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Ji H, Wang X, Yan Y, Li X. Comparative studies on the anti-wear behavior of prismatic structures in different shell species. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 152:106411. [PMID: 38281438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Prismatic structure is mainly located in the outer layer of mollusk shells. However, there is limited studies on their resistance to wear and the underlying mechanisms. The Vicker's hardness and sliding anti-wear properties of prismatic structures in four species of mollusk shells were systematically investigated for comparisons in the present work. The crystalline types, organic matrix content, structural arrangement, and dimension of prisms are varied among different species. The hardness and wear properties of prismatic structures are, in the first place, determined by the crystalline type, i.e., the aragonite prismatic structures are harder and more wear-resisting than the calcite types. The primary failure mechanism in the prismatic structure during wear tests is three-body abrasion. The volume of the crushed prism particles is directly related to the thickness of organic interface and the hardness of prisms. The organic sheaths form organic films during sliding, and thus lubricate the friction interface to some extent, but higher organic content leads to a wider interface, resulting in a higher plough force at the edge of prisms. A higher plough force gives rise to a severe three-body abrasion. Long and straight prisms perpendicular to the shell surface present a higher wear resistance. Too thin prisms cannot bear the plough force. Therefore, the anti-wear properties of prismatic structures are governed by the joint action of crystalline types, organic matrix, structural arrangement and dimension of basic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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Study on the Fracture Toughness of Softwood and Hardwood Estimated by Boundary Effect Model. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15114039. [PMID: 35683337 PMCID: PMC9182387 DOI: 10.3390/ma15114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tensile strength and fracture toughness of softwood and hardwood are measured by the Boundary Effect Model (BEM). The experimental results of single-edge notched three-point bending tests indicate that the BEM is an appropriate method to estimate the fracture toughness of the present fibrous and porous woods. In softwood with alternating earlywood and latewood layers, the variation in the volume percentage of different layers in a small range has no obvious influence on the mechanical properties of the materials. In contrast, the hardwood presents much higher tensile strength and fracture toughness simultaneously due to its complicated structure with crossed arrangement of the fibers and rays and big vessels diffused in the fibers. The present research findings are expected to provide a fundamental insight into the design of high-performance bionic materials with a highly fibrous and porous structure.
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Zhang X, Yin Z, Ma Z, Liang J, Zhang Z, Yao L, Chen X, Liu X, Zhang R. Shell Matrix Protein N38 of Pinctada fucata, Inducing Vaterite Formation, Extends the DING Protein to the Mollusca World. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:531-541. [PMID: 35499596 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the animal kingdom, DING proteins were only found in Chordata and Aschelminthes. At present study, a potential DING protein, matrix protein N38, was isolated and purified from the shell of Pinctada fucata. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 14 peptide segments matched between N38 and human phosphate-binding protein (HPBP). HPBP belongs to the DING protein family and has a "DINGGG-" sequence, which is considered a "signature" of HPBP. In this study, the mass spectrometry analysis results showed that N38 had a "DIDGGG-" sequence; this structure is a mutation from the "DINGGG-" structure, which is a distinctive feature of the DING protein family. The role of N38 during calcium carbonate formation was explored through the in vitro crystallization experiment. The results of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrum analysis indicated that N38 induced vaterite formation. These findings revealed that N38 might regulate and participate in the precise control of the crystal growth of the shell, providing new clues for biomineralization mechanisms in P. fucata and DING protein family studies. In addition, this study helped extend the research of DING protein to the Mollusca world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zehui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhuojun Ma
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Jian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Liping Yao
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Protein Science laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
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Gao Y, Wang P, Zhao F, Liu X, Wu J, Hu J. A facile approach for anisotropic hydrogel with light-regulated stiffness and its application to achieve mechanical toughening. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200077. [PMID: 35298857 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many load-bearing tissues in nature obtain high toughness by fabricating anisotropic structures with spatially regulated composition and modulus at macroscale. This reality inspires a toughening strategy for hydrogel based on the controlling of modulus heterogeneity. Herein, a facile approach to realize light-regulated spatial modulus heterogeneity with large contrast in hydrogel is proposed. Ferric citric acid complex is used as a light-responsive ionic crosslinker, which can first stiffen an alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogel by coordinating with the alginate to form another network, then realize light-triggered softening through photoreduction of ferric ions. Based on this, a stripe-patterned hydrogel with alternating stiff and soft segments can be fabricated through photopatterning. The modulus contrast between the stiff and soft phases can be adjusted by control of several influence factors and the maximum modulus contrast reach up to 87 times. As a result, the toughness of the stripe-patterned hydrogel is enhanced by 3.5 times comparing to that hydrogel without pattern. This approach shows great potential in synthesis of smart hydrogel with light-programmable mechanical performances, and may be widely applicable for the hydrogels with functional groups that can coordinate with metal ions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Li YY, Liang SM, Ji HM, Li XW. Distinctive Impact of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Behavior of Nacreous and Crossed-Lamellar Structures in Biological Shells: Critical Role of Organic Matrix. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1143-1155. [PMID: 35239310 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As biological ceramic composites, mollusk shells exhibit an excellent strength-toughness combination that should be dependent on aragonite/organic matrix interfaces. The mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of the nacreous structure in the Cristaria plicata (C. plicata) shell and crossed-lamellar structures in the Cymbiola nobilis (C. nobilis) shell were investigated, focusing on the critical role of the organic matrix/aragonite interface bonding that can be adjusted by heat treatments. It is found that heat treatments have a negative impact on the fracture behavior of the nacreous structure in the C. plicata shell, and both the bending and shear properties decrease with increasing heat-treatment temperature because of the loss of water and organic matrix. In contrast, for the crossed-lamellar structure in C. nobilis shell, the water loss in heat treatment slightly decreases its bending properties. When the organic matrix is melted after an appropriate heat treatment at 300°C for 15 min, its bending properties can be greatly enhanced; in this case, remarkable toughening mechanisms involving crack deflection and the fiber pull-out are exhibited, although the interfacial bonding strength reduces. Therefore, an appropriate heat treatment would bring about a positive impact on the fracture behavior of crossed-lamellar structure in the C. nobilis shell. The major research findings have provided an important inspiration that the inducement of moderately weak interfaces rather than all strong interfaces might enhance the comprehensive mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Si-Min Liang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
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Liang SM, Ji HM, Li YY, Li XW. An Ingenious Microstructure Arrangement in Deep-Sea Nautilus Shell against the Harsh Environment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4819-4827. [PMID: 34541853 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mollusk shells generally consist of several macro-layers with different microstructures. To explore the specific role that different macro-layers play in the overall mechanical properties of shells, the microstructures, hardness distribution, and three-point bending behavior in the deep-sea Nautilus shell were investigated. It is found that the shell presents a hierarchical structure comprising three layers in thickness, that is, the outer, middle, and inner layers, which exhibit homogeneous, prismatic, and nacreous structures, respectively. Among them, the homogeneous structure in the outer layer is harder, which is beneficial for the shell to enhance resistance to wear and perforation. Furthermore, both the bending strength and fracture energy for group Up (loading from outer to inner surfaces) are far higher than those for group Down (loading from inner to outer surfaces), indicating that the inner nacreous layer is not only stronger but also tougher. Cracks tend to deflect at the interfaces in nacreous structure, and nacreous structure is thereby more resistant to breakage. Hence, the nacreous structure in the inner layer could protect the shell from breaking catastrophically in the deep sea with high pressure. In brief, the combination of a harder outside layer and a tougher inside layer provides an effective protective structure for the deep-sea shell, and the excellent environment adaptability of Nautilus shell can thus be interpreted in terms of its ingenious microstructure arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Liang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Xia Z, Liu X, Li J. The novel matrix protein hic7 of hyriopsis cumingii participates in the formation of the shell and pearl. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110640. [PMID: 34182125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Shell matrix proteins have important roles in the biomineralization of shells. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel shell matrix protein gene, hic7, from the mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. The cDNA of hic7 was 459 bp long, including a 240-bp open reading frame. It encoded a 79 amino acid-long protein, with amino acids 1-19 constituting the signal peptide. The resulting hic7 is rich in cysteine (16.5%). After removing the signal peptide, the molecular weight was 8.85 kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point was 6.34, indicating that hic7 is a weakly acidic shell matrix protein. Hic7 is mainly expressed in the mantle tissue of H. cumingii. In situ hybridization showed hic7 signals at the edge and dorsal region of the mantle outer fold, indicating that it is related to the formation of the prismatic and nacreous layer of the shell. RNA interference indicated that when hic7 was inhibited by 80%, the crystal morphology of the prism and nacre layers of the shell were irregular and disordered. In addition, the expression of hic7 during the early development of the pearl sac indicated that it has an important role in the transformation of calcium carbonate crystals from a disordered to an orderly deposition pattern. These results suggest that matrix protein hic7 take part in constructing the framework of crystal nucleation and regulating the calcium carbonate crystal morphology of the nacreous and prismatic layers of shells and pearls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhonghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314000, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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