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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Stacho M, Herold C, Rook N, Wagner H, Axer M, Amunts K, Güntürkün O. A cortex-like canonical circuit in the
avian forebrain. Science 2020; 369:369/6511/eabc5534. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abc5534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the avian pallium seems to lack
an organization akin to that of the cerebral
cortex, birds exhibit extraordinary cognitive
skills that are comparable to those of mammals. We
analyzed the fiber architecture of the avian
pallium with three-dimensional polarized light
imaging and subsequently reconstructed local and
associative pallial circuits with tracing
techniques. We discovered an iteratively repeated,
column-like neuronal circuitry across the
layer-like nuclear boundaries of the hyperpallium
and the sensory dorsal ventricular ridge. These
circuits are connected to neighboring columns and,
via tangential layer-like connections, to higher
associative and motor areas. Our findings indicate
that this avian canonical circuitry is similar to
its mammalian counterpart and might constitute the
structural basis of neuronal computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stacho
- Department of Biopsychology,
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of
Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum,
Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology,
Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine,
Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum,
Germany
| | - Christina Herold
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for
Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine
University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf,
Germany
| | - Noemi Rook
- Department of Biopsychology,
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of
Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum,
Germany
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen
University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and
Medicine INM-1, Research Center Jülich, 52425
Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for
Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine
University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf,
Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and
Medicine INM-1, Research Center Jülich, 52425
Jülich, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology,
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of
Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum,
Germany
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Son AI, Opfermann JD, McCue C, Ziobro J, Abrahams JH, Jones K, Morton PD, Ishii S, Oluigbo C, Krieger A, Liu JS, Hashimoto-Torii K, Torii M. An Implantable Micro-Caged Device for Direct Local Delivery of Agents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17624. [PMID: 29247175 PMCID: PMC5732160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Local and controlled delivery of therapeutic agents directly into focally afflicted tissues is the ideal for the treatment of diseases that require direct interventions. However, current options are obtrusive, difficult to implement, and limited in their scope of utilization; the optimal solution requires a method that may be optimized for available therapies and is designed for exact delivery. To address these needs, we propose the Biocage, a customizable implantable local drug delivery platform. The device is a needle-sized porous container capable of encasing therapeutic molecules and matrices of interest to be eluted into the region of interest over time. The Biocage was fabricated using the Nanoscribe Photonic Professional GT 3D laser lithography system, a two-photon polymerization (2PP) 3D printer capable of micron-level precision on a millimeter scale. We demonstrate the build consistency and features of the fabricated device; its ability to release molecules; and a method for its accurate, stable delivery in mouse brain tissue. The Biocage provides a powerful tool for customizable and precise delivery of therapeutic agents into target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Son
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Justin D Opfermann
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Caroline McCue
- Terrapin Works, School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Julie Ziobro
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - John H Abrahams
- Nanocenter FabLab, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Katherine Jones
- Terrapin Works, School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Seiji Ishii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Chima Oluigbo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Axel Krieger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Mark, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Judy S Liu
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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