1
|
Li W, Liu P, Yang N, Chen S, Guo X, Wang B, Zhang L. Improving landscape connectivity through habitat restoration: application for Asian elephant conservation in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, China. Integr Zool 2024; 19:319-335. [PMID: 36891894 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Habitat restoration is an effective method for improving landscape connectivity, which can reduce habitat fragmentation. Maintaining landscape connectivity could promote connections between habitat, which is extremely essential to preserve gene flow and population viability. This study proposes a methodological framework to analyze landscape connectivity for Asian elephant habitat conservation, aiming to provide practical options for reducing habitat fragmentation and improving habitat connectivity. Our approach involved combining a species distribution model using MaxEnt and landscape functional connectivity models using graph theory to assess the impact on connectivity improvement via farmland/plantation restoration as habitat. The results showed that: (1) there were 119 suitable habitat patches of Asian elephant covering a total area of 1952.41 km2 . (2) The connectivity between habitats improved significantly after vegetation restoration and the gain first decreased and then increased with the increase of dispersal distance. (3) The first few new habitat patches that were identified played an important role in improving connectivity, and the variation rate of connectivity gradually leveled off as the number of new habitats increased. (4) Prioritization of the 25 best new habitat patches increased connectivity from 0.54% to 5.59% as the dispersal distance increased and mainly was located between two Asian elephant distribution regions and two components. Establishment of new habitat patches was effective for improving or restoring connectivity. Our findings can be used as guidance for improving the studied fragmented Asian elephant habitats, and they can also be used as a reference for the habitat restoration of other endangered species heavily affected by habitat fragmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Coastal Zone Science and Marine Development Strategy, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nian Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shang Chen
- Research Center for Coastal Zone Science and Marine Development Strategy, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianming Guo
- Research Institute of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, Jinghong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Xishuangbanna Asian Elephant Conservation and Management Center, Jinghong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu S, Li L, Slate TJ, Tang H, Wu G, Guo H, Li D. The Change in Habitat Quality for the Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey from 1975 to 2022. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:886. [PMID: 37372170 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The reduction in habitat quality (as shown, in part, by the increase in habitat rarity) is an important challenge when protecting the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. We used the InVEST model to quantitatively analyze the dynamic changes in the habitat of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey from 1975 to 2022. The results show that in the study period, the degree of habitat degradation increased, with the degradation range at its widest in the south, and the degradation intensity highest in the north, especially along a center "spine" area in the north. Over the latter part of the study period, the habitat quality of most monkey groups improved, which is conducive to the survival and reproduction of the population. However, the habitat quality and monkey populations are still at significant risk. The results provide the basis for formulating the protection of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and provide research cases for the protection of other endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana, China West Normal University of Sichuan Provence, Nanchong 637009, China
- Land Improvement Center of Heping County, Heyuan 517200, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana, China West Normal University of Sichuan Provence, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Timothy J Slate
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana, China West Normal University of Sichuan Provence, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Haixia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Gongsheng Wu
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana, China West Normal University of Sichuan Provence, Nanchong 637009, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu S, Li L, Wu G, Liu J, Slate TJ, Guo H, Li D. Assessing the Impact of Village Development on the Habitat Quality of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys Using the INVEST Model. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101487. [PMID: 36290390 PMCID: PMC9598982 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is one of the most endangered species on the IUCN Red List. The study of its population and habitat quality is important in identifying opportunities for balancing socio-economic development against species conservation in the area’s villages. Such balances are important to protecting and improving habitat diversity and biodiversity. Our habitat quality analysis indicates that increases in socio-economic developments in the villages around the habitat area have decreased both the habitat area and the habitat quality over time. This has resulted in a decline in biodiversity persistence, resilience, and breadth. It also has exacerbated the risk of declining species populations, potentially to extinction. Though focused on the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, our approach toward the assessment of habitat quality based on species habitat suitability introduces a new perspective for assessing village development impacts on the habitat quality for the conservation of other species. Abstract The habitats of the already endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) are degrading as village economies develop in and around these habitat areas, increasing the depopulation and biodiversity risk of the monkey. The paper aims to show the areas of these monkeys’ high-quality habitats that are at highest risk of degradation by continued village development and hence be the focus of conservation efforts. Our analysis leveraged multiple tools, including primary component analysis, the InVEST Habitat-Quality model, and GIS spatial analysis. We enhanced our analysis by looking at habitat quality as it relates to the habitat suitability for the monkey specifically, instead of general habitat quality. We also focused on the impact of the smallest administrative scale in China—the village. These foci produced a clearer picture of the monkeys’ and villages’ situations, allowing for more targeted discussions on win–win solutions for both the monkeys and the village inhabitants. The results show that the northern habitat for the monkey is currently higher quality than the southern habitat, and correspondingly, the village development in the north is lower than in the south. Hence, we recommend conservation efforts be focused on the northern areas, though we also encourage the southern habitats to be protected from further degradation lest they degrade beyond the point of supporting any monkeys. We encourage developing a strategy that balances ecological protection and economic development in the northern region, a long-term plan for the southern region to reduce human disturbance, increase effective habitat restoration, and improve corridor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
- Natural Resources Bureau of Heping County, Heyuan 517200, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Gongsheng Wu
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Jialan Liu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Timothy J. Slate
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China
- Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health Center, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of urban agglomeration and expansion on landscape connectivity in the river valley region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
5
|
Westphal D, Mancini AN, Baden AL. Primate landscape genetics: A review and practical guide. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:171-184. [PMID: 33720482 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Landscape genetics is an emerging field that integrates population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics to investigate how geographical and environmental features and evolutionary processes such as gene flow, genetic drift, and selection structure genetic variation at both the population and individual levels, with implications for ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Despite being particularly well suited for primatologists, this method is currently underutilized. Here, we synthesize the current state of research on landscape genetics in primates. We begin by outlining how landscape genetics has been used to disentangle the drivers of diversity, followed by a review of how landscape genetic methods have been applied to primates. This is followed by a section highlighting special considerations when applying the methods to primates, and a practical guide to facilitate further landscape genetics studies using both existing and de novo datasets. We conclude by exploring future avenues of inquiry that could be facilitated by recent developments as well as underdeveloped applications of landscape genetics to primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darice Westphal
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda N Mancini
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Zhao X, Li D, Garber PA, Xiang Z, Li M, Pan H. Impact of cost distance and habitat fragmentation on the daily path length of Rhinopithecus bieti. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9165. [PMID: 32509457 PMCID: PMC7245332 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of primate movement patterns in response to natural and anthropogenically induced changes in habitat heterogeneity, food availability, and plant species distribution is essential for developing effective management and conservation programs. Therefore, from July 2013 to June 2014, we examined the effects of landscape configuration on the ranging behavior (daily path length, DPL) of the Endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve (27°34′N, 99°17′E) in Gehuaqing, China. Given the extreme difficulties in following the study group across high altitude mountainous terrain across an elevation of 2,500–4,000 m, we were only able to collect DPL using 3-4 GPS points per day on 21 individual days. We found that R. bieti traveled the shortest DPL in winter (1,141.31 m), followed by spring (2,034.06 m) and autumn (2,131.19 m). The cost distance, a statistical tool designed to estimate the difficulty of a species moving across its distributional range, was lowest in autumn (205.47), followed by spring (225.93) and winter (432.59) (one-way ANOVA: F = 3.852, P = 0.026, df = 2). The habitat fragmentation index (HFI), which measures the density of forest patches, indicated areas visited in the winter were more fragmented (HFI = 2.16) compared to spring (HFI = 1.83) or autumn (HFI = 1.3). Although our results should be considered preliminary, they suggest that both the availability of suitable travel routes and habitat fragmentation, driven by high-intensity human disturbance, constrain the movement of R. bieti. We found that undisturbed areas of the bands’ range contained a high density of lichens, which represent a nutritious and abundant and year-round food source for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. In order to protect this Endangered species, we recommend that researchers construct detailed maps of landscape heterogeneity, particularly habitat connectivity, forest fragmentation, and seasonal variation in the location of major food patches in order to better understand and mitigate the effects of seasonal habitat change on patterns of R. bieti habitat utilization and population viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Xumao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation [Ministry of Education] China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Paul Alan Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIIinois, USA
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Pan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bergès L, Avon C, Bezombes L, Clauzel C, Duflot R, Foltête JC, Gaucherand S, Girardet X, Spiegelberger T. Environmental mitigation hierarchy and biodiversity offsets revisited through habitat connectivity modelling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 256:109950. [PMID: 31818748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss is accelerating because of unceasing human activity and land clearing for development projects (urbanisation, transport infrastructure, mining and quarrying …). Environmental policy-makers and managers in different countries worldwide have proposed the mitigation hierarchy to ensure the goal of "no net loss (NNL) of biodiversity" and have included this principle in environmental impact assessment processes. However, spatial configuration is hardly ever taken into account in the mitigation hierarchy even though it would greatly benefit from recent developments in habitat connectivity modelling incorporating landscape graphs. Meanwhile, national, European and international commitments have been made to maintain and restore the connectivity of natural habitats to face habitat loss and fragmentation. Our objective is to revisit the mitigation hierarchy and to suggest a methodological framework for evaluating the environmental impact of development projects, which includes a landscape connectivity perspective. We advocate the use of the landscape connectivity metric equivalent connectivity (EC), which is based on the original concept of "amount of reachable habitat". We also refine the three main levels of the mitigation hierarchy (impact avoidance, reduction and offset) by integrating a landscape connectivity aspect. We applied this landscape connectivity framework to a simple, virtual habitat network composed of 14 patches of varying sizes. The mitigation hierarchy was addressed through graph theory and EC and several scenarios of impact avoidance, reduction and compensation were tested. We present the benefits of a habitat connectivity framework for the mitigation hierarchy, provide practical recommendations to implement this framework and show its use in real case studies that had previously been restricted to one or two steps of the mitigation hierarchy. We insist on the benefits of a habitat connectivity framework for the mitigation hierarchy and for ecological equivalence assessment. In particular, we demonstrate why it is risky to use a standard offset ratio (the ratio between the amount of area negatively impacted and the compensation area) without performing a connectivity analysis that includes the landscape surrounding the zone impacted by the project. We also discuss the limitations of the framework and suggest potential improvements. Lastly, we raise concerns about the need to rethink the strategy for biodiversity protection. Given that wild areas and semi-natural habitats are becoming scarcer, in particular in industrialised countries, we are convinced that the real challenge is to quickly reconsider the current vision of "developing first, then assessing the ecological damage", and instead urgently adopt an upstream protection strategy that would identify and protect the land that must not be lost if we wish to maintain viable species populations and ecological corridors allowing them the mobility necessary to their survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bergès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2, rue de la papeterie, BP 76, F-38402, Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Avon
- Semperfloris, 10 rue du Petit Jean, 38610, Gières, France
| | - Lucie Bezombes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2, rue de la papeterie, BP 76, F-38402, Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France
| | - Céline Clauzel
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, LADYSS, UMR 7533 CNRS, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Duflot
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jean-Christophe Foltête
- ThéMA, UMR 6049 CNRS / University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 32, rue Mégevand, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gaucherand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2, rue de la papeterie, BP 76, F-38402, Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Girardet
- ThéMA, UMR 6049 CNRS / University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 32, rue Mégevand, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Spiegelberger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2, rue de la papeterie, BP 76, F-38402, Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Li D, Xue Y, Wu B, He X, Liu F. Identifying potential refugia and corridors under climate change: A case study of endangered Sichuan golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Qinling Mountains, China. Am J Primatol 2019; 80:e22929. [PMID: 30380174 PMCID: PMC6644296 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change threatens endangered species and challenges current conservation strategies. Effective conservation requires vulnerability assessments for species susceptible to climate change and adaptive strategies to mitigate threats associated with climate. In this paper, we used the Maxent to model the impacts of climate change on habitat suitability of Sichuan golden monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana. Our results showed that (i) suitable habitat for Sichuan golden monkey was predicted to decrease by 37% in 2050s under climate change; (ii) the mean elevations of suitable habitat in the 2050s was estimated to shift 160 m higher; (iii) nature reserves protect 62% of current suitable habitat and 56% of future suitable habitat; and (iv) 49% of current suitable habitat was predicted to be vulnerable to future climate change. Given these results, we proposed conservation implications to mitigate the impacts of climate change on Sichuan golden monkey, including adjusting range of national park, establishing habitat corridors, and conducting long‐term monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Haidian, Beijing, China.,Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Diqiang Li
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojia He
- The Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Haidian, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang H, Xu H, Li Y, Xu Z, Ding W, Xiao W, Ye H. New distribution records for the endangered black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.069.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; e-mail:
| | - Huiming Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; e-mail:
| | - Zeming Xu
- School of Life and Geography Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Institute of Biodiversity, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; e-mail:
| | - Hui Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|