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - B K Moreno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - L S Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University , Long Beach, CA 90802, USA
| | - C K Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University , Long Beach, CA 90802, USA
| | - B T Livingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University , Long Beach, CA 90802, USA
| | - D Joester
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - D C Lyons
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Study on the Fracture Toughness of Softwood and Hardwood Estimated by Boundary Effect Model. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15114039. [PMID: 35683337 PMCID: PMC9182387 DOI: 10.3390/ma15114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tensile strength and fracture toughness of softwood and hardwood are measured by the Boundary Effect Model (BEM). The experimental results of single-edge notched three-point bending tests indicate that the BEM is an appropriate method to estimate the fracture toughness of the present fibrous and porous woods. In softwood with alternating earlywood and latewood layers, the variation in the volume percentage of different layers in a small range has no obvious influence on the mechanical properties of the materials. In contrast, the hardwood presents much higher tensile strength and fracture toughness simultaneously due to its complicated structure with crossed arrangement of the fibers and rays and big vessels diffused in the fibers. The present research findings are expected to provide a fundamental insight into the design of high-performance bionic materials with a highly fibrous and porous structure.
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11
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Jia Z, Deng Z, Li L. Biomineralized Materials as Model Systems for Structural Composites: 3D Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106259. [PMID: 35085421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralized materials are sophisticated material systems with hierarchical 3D material architectures, which are broadly used as model systems for fundamental mechanical, materials science, and biomimetic studies. The current knowledge of the structure of biological materials is mainly based on 2D imaging, which often impedes comprehensive and accurate understanding of the materials' intricate 3D microstructure and consequently their mechanics, functions, and bioinspired designs. The development of 3D techniques such as tomography, additive manufacturing, and 4D testing has opened pathways to study biological materials fully in 3D. This review discusses how applying 3D techniques can provide new insights into biomineralized materials that are either well known or possess complex microstructures that are challenging to understand in the 2D framework. The diverse structures of biomineralized materials are characterized based on four universal structural motifs. Nacre is selected as an example to demonstrate how the progression of knowledge from 2D to 3D can bring substantial improvements to understanding the growth mechanism, biomechanics, and bioinspired designs. State-of-the-art multiscale 3D tomographic techniques are discussed with a focus on their integration with 3D geometric quantification, 4D in situ experiments, and multiscale modeling. Outlook is given on the emerging approaches to investigate the synthesis-structure-function-biomimetics relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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12
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Deng Z, Jia Z, Li L. Biomineralized Materials as Model Systems for Structural Composites: Intracrystalline Structural Features and Their Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103524. [PMID: 35315243 PMCID: PMC9108615 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralized composites, which are usually composed of microscopic mineral building blocks organized in 3D intercrystalline organic matrices, have evolved unique structural designs to fulfill mechanical and other biological functionalities. While it has been well recognized that the intricate architectural designs of biomineralized composites contribute to their remarkable mechanical performance, the structural features within and corresponding mechanical properties of individual mineral building blocks are often less appreciated in the context of bio-inspired structural composites. The mineral building blocks in biomineralized composites exhibit a variety of salient intracrystalline structural features, such as, organic inclusions, inorganic impurities (or trace elements), crystalline features (e.g., amorphous phases, single crystals, splitting crystals, polycrystals, and nanograins), residual stress/strain, and twinning, which significantly modify the mechanical properties of biogenic minerals. In this review, recent progress in elucidating the intracrystalline structural features of three most common biomineral systems (calcite, aragonite, and hydroxyapatite) and their corresponding mechanical significance are discussed. Future research directions and corresponding challenges are proposed and discussed, such as the advanced structural characterizations and formation mechanisms of intracrystalline structures in biominerals, amorphous biominerals, and bio-inspired synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
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Li YY, Liang SM, Ji HM, Li XW. Distinctive Impact of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Behavior of Nacreous and Crossed-Lamellar Structures in Biological Shells: Critical Role of Organic Matrix. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1143-1155. [PMID: 35239310 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As biological ceramic composites, mollusk shells exhibit an excellent strength-toughness combination that should be dependent on aragonite/organic matrix interfaces. The mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of the nacreous structure in the Cristaria plicata (C. plicata) shell and crossed-lamellar structures in the Cymbiola nobilis (C. nobilis) shell were investigated, focusing on the critical role of the organic matrix/aragonite interface bonding that can be adjusted by heat treatments. It is found that heat treatments have a negative impact on the fracture behavior of the nacreous structure in the C. plicata shell, and both the bending and shear properties decrease with increasing heat-treatment temperature because of the loss of water and organic matrix. In contrast, for the crossed-lamellar structure in C. nobilis shell, the water loss in heat treatment slightly decreases its bending properties. When the organic matrix is melted after an appropriate heat treatment at 300°C for 15 min, its bending properties can be greatly enhanced; in this case, remarkable toughening mechanisms involving crack deflection and the fiber pull-out are exhibited, although the interfacial bonding strength reduces. Therefore, an appropriate heat treatment would bring about a positive impact on the fracture behavior of crossed-lamellar structure in the C. nobilis shell. The major research findings have provided an important inspiration that the inducement of moderately weak interfaces rather than all strong interfaces might enhance the comprehensive mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Si-Min Liang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
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14
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Liang SM, Ji HM, Li YY, Li XW. An Ingenious Microstructure Arrangement in Deep-Sea Nautilus Shell against the Harsh Environment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4819-4827. [PMID: 34541853 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mollusk shells generally consist of several macro-layers with different microstructures. To explore the specific role that different macro-layers play in the overall mechanical properties of shells, the microstructures, hardness distribution, and three-point bending behavior in the deep-sea Nautilus shell were investigated. It is found that the shell presents a hierarchical structure comprising three layers in thickness, that is, the outer, middle, and inner layers, which exhibit homogeneous, prismatic, and nacreous structures, respectively. Among them, the homogeneous structure in the outer layer is harder, which is beneficial for the shell to enhance resistance to wear and perforation. Furthermore, both the bending strength and fracture energy for group Up (loading from outer to inner surfaces) are far higher than those for group Down (loading from inner to outer surfaces), indicating that the inner nacreous layer is not only stronger but also tougher. Cracks tend to deflect at the interfaces in nacreous structure, and nacreous structure is thereby more resistant to breakage. Hence, the nacreous structure in the inner layer could protect the shell from breaking catastrophically in the deep sea with high pressure. In brief, the combination of a harder outside layer and a tougher inside layer provides an effective protective structure for the deep-sea shell, and the excellent environment adaptability of Nautilus shell can thus be interpreted in terms of its ingenious microstructure arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Liang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Xia Z, Liu X, Li J. The novel matrix protein hic7 of hyriopsis cumingii participates in the formation of the shell and pearl. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110640. [PMID: 34182125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Shell matrix proteins have important roles in the biomineralization of shells. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel shell matrix protein gene, hic7, from the mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. The cDNA of hic7 was 459 bp long, including a 240-bp open reading frame. It encoded a 79 amino acid-long protein, with amino acids 1-19 constituting the signal peptide. The resulting hic7 is rich in cysteine (16.5%). After removing the signal peptide, the molecular weight was 8.85 kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point was 6.34, indicating that hic7 is a weakly acidic shell matrix protein. Hic7 is mainly expressed in the mantle tissue of H. cumingii. In situ hybridization showed hic7 signals at the edge and dorsal region of the mantle outer fold, indicating that it is related to the formation of the prismatic and nacreous layer of the shell. RNA interference indicated that when hic7 was inhibited by 80%, the crystal morphology of the prism and nacre layers of the shell were irregular and disordered. In addition, the expression of hic7 during the early development of the pearl sac indicated that it has an important role in the transformation of calcium carbonate crystals from a disordered to an orderly deposition pattern. These results suggest that matrix protein hic7 take part in constructing the framework of crystal nucleation and regulating the calcium carbonate crystal morphology of the nacreous and prismatic layers of shells and pearls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhonghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314000, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Crippa G, Griesshaber E, Checa AG, Harper EM, Simonet Roda M, Schmahl WW. Orientation patterns of aragonitic crossed-lamellar, fibrous prismatic and myostracal microstructures of modern Glycymeris shells. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Khrunyk Y, Lach S, Petrenko I, Ehrlich H. Progress in Modern Marine Biomaterials Research. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E589. [PMID: 33255647 PMCID: PMC7760574 DOI: 10.3390/md18120589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for new, sophisticated, multifunctional materials has brought natural structural composites into focus, since they underwent a substantial optimization during long evolutionary selection pressure and adaptation processes. Marine biological materials are the most important sources of both inspiration for biomimetics and of raw materials for practical applications in technology and biomedicine. The use of marine natural products as multifunctional biomaterials is currently undergoing a renaissance in the modern materials science. The diversity of marine biomaterials, their forms and fields of application are highlighted in this review. We will discuss the challenges, solutions, and future directions of modern marine biomaterialogy using a thorough analysis of scientific sources over the past ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Khrunyk
- Department of Heat Treatment and Physics of Metal, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Slawomir Lach
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland
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Sun Q, Jiang Y, Yan X, Fan M, Zhang X, Xu H, Liao Z. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Shell Matrix Protein With PDZ Domain From Mytilus coruscus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:543758. [PMID: 33123020 PMCID: PMC7573561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.543758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollusk shells are products of biomineralization and possess excellent mechanical properties, and shell matrix proteins (SMPs) have important functions in shell formation. A novel SMP with a PDZ domain (PDZ-domain-containing-protein-1, PDCP-1) was identified from the shell matrices of Mytilus coruscus. In this study, the gene expression, function, and location of PDCP-1 were analyzed. PDCP-1 was characterized as an ∼70 kDa protein with a PDZ (postsynaptic density/discs large/zonula occludes) domain and a ZM (ZASP-like motif) domain. The PDCP-1 gene has a high expression level and specific location in the foot, mantle and adductor muscle. Recombinantly expressed PDCP-1 (rPDCP-1) altered the morphology of calcite crystals, the polymorph of calcite crystals, binding with both calcite and aragonite crystals, and inhibition of the crystallization rate of calcite crystals. In addition, anti-rPDCP-1 antibody was prepared, and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses revealed the specific location of PDCP-1 in the mantle, the adductor muscle, and the aragonite (nacre and myostracum) layer of the shell, suggesting multiple functions of PDCP-1 in biomineralization, muscle-shell attachment, and muscle attraction. Furthermore, pull-down analysis revealed 19 protein partners of PDCP-1 from the shell matrices, which accordingly provided a possible interaction network of PDCP-1 in the shell. These results expand the understanding of the functions of PDZ-domain-containing proteins (PDCPs) in biomineralization and the supramolecular chemistry that contributes to shell formation.
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Natural arrangement of fiber-like aragonites and its impact on mechanical behavior of mollusk shells: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103940. [PMID: 32957234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During billions of years of evolution, creatures in nature have possessed nearly perfect structures and functions for survival. Multiscale structures in biological materials over several length scales play a pivotal role in achieving structural and functional integrity. Fiber, as a common principal structural element in nature, can be easily constructed in different ways, thus resulting in various natural structures. In this review, we summarized the decades of investigations on a typical biological structure constructed by fiber aragonites in mollusk shells. Crossed-lamellar structure, as one of the most widespread structures in mollusk shells, reconciles the strength-toughness trade-off dilemma successfully due to the presence of highly-hierarchical architectures. This distinctive structure includes several orders of sub-lamellae, and the different order lamellae present a cross-ply feature in one macro crossed-lamellar layer. When a mollusk shell has more than one macro-layer, the crossed-lamellar structure exhibits various forms of architectures including 0°/90°, 0°/90°/0° typical-sandwich, 15°/75°/0° quasi-sandwich, and 0°/90°/0°/90° arranged modes. The fracture resistance and the relevant toughening mechanisms are directly related to the highly-hierarchical crossed-lamellar structures on different length scales. This article is aimed to review the different arranged modes of crossed-lamellar structures existing in nature, with special attention to their impact on the mechanical behavior and salient toughening mechanisms over several length scales, for seeking the design guidelines for the fabrication of bio-inspired advanced engineering materials that are adaptive to different loading conditions.
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The Impact Behaviour of Crab Carapaces in Relation to Morphology. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13183994. [PMID: 32916974 PMCID: PMC7558727 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brachyuran crab carapaces are protective, impact-resistant exoskeletons with elaborate material microstructures. Though several research efforts have been made to characterise the physical, material and mechanical properties of the crab carapace, there are no studies detailing how crab morphologies might influence impact resistance. The purpose of this paper is to characterise and compare Brachyuran crab carapace morphologies in relation to their impact properties, using opto-digital, experimental and numerical methods. We find that crab carapaces with both extended carapace arc-lengths and deep carapace grooves lose stiffness rapidly under cyclic impact loading, and fail in a brittle manner. Contrarily, carapaces with smaller arc lengths and shallower, more broadly distributed carapace grooves are more effective in dissipating stresses caused by impact throughout the carapace structure. This allows them to retain stiffness for longer, and influences their failure mode, which is ductile (denting), rather than brittle fracture. The findings in this paper provide new bioinspired approaches for the geometrical designs by which means material failure under cyclic impact can be controlled and manipulated.
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21
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Zhou Y, Yan Y, Yang D, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of chitinase-like protein 1 in the shell of Pinctada fucata. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:954-966. [PMID: 32634202 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization, especially shell formation, is a sophisticated process regulated by various matrix proteins. Pinctada fucata chitinase-like protein 1 (Pf-Clp1), which belongs to the GH18 family, was discovered by our group using in-depth proteomic analysis. However, its function is still unclear. In this study, we first obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of Pf-Clp1 by RACE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that Pf-Clp1 was highly expressed in the important biomineralization tissues, the mantle edge and the mantle pallial. We expressed and purified recombinant protein rPf-Clp1 in vitro to investigate the function of Pf-Clp1 on CaCO3 crystallization. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and Raman spectroscopy revealed that rPf-Clp1 was able to affect the morphologies of calcite crystal in vitro. Shell notching experiments suggested that Pf-Clp1 might function as a negative regulator during shell formation in vivo. Knockdown of Pf-Clp1 by RNAi led to the overgrowth of aragonite tablets, further confirming its potential negative regulation on biomineralization, especially in the nacreous layer. Our work revealed the potential function of molluscan Clp in shell biomineralization for the first time and unveiled some new understandings toward the molecular mechanism of shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpin Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
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Raut HK, Schwartzman AF, Das R, Liu F, Wang L, Ross CA, Fernandez JG. Tough and Strong: Cross-Lamella Design Imparts Multifunctionality to Biomimetic Nacre. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9771-9779. [PMID: 32597633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The creation of structural composites with combined strength, toughness, low density, and biocompatibility remains a long-standing challenge. On the other hand, bivalve marine shells-Clinocardiumspp.-exhibit strength, stiffness, and toughness that surpass even that of the nacre that is the most widely mimicked model for structural composites. The superior mechanical properties of Clinocardiumspp. shells originate from their cross-lamella design, comprising CaCO3 mineral platelets arranged in an "interlocked" herringbone fashion. Reproduction of such hierarchical designs could offer multifunctionality, potentially combining strength and toughness at low densities, and the capability for seamless integration with biological systems. Here, we demonstrate manufacturing of the cross-lamella design by biomineralizing aragonite films with sawtooth patterns and assembling them in a chitosan/fibroin matrix to generate a composite with interlocked mineral layers. The resultant composite, with a similar constitution to that of the biological counterpart, nearly doubles the strength of previous nacre-mimetic composites while improving the tensile toughness and simultaneously exhibiting stiffness and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Raut
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Division of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alan F Schwartzman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rupambika Das
- Division of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Javier G Fernandez
- Division of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
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Non-cuttable material created through local resonance and strain rate effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11539. [PMID: 32686707 PMCID: PMC7371712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have created a new architected material, which is both highly deformable and ultra‐resistant to dynamic point loads. The bio-inspired metallic cellular structure (with an internal grid of large ceramic segments) is non-cuttable by an angle grinder and a power drill, and it has only 15% steel density. Our architecture derives its extreme hardness from the local resonance between the embedded ceramics in a flexible cellular matrix and the attacking tool, which produces high-frequency vibrations at the interface. The incomplete consolidation of the ceramic grains during the manufacturing also promoted fragmentation of the ceramic spheres into micron-size particulate matter, which provided an abrasive interface with increasing resistance at higher loading rates. The contrast between the ceramic segments and cellular material was also effective against a waterjet cutter because the convex geometry of the ceramic spheres widened the waterjet and reduced its velocity by two orders of magnitude. Shifting the design paradigm from static resistance to dynamic interactions between the material phases and the applied load could inspire novel, metamorphic materials with pre-programmed mechanisms across different length scales.
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Sun Q, Jiang Y, Fan M, Zhang X, Xu H, Liao Z. Characterization of a novel shell matrix protein with vWA domain from Mytilus coruscus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1629-1644. [PMID: 32314940 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1756735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mollusk shell is a product of biomineralization with excellent mechanical properties, and the shell matrix proteins (SMPs) have important functions in shell formation. A vWA domain-containing protein (VDCP) was identified from the shell of Mytilus coruscus as a novel shell matrix protein. The VDCP gene is expressed at a high level in specific locations in the mantle and adductor muscle. Recombinant VDCP (rVDCP) showed abilities to alter the morphology of both calcite and aragonite, induce the polymorph change of calcite, bind calcite, and decrease the crystallization rate of calcite. In addition, immunohistochemistry analyses revealed the specific location of VDCP in the mantle, the adductor muscle, and the myostracum layer of the shell. Furthermore, a pull-down analysis revealed eight protein interaction partners of VDCP in shell matrices and provided a possible protein-protein interaction network of VDCP in the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meihua Fan
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan City, Zhejiang, China
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Weng F, Zhang P, Koranteng E, Ma N, Wu Z, Wu Q. Effects of the special structure of bio‐based shell powder on the properties of shell‐polycaprolactone composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqing Weng
- Green Polymer Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education (Central China Normal University)College of Chemistry Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Peirui Zhang
- Green Polymer Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education (Central China Normal University)College of Chemistry Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Ernest Koranteng
- Green Polymer Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education (Central China Normal University)College of Chemistry Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Nian Ma
- Green Polymer Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education (Central China Normal University)College of Chemistry Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Zhengshun Wu
- Green Polymer Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education (Central China Normal University)College of Chemistry Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Qiangxian Wu
- Green Polymer Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education (Central China Normal University)College of Chemistry Wuhan 430079 China
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26
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Molecular characterization of a whirlin-like protein with biomineralization-related functions from the shell of Mytilus coruscus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231414. [PMID: 32267882 PMCID: PMC7141649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollusc shells are produced from calcified skeletons and have excellent mechanical properties. Shell matrix proteins (SMPs) have important functions in shell formation. A 16.6 kDa whirlin-like protein (WLP) with a PDZ domain was identified in the shell of Mytilus coruscus as a novel SMP. In this study, the expression, function, and location of WLP were analysed. The WLP gene was highly expressed and specifically located in the adductor muscle and mantle. The expression of recombinant WLP (rWLP) was associated with morphological change, polymorphic change, binding ability, and crystallization rate inhibition of the calcium carbonate crystals in vitro. In addition, an anti-rWLP antibody was prepared, and the results from immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses revealed the specific location of the WLP in the mantle, adductor muscle, and myostracum layer of the shell, suggesting multiple functions for WLP in biomineralization, muscle-shell attachment, and muscle attraction. Furthermore, results from a pull-down analysis revealed 10 protein partners of WLP in the shell matrices and a possible network of interacting WLPs in the shell. In addition, in this study, one of the WLP partners, actin, was confirmed to have the ability to bind WLP. These results expand the understanding of the functions of PDZ-domain-containing proteins in biomineralization and provide clues for determining the mechanisms of myostracum formation and muscle-shell attachment.
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Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties of Pinctada margaritifera Mollusk Shell. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040634. [PMID: 32231143 PMCID: PMC7221746 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties such as compressive strength and nanohardness were investigated for Pinctada margaritifera mollusk shells. The compressive strength was evaluated through a uniaxial static compression test performed along the load directions parallel and perpendicular to the shell axis, respectively, while the hardness and Young modulus were measured using nanoindentation. In order to observe the crack propagation, for the first time for such material, the in-situ X-ray microscopy (nano-XCT) imaging (together with 3D reconstruction based on the acquired images) during the indentation tests was performed. The results were compared with these obtained during the micro-indentation test done with the help of conventional Vickers indenter and subsequent scanning electron microscopy observations. The results revealed that the cracks formed during the indentation start to propagate in the calcite prism until they reach a ductile organic matrix where most of them are stopped. The obtained results confirm a strong anisotropy of both crack propagation and the mechanical strength caused by the formation of the prismatic structure in the outer layer of P. margaritifera shell.
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Jiang H, Ghods S, Ma Y, Dai X, Yang F, He X. Designed for the enhancement of structure mechanostability and strength: Suture-serrate margins of bivalve shells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103586. [PMID: 32090914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Through biological evolution, bivalve mollusks developed shells to improve the utilization of metabolic energy and provide protection against external threats. In addition to the mechanical optimization of the microstructure, the design of the macroscopic shape of a bivalve shell naturally becomes a potential approach to achieving the aforementioned purposes. While the functions of some features of mollusk shells have been studied, the role of the suture-serrate margins, a common morphology of bivalve shell edges, in the global mechanical behaviors of bivalve shells requires further exploration. Here, we present how the serrate margins contribute to the global mechanical properties of bivalve shells. The results of the compression tests employed on a typical bivalve, M. mercenaria, showed that the complete bivalve shells with suture-serrate margins perform better in terms of strength and work to fracture than those without the margins under the same conditions (dry and wet). The primary failure types observed during compression reveal that the failure mechanisms of valve shells are dependent on the suture-serrate margin morphology and water content. Using numerical simulations, the mechanical functions of the suture-serrate margins were demonstrated. Specifically, serrate margins provide mutual resistance by "locking" complementary valves to redistribute and eliminate stress concentrations around pre-existing defects, thereby enhancing the mechanostability and strength of the entire structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
| | - Sean Ghods
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yinhang Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
| | - Xiangjun Dai
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, SD, China
| | - Fujun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, JS, China
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Ji HM, Liang SM, Li XW, Chen DL. Kinking and cracking behavior in nacre under stepwise compressive loading. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110364. [PMID: 31924049 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The damage evolution of nacre under compressive loading has not been well understood, despite numerous investigations on its compressive behavior. In the present work, quasi-in-situ loading-unloading-reloading stepwise compressive tests were performed on nacre in Pinctada maxima shell, which exhibits a distinctive gradient feature with the thickness of platelets decreasing from the external to internal parts. In the loading direction parallel to the platelets, multiple microcracks and kink bands can absorb much deformation energy, leading to a graceful failure. Kinking only occurs at the final stage of fracture process, and it thus has no obvious influence on the strength of nacre, but contributes to a much larger strain. In the loading direction perpendicular to the platelets, nacre exhibits concurrently much higher compressive strength and fracture strain, as the damage can be effectively restricted. This is attributed to the presence of gradient structure, which disperses the stress concentration in front of the crack tip, and arouses the toughening mechanisms including damage localization and crack deflection. The findings obtained in this study are expected to provide fundamental insights into the design of bio-inspired advanced engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - S M Liang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - X W Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - D L Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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Connors M, Yang T, Hosny A, Deng Z, Yazdandoost F, Massaadi H, Eernisse D, Mirzaeifar R, Dean MN, Weaver JC, Ortiz C, Li L. Bioinspired design of flexible armor based on chiton scales. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5413. [PMID: 31822663 PMCID: PMC6904579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Man-made armors often rely on rigid structures for mechanical protection, which typically results in a trade-off with flexibility and maneuverability. Chitons, a group of marine mollusks, evolved scaled armors that address similar challenges. Many chiton species possess hundreds of small, mineralized scales arrayed on the soft girdle that surrounds their overlapping shell plates. Ensuring both flexibility for locomotion and protection of the underlying soft body, the scaled girdle is an excellent model for multifunctional armor design. Here we conduct a systematic study of the material composition, nanomechanical properties, three-dimensional geometry, and interspecific structural diversity of chiton girdle scales. Moreover, inspired by the tessellated organization of chiton scales, we fabricate a synthetic flexible scaled armor analogue using parametric computational modeling and multi-material 3D printing. This approach allows us to conduct a quantitative evaluation of our chiton-inspired armor to assess its orientation-dependent flexibility and protection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Connors
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ahmed Hosny
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Fatemeh Yazdandoost
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Hajar Massaadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Douglas Eernisse
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, 92834, USA
| | - Reza Mirzaeifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
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Mitchell RL, Coleman M, Davies P, North L, Pope EC, Pleydell-Pearce C, Harris W, Johnston R. Macro-to-nanoscale investigation of wall-plate joints in the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides: correlative imaging, biological form and function, and bioinspiration. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190218. [PMID: 31387487 PMCID: PMC6731510 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative imaging combines information from multiple modalities (physical-chemical-mechanical properties) at various length scales (centimetre to nanometre) to understand the complex biological materials across dimensions (2D-3D). Here, we have used numerous coupled systems: X-ray microscopy (XRM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), optical light microscopy (LM) and focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) microscopy to ascertain the microstructural and crystallographic properties of the wall-plate joints in the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The exoskeleton is composed of six interlocking wall plates, and the interlocks between neighbouring plates (alae) allow barnacles to expand and grow while remaining sealed and structurally strong. Our results indicate that the ala contain functionally graded orientations and microstructures in their crystallography, which has implications for naturally functioning microstructures, potential natural strengthening and preferred oriented biomineralization. Elongated grains at the outer edge of the ala are oriented perpendicularly to the contact surface, and the c-axis rotates with the radius of the ala. Additionally, we identify for the first time three-dimensional nanoscale ala pore networks revealing that the pores are only visible at the tip of the ala and that pore thickening occurs on the inside (soft bodied) edge of the plates. The pore networks appear to have the same orientation as the oriented crystallography, and we deduce that the pore networks are probably organic channels and pockets, which are involved with the biomineralization process. Understanding these multiscale features contributes towards an understanding of the structural architecture in barnacles, but also their consideration for bioinspiration of human-made materials. The work demonstrates that correlative methods spanning different length scales, dimensions and modes enable the extension of the structure-property relationships in materials to form and function of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Mitchell
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M. Coleman
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - P. Davies
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - L. North
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - E. C. Pope
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - C. Pleydell-Pearce
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - W. Harris
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - R. Johnston
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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Crack initiation and growth in a special quasi-sandwich crossed-lamellar structure in Cymbiola nobilis seashell. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 90:104-112. [PMID: 30359854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich structure consisting of three crossed-lamellar layers (inner, middle and outer) is one of the most common structures found in mollusk shells, and is normally arranged in a 0°/90°/0° or 90°/0°/90° mode. However, the Cymbiola nobilis seashell in the present study is observed to exhibit a unique quasi-sandwich structure, where the inner and middle layers have an ~15° rotation in comparison with those of typical sandwich structures, resulting in a 15°/75°/0° or 75°/15°/90° mode. This has been identified as the weak/tough/weak and tough/weak/tough modes, and the sample arranged in the 15°/75°/0° mode with a tough layer in the middle has a higher strength than that arranged in the 75°/15°/90° mode with a weak layer in the middle. The fracture resistances of these two types of structural arrangements depend mainly on crack propagation. The interfaces between the macrolayers can effectively arrest the crack propagation especially when the tough layer is positioned in the middle (15°/75°/0° mode), hence increasing the strength and toughness of materials. Salient toughening mechanisms involving crack deflection together with zig-zag crack propagation paths as well as the fiber pull-out of second-order lamellae are identified. Moreover, triangular fracture paths with a convex morphology are observed to form due to the concurrent occurrence of fiber fracturing and channel cracking in single 1st-order lamellae. These findings shed light on the superb crack propagation resistance of the unique quasi-sandwich structure in the C. nobilis shell, thus paving the way for the development of bio-inspired advanced structural materials.
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Ji HM, Li XW, Chen DL. Deformation and fracture behavior of a natural shell ceramic: Coupled effects of shell shape and microstructure. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:557-567. [PMID: 29853125 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Common seashells possess their most adaptive functions benefiting from the macro-geometry and unique microstructures. The Cymbiola nobilis shell exhibits a logarithmic spiral-like shape and it is hierarchically constructed by the fiber-like crossed-lamellar structure. Three-point bending tests are conducted on three groups of samples taken from different locations (G1 with two macro-layers, G2 with three macro-layers, and G3 containing three macro-layers but with an arch-like curved shape). A novel method was developed to evaluate the bending stress of the curved samples and understand the bending fracture resistance of such curved samples. Due to the presence of a horizontal force that can decrease or shield the bending moment at the bottom center of samples, the arch-like G3 samples demonstrate the highest bending fracture resistance, revealing the significance of the curved shape of shell in the protection against the external attacks. The number of macro-layers and the curved shape of shell play an important role in the mechanical properties of the shell. The orientation of building blocks in a single crossed-lamellar layer is critical to the fracture resistance, and five types of fracture modes based on interfacial debonding, inter- and trans-lamella fracture are identified. The results obtained in this study would help open a new pathway to the development of bio-inspired high-performance structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - X W Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - D L Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
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