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Jørgensen LM, Baandrup AO, Mandeville J, Glud AN, Sørensen JCH, Weikop P, Jespersen B, Hansen AE, Thomsen C, Knudsen GM. An fMRI-compatible system for targeted electrical stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 378:109659. [PMID: 35772608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromodulation is a rapidly expanding therapeutic option considered within neuropsychiatry, pain and rehabilitation therapy. Combining electrostimulation with feedback from fMRI can provide information about the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects, but so far, such studies have been hampered by the lack of technology to conduct safe and accurate experiments. Here we present a system for fMRI compatible electrical stimulation, and the first proof-of-concept neuroimaging data with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in pigs obtained with the device. NEW METHOD The system consists of two modules, placed in the control and scanner room, connected by optical fiber. The system also connects to the MRI scanner to timely initiate the stimulation sequence at start of scan. We evaluated the system in four pigs with DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) while we acquired BOLD responses in the STN and neocortex. RESULTS We found that the system delivered robust electrical stimuli to the implanted electrode in sync with the preprogrammed fMRI sequence. All pigs displayed a DBS-STN induced neocortical BOLD response, but none in the STN. COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHOD The system solves three major problems related to electric stimuli and fMRI examinations, namely preventing distortion of the fMRI signal, enabling communication that synchronize the experimental conditions, and surmounting the safety hazards caused by interference with the MRI scanner. CONCLUSIONS The fMRI compatible electrical stimulator circumvents previous problems related to electroceuticals and fMRI. The system allows flexible modifications for fMRI designs and stimulation parameters, and can be customized to electroceutical applications beyond DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Møller Jørgensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmannsvej 6-8, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Spine Research Unit, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens Vej 13-17, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 2, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Ohlhues Baandrup
- Research Center for Advanced Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Roskilde, Sygehusvej 6, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Joseph Mandeville
- The Martinos Center, Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13(th) street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andreas Nørgaard Glud
- Department of Neurosurgery, CENSE-group, Aarhus University Hospital - Skejby, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Hedemann Sørensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, CENSE-group, Aarhus University Hospital - Skejby, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Nedergaard Laboratory, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bo Jespersen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Espe Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 2, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 2, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Center for Advanced Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Roskilde, Sygehusvej 6, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmannsvej 6-8, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 2, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ulyanova AV, Koch PF, Cottone C, Grovola MR, Adam CD, Browne KD, Weber MT, Russo RJ, Gagnon KG, Smith DH, Isaac Chen H, Johnson VE, Kacy Cullen D, Wolf JA. Electrophysiological Signature Reveals Laminar Structure of the Porcine Hippocampus. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0102-18.2018. [PMID: 30229132 PMCID: PMC6142048 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is integral to working and episodic memory and is a central region of interest in diseases affecting these processes. Pig models are widely used in translational research and may provide an excellent bridge between rodents and nonhuman primates for CNS disease models because of their gyrencephalic neuroanatomy and significant white matter composition. However, the laminar structure of the pig hippocampus has not been well characterized. Therefore, we histologically characterized the dorsal hippocampus of Yucatan miniature pigs and quantified the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampal layers. We then utilized stereotaxis combined with single-unit electrophysiological mapping to precisely place multichannel laminar silicon probes into the dorsal hippocampus without the need for image guidance. We used in vivo electrophysiological recordings of simultaneous laminar field potentials and single-unit activity in multiple layers of the dorsal hippocampus to physiologically identify and quantify these layers under anesthesia. Consistent with previous reports, we found the porcine hippocampus to have the expected archicortical laminar structure, with some anatomical and histological features comparable to the rodent and others to the primate hippocampus. Importantly, we found these distinct features to be reflected in the laminar electrophysiology. This characterization, as well as our electrophysiology-based methodology targeting the porcine hippocampal lamina combined with high-channel-count silicon probes, will allow for analysis of spike-field interactions during normal and disease states in both anesthetized and future awake behaving neurophysiology in this large animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F. Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Carlo Cottone
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael R. Grovola
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher D. Adam
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kevin D. Browne
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maura T. Weber
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robin J. Russo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kimberly G. Gagnon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Douglas H. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - H. Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Victoria E. Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John A. Wolf
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Pirouetting pigs: A large non-primate animal model based on unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:167-173. [PMID: 29462643 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rotating 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model has long been important when developing new treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar non-human primate models have been developed for translational research purposes as large animal models are required by regulatory bodies as an intermediate "phase 0" trial step. However, experimental research in non-human primates encounters several economical and regulatory issues, which may be avoided by the alternative use of pigs as a large animal model for experimental brain research. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to examine if unilateral injections of 6-OHDA into the Göttingen minipig nigrostriatal pathway would lead to dopaminergic imbalance and rotational behavior similar to the 6-OHDA unilateral symptomatic model of PD created in other species. The secondary aim was to attempt to verify the rotational behavior as a parkinsonian symptom using subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) to minimize the elicited rotational pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an MRI-based stereotactic procedure, ten female Göttingen minipigs were injected unilaterally with 6-OHDA in the nigrostriatal pathway. Postoperatively, an MRI was performed, and the animals were injected with amphetamine and apomorphine and observed for rotational behavior. After a survival period of three months the brains were removed and immunohistochemically stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). One week before sacrifice two animals had DBS electrodes unilaterally implanted in the subthalamic nucleus and various stimulation protocols were conducted during amphetamine challenge. RESULTS As expected most animals rotated towards the side of the lesion when given amphetamine (3.5-4.0 mg/kg), whereas the predicted opposite response to apomorphine were much harder to reproduce. T1- and T2-weighted postoperative MRI could demonstrate the size and the location of the 6-OHDA injection. Postmortem TH-staining of the final two animals receiving a medial and a lateral injection of 25 μL of 6-OHDA (8 μg/μL, injection rate 5 μL/min) into the diencephalic nigrostriatal pathway showed a prominent unilateral decrease in TH-staining of the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area and the nigrostriatal pathway on the lesioned side. These two animals displayed spontaneous rotational behavior toward the lesioned side for the first 2-3 days postoperatively, and this behavior could later on be reelicited by amphetamine and attenuated by ipsilateral STN-DBS. CONCLUSION Female Göttingen minipigs are susceptible to unilateral dopaminergic degeneration when properly injected unilaterally with sufficient amounts of 6-OHDA in the nigrostriatal pathway. The location of the 6-OHDA injections and thus the accuracy of the employed stereotaxy can be verified in vivo using MRI postoperatively. The injected minipigs display unilateral parkinsonism with a well-defined rotational response to amphetamine that may be ameliated by STN-DBS performed on the lesioned side. The response to apomorphine was, however, not consistent, illustrating that further work on this promising non-primate large animal model is needed, before it is fully similar to the established 6-OHDA models in other species.
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Bjarkam CR, Orlowski D, Tvilling L, Bech J, Glud AN, Sørensen JCH. Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28447999 DOI: 10.3791/55511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to non-human primates. The large brain size of the pig allows the use of conventional clinical brain imagers and the direct use and testing of neurosurgical procedures and equipment from the human clinic. Further macroscopic and histological analysis, however, requires postmortem exposure of the pig central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent brain removal. This is not an easy task, as the pig CNS is encapsulated by a thick, bony skull and spinal column. The goal of this paper and instructional video is to describe how to expose and remove the postmortem pig brain and the pituitary gland in an intact state, suitable for subsequent macroscopic and histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten R Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital;
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Laura Tvilling
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Johannes Bech
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Andreas N Glud
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Jens-Christian H Sørensen
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
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The telencephalon of the Göttingen minipig, cytoarchitecture and cortical surface anatomy. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2093-2114. [PMID: 27778106 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last 20 years pigs have become increasingly popular in large animal translational neuroscience research as an economical and ethical feasible substitute to non-human primates. The anatomy of the pig telencephalon is, however, not well known. We present, accordingly, a detailed description of the surface anatomy and cytoarchitecture of the Göttingen minipig telencephalon based on macrophotos and consecutive high-power microphotographs of 15 μm thick paraffin embedded Nissl-stained coronal sections. In 1-year-old specimens the formalin perfused brain measures approximately 55 × 47 × 36 mm (length, width, height) and weighs around 69 g. The telencephalic part of the Göttingen minipig cerebrum covers a large surface area, which can be divided into a neocortical gyrencephalic part located dorsal to the rhinal fissure, and a ventral subrhinal part dominated by olfactory, amygdaloid, septal, and hippocampal structures. This part of the telencephalon is named the subrhinal lobe, and based on cytoarchitectural and sulcal anatomy, can be discerned from the remaining dorsally located neocortical perirhinal/insular, pericallosal, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The inner subcortical structure of the minipig telencephalon is dominated by a prominent ventricular system and large basal ganglia, wherein the putamen and the caudate nucleus posterior and dorsally are separated into two entities by the internal capsule, whereas both structures ventrally fuse into a large accumbens nucleus. The presented anatomical data is accompanied by surface renderings and high-power macrophotographs illustrating the telencephalic sulcal pattern, and the localization of the identified lobes and cytoarchitectonic areas. Additionally, 24 representative Nissl-stained telencephalic coronal sections are presented as supplementary material in atlas form on http://www.cense.dk/minipig_atlas/index.html and referred to as S1-S24 throughout the manuscript.
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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Ettrup K, Sørensen J, Rodell A, Alstrup A, Bjarkam C. Hypothalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Influences Autonomic and Limbic Circuitry Involved in the Regulation of Aggression and Cardiocerebrovascular Control in the Göttingen Minipig. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2012; 90:281-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000338087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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