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Su F, Luo X, Du Z, Chen Z, Liu Y, Jin X, Guo Z, Lu J, Jin D. High-Contrast Luminescent Immunohistochemistry Using PEGylated Lanthanide Complexes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17587-17594. [PMID: 36464815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using fluorescent probes provides high resolution with multiplexing capability, but the imaging contrast is limited by the brightness of the fluorescent probe and the intrinsic autofluorescence background from tissues. Herein, we improved the contrast by high-density labeling of long-lifetime lanthanide complexes and time-gated imaging. As the large (∼280 nm) Stokes shift of lanthanide complexes effectively prevents the issue of concentration quenching, we succeeded in conjugating seven europium complexes to an eight-arm hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker for signal amplification with improved water solubility to the level of up to 10 mg/mL. Moreover, we demonstrated that both human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue section and cytokeratin 18 (CK18) in a frozen section can be resolved with the enhanced contrast by 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively. Furthermore, we show that the PEGylation of multiple lanthanide complexes is compatible with tyramide signal amplification (TSA). This work suggests new opportunities for sensitive imaging of low-abundance biomarkers in a tissue matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiongjian Luo
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhongbo Du
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zelyu Chen
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xuan Jin
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jie Lu
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dayong Jin
- UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Sung G, Lee SY, Kang MG, Kim KL, An J, Sim J, Kim S, Kim S, Ko J, Rhee HW, Park KM, Kim K. Supra-blot: an accurate and reliable assay for detecting target proteins with a synthetic host molecule–enzyme hybrid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1549-1552. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new way to detect target proteins is developed using a high-affinity host–guest interaction for a wide variety of biological samples including bacteria and mammalian cells.
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Kim KL, Sung G, Sim J, Murray J, Li M, Lee A, Shrinidhi A, Park KM, Kim K. Supramolecular latching system based on ultrastable synthetic binding pairs as versatile tools for protein imaging. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1712. [PMID: 29703887 PMCID: PMC5923385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report ultrastable synthetic binding pairs between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and adamantyl- (AdA) or ferrocenyl-ammonium (FcA) as a supramolecular latching system for protein imaging, overcoming the limitations of protein-based binding pairs. Cyanine 3-conjugated CB[7] (Cy3-CB[7]) can visualize AdA- or FcA-labeled proteins to provide clear fluorescence images for accurate and precise analysis of proteins. Furthermore, controllability of the system is demonstrated by treating with a stronger competitor guest. At low temperature, this allows us to selectively detach Cy3-CB[7] from guest-labeled proteins on the cell surface, while leaving Cy3-CB[7] latched to the cytosolic proteins for spatially conditional visualization of target proteins. This work represents a non-protein-based bioimaging tool which has inherent advantages over the widely used protein-based techniques, thereby demonstrating the great potential of this synthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Lock Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Sung
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Sim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - James Murray
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Meng Li
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanomaterials and Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Zimmermann J, Neuhuber WL, Raab M. Homer1 (VesL-1) in the rat esophagus: focus on myenteric plexus and neuromuscular junction. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:189-206. [PMID: 28337539 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homer1, a scaffolding protein of the postsynaptic density (PSD), enriched at excitatory synapses is known to anchor and modulate group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and different channel- and receptor-proteins. Homer proteins are expressed in neurons of different brain regions, but also in non-neuronal tissues like skeletal muscle. Occurrence and location of Homer1 and mGluR5 in myenteric plexus and neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of rat esophagus have yet not been characterized. We located Homer1 and mGluR5 immunoreactivity (-iry) in rat esophagus and focused on myenteric neurons, intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) and NMJs, using double- and triple-label immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Homer1-iry was found in a subpopulation of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) positive IGLEs and cholinergic varicosities within myenteric ganglia, but neither in nitrergic nor cholinergic myenteric neuronal cell bodies. Homer1-iry was detected in 63% of esophageal and, for comparison, in 35% of sternomastoid NMJs. Besides the location in the PSD, Homer1-iry colocalized with cholinergic markers, indicating a presynaptic location in coarse VAChT/CGRP/NF200- immunoreactive (-ir) terminals of nucleus ambiguus neurons supplying striated esophageal muscle. mGluR5-iry was found in subpopulations of myenteric neuronal cell bodies, VGLUT2-ir IGLEs and cholinergic varicosities within the myenteric neuropil and NMJs of esophagus and sternomastoid muscles. Thus, Homer1 may anchor mGluR5 at presynaptic sites of cholinergic boutons at esophageal motor endplates, in a small subpopulation of VGLUT2-ir IGLEs and cholinergic varicosities within myenteric ganglia possibly modulating Ca2+-currents and neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmermann
- Institut für Anatomie, Lehrstuhl I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Krankenhausstr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - W L Neuhuber
- Institut für Anatomie, Lehrstuhl I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Krankenhausstr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Raab
- Institut für Anatomie, Lehrstuhl I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Krankenhausstr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Murray J, Sim J, Oh K, Sung G, Lee A, Shrinidhi A, Thirunarayanan A, Shetty D, Kim K. Enrichment of Specifically Labeled Proteins by an Immobilized Host Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2395-2398. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Murray
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Sim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Oh
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Sung
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ayyavu Thirunarayanan
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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Murray J, Sim J, Oh K, Sung G, Lee A, Shrinidhi A, Thirunarayanan A, Shetty D, Kim K. Enrichment of Specifically Labeled Proteins by an Immobilized Host Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Murray
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Sim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Oh
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Sung
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ayyavu Thirunarayanan
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC); Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked signal amplification is a key technique used to enhance the immunohistochemical detection of protein, mRNA, and other molecular species. Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) is based on a catalytic reporter deposit in close vicinity to the epitope of interest. The advantages of this technique are its simplicity, enhanced sensitivity, high specificity, and compatibility with modern multi-label fluorescent microscopy. Here, we describe the use of a TSA kit to increase the signal of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expressed under the control of Slc17a6 regulatory elements in the brain of a transgenic mouse. The labeling procedure consists of 6 basic steps: (1) tissue preparation, (2) blocking of nonspecific epitopes, (3) binding with primary antibody, (4) binding with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, (5) reacting with fluorescent tyramide substrate, and (6) imaging of the signal. The procedures described herein detail these steps and provide additional guidance and background to assist novice users.
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Standardization of negative controls in diagnostic immunohistochemistry: recommendations from the international ad hoc expert panel. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2014; 22:241-52. [PMID: 24714041 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Standardization of controls, both positive and negative controls, is needed for diagnostic immunohistochemistry (dIHC). The use of IHC-negative controls, irrespective of type, although well established, is not standardized. As such, the relevance and applicability of negative controls continues to challenge both pathologists and laboratory budgets. Despite the clear theoretical notion that appropriate controls serve to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of the dIHC test, it remains unclear which types of positive and negative controls are applicable and/or useful in day-to-day clinical practice. There is a perceived need to provide "best practice recommendations" for the use of negative controls. This perception is driven not only by logistics and cost issues, but also by increased pressure for accurate IHC testing, especially when IHC is performed for predictive markers, the number of which is rising as personalized medicine continues to develop. Herein, an international ad hoc expert panel reviews classification of negative controls relevant to clinical practice, proposes standard terminology for negative controls, considers the total evidence of IHC specificity that is available to pathologists, and develops a set of recommendations for the use of negative controls in dIHC based on "fit-for-use" principles.
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Tytgat HLP, Schoofs G, Driesen M, Proost P, Van Damme EJM, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S. Endogenous biotin-binding proteins: an overlooked factor causing false positives in streptavidin-based protein detection. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 8:164-8. [PMID: 25211245 PMCID: PMC4321382 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotinylation is widely used in DNA, RNA and protein probing assays as this molecule has generally no impact on the biological activity of its substrate. During the streptavidin-based detection of glycoproteins in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with biotinylated lectin probes, a strong positive band of approximately 125 kDa was observed, present in different cellular fractions. This potential glycoprotein reacted heavily with concanavalin A (ConA), a lectin that specifically binds glucose and mannose residues. Surprisingly, this protein of 125 kDa could not be purified using a ConA affinity column. Edman degradation of the protein, isolated via cation and anion exchange chromatography, lead to the identification of the band as pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme of 125 kDa that binds biotin as a cofactor. Detection using only the streptavidin conjugate resulted in more false positive signals of proteins, also in extracellular fractions, indicating biotin-associated proteins. Indeed, biotin is a known cofactor of numerous carboxylases. The potential occurence of false positive bands with biotinylated protein probes should thus be considered when using streptavidin-based detection, e.g. by developing a blot using only the streptavidin conjugate. To circumvent these false positives, alternative approaches like detection based on digoxigenin labelling can also be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne L P Tytgat
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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Localization of receptors for calcitonin-gene-related peptide to intraganglionic laminar endings of the mouse esophagus: peripheral interaction between vagal and spinal afferents? Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:321-35. [PMID: 24203088 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is a heterodimer of calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor-activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). Despite the importance of CGRP in regulating gastrointestinal functions, nothing is known about the distribution and function of CLR/RAMP1 in the esophagus, where up to 90 % of spinal afferent neurons contain CGRP. We detected CLR/RAMP1 in the mouse esophagus using immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy and examined their relationship with neuronal elements of the myenteric plexus. Immunoreactivity for CLR and RAMP1 colocalized with VGLUT2-positive intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), which were contacted by CGRP-positive varicose axons presumably of spinal afferent origin, typically at sites of CRL/RAMP1 immunoreactivity. This provides an anatomical basis for interaction between spinal afferent fibers and IGLEs. Immunoreactive CLR and RAMP1 also colocalized in myenteric neurons. Thus, CGRP-containing spinal afferents may interact with both vagal IGLEs and myenteric neurons in the mouse esophagus, possibly modulating motility reflexes and inflammatory hypersensitivity.
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