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Khorshidvand Z, Shirian S, Amiri H, Zamani A, Maghsood AH. Immunomodulatory chitosan nanoparticles for Toxoplasma gondii infection: Novel application of chitosan in complex propranolol-hydrochloride as an adjuvant in vaccine delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127228. [PMID: 37839605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of propranolol hydrochloride (PRO) in combination with chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) as an adjuvant to develop an effective vaccine against T. gondii. A total of 105 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven equal groups including PBS alone, CS NPs, SAG1 (Surface antigen 1), CS-SAG1 NPs, CS-PRO NPs, SAG1-PRO, and CS-SAG1-PRO NPs. The immunostimulatory effect of each adjuvant used for vaccine delivery was evaluated in a mice immunization model. The results showed that the mice immunized with CS-SAG1-PRO NPs exhibited the highest lymphocyte proliferation rate, along with increased secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23, as well as elevated levels of protective cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-27, and IL-10. Although, the CS-SAG1-PRO NPs immunized mice showed the highest level of T. gondii specific IgG compared to the other groups, a significant production of IgG2a and IgG1 was observed in the sera of mice immunized with the CS-SAG1-PRO NPs compared to the other group (p <0.001). The higher IgG2a/IgG1 ratio observed in the CS-SAG1-PRO NPs group indicates a bias towards Th1 cell polarization, suggesting the promotion of Th1 cell-mediated immune responses. Considering the combination of the highest lymphocyte proliferation and survival rates, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, and cytokine levels in the mice immunized with CS-SAG1-PRO NPs, this approach holds promise for immunostimulation and vaccine delivery against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khorshidvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr Daneshbod Lab, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Amiri
- Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr Daneshbod Lab, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Pilipović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Adrenoceptors as potential target for add-on immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108358. [PMID: 36804434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its commonly used experimental model - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They indicate that noradrenaline, the key end-point mediator of the SNS, acting through β-adrenoceptor, has a contributory role in the early stages of MS/EAE development. This stage is characterized by the SNS hyperactivity (increased release of noradrenaline) reflecting the net effect of different factors, such as the disease-associated inflammation, stress, vitamin D hypovitaminosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection and dysbiosis. Thus, the administration of propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to experimental rats before the autoimmune challenge and in the early (preclinical/prodromal) phase of the disease mitigates EAE severity. This phenomenon has been ascribed to the alleviation of neuroinflammation (due to attenuation of primarily microglial activation/proinflammatory functions) and the diminution of the magnitude of the primary CD4+ T-cell autoimmune response (the effect associated with impaired autoantigen uptake by antigen presenting cells and their migration into draining lymph nodes). The former is partly related to breaking of the catecholamine-dependent self-amplifying microglial feed-forward loop and the positive feedback loop between microglia and the SNS, leading to down-regulation of the SNS hyperactivity and its enhancing influence on microglial activation/proinflammatory functions and the magnitude of autoimmune response. The effects of propranolol are shown to be more prominent in male EAE animals, the phenomenon important as males (like men) are likely to develop clinically more severe disease. Thus, these findings could serve as a firm scientific background for formulation of a new sex-specific immune-intervention strategy for the early phases of MS (characterized by the SNS hyperactivity) exploiting anti-(neuro)inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of propranolol and other relatively cheap and safe adrenergic drugs with similar therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiology, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Jin X, Wang X, Sun J, Tan W, Zhang G, Han J, Xie M, Zhou L, Yu Z, Xu T, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhou X, Jiang H. Subthreshold splenic nerve stimulation prevents myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion injury via neuroimmunomodulation of proinflammatory factor levels. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109522. [PMID: 36502595 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical outcomes following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury are strongly related to the intensity and duration of inflammation. The splenic nerve (SpN) is indispensable for the anti-inflammatory reflex. This study aimed to investigate whether splenic nerve stimulation (SpNS) plays a cardioprotective role in myocardial I/R injury and the potential underlying mechanism. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group, I/R group, SpNS group, and I/R plus SpNS group. The highest SpNS intensity that did not influence heart rate was identified, and SpNS at this intensity was used as the subthreshold stimulus. Continuous subthreshold SpNS was applied for 1 h before ligation of the left coronary artery for 45 min. After 72 h of reperfusion, samples were collected for analysis. RESULTS SpN activity and splenic concentrations of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP)-related neurotransmitters were significantly increased by SpNS. The infarct size, oxidative stress, sympathetic tone, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were significantly reduced in rats subjected to subthreshold SpNS after myocardial I/R injury compared with those subjected to I/R injury alone. CONCLUSIONS Subthreshold SpNS ameliorates myocardial damage, the inflammatory response, and cardiac remodelling induced by myocardial I/R injury via neuroimmunomodulation of proinflammatory factor levels. SpNS is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wuping Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jiapeng Han
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Tianyou Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yueyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.
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Freire BM, de Melo FM, Basso AS. Adrenergic Signaling Regulation Of Macrophage Function: Do We Understand It Yet? IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2022; 2:ltac010. [PMID: 36284839 PMCID: PMC9585663 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells that are widespread throughout the body and critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Their remarkable plasticity allows them to acquire different phenotypes, becoming able either to fight infection (M1-like, classically activated macrophages) or to promote tissue remodeling and repair (M2-like, alternatively activated macrophages). These phenotypes are induced by different cues present in the microenvironment. Among the factors that might regulate macrophage activation are mediators produced by different branches of the nervous system. The regulation exerted by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on macrophages (and the immune system in general) is becoming a subject of increasing interest, indeed a great number of articles have been published lately. Catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenaline) activate α and β adrenergic receptors expressed by macrophages and shape the effector functions of these cells in contexts as diverse as the small intestine, the lung, or the adipose tissue. Activation of different subsets of receptors seems to produce antagonistic effects, with α adrenergic receptors generally associated with pro-inflammatory functions and β adrenergic receptors (particularly β2) related to the resolution of inflammation and tissue remodeling. However, exceptions to this paradigm have been reported, and the factors contributing to these apparently contradictory observations are still far from being completely understood. Additionally, macrophages per se seem to be sources of catecholamines, which is also a subject of some debate. In this review, we discuss how activation of adrenergic receptors modulates macrophage effector functions and its implications for inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Marton Freire
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe Menegatti de Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Basso
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
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Lyu J, Wang M, Kang X, Xu H, Cao Z, Yu T, Huang K, Wu J, Wei X, Lei Q. Macrophage-mediated regulation of catecholamines in sympathetic neural remodeling after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Morris G, Berk M, Maes M, Carvalho AF, Puri BK. Socioeconomic Deprivation, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Medical Disorders in Adulthood: Mechanisms and Associations. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5866-5890. [PMID: 30685844 PMCID: PMC6614134 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe socioeconomic deprivation (SED) and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are significantly associated with the development in adulthood of (i) enhanced inflammatory status and/or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction and (ii) neurological, neuroprogressive, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms by which these associations take place are detailed. The two sets of consequences are themselves strongly associated, with the first set likely contributing to the second. Mechanisms enabling bidirectional communication between the immune system and the brain are described, including complex signalling pathways facilitated by factors at the level of immune cells. Also detailed are mechanisms underpinning the association between SED, ACE and the genesis of peripheral inflammation, including epigenetic changes to immune system-related gene expression. The duration and magnitude of inflammatory responses can be influenced by genetic factors, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, and by epigenetic factors, whereby pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and nuclear factor-κB affect gene DNA methylation and histone acetylation and also induce several microRNAs including miR-155, miR-181b-1 and miR-146a. Adult HPA axis activity is regulated by (i) genetic factors, such as glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms; (ii) epigenetic factors affecting glucocorticoid receptor function or expression, including the methylation status of alternative promoter regions of NR3C1 and the methylation of FKBP5 and HSD11β2; (iii) chronic inflammation and chronic nitrosative and oxidative stress. Finally, it is shown how severe psychological stress adversely affects mitochondrial structure and functioning and is associated with changes in brain mitochondrial DNA copy number and transcription; mitochondria can act as couriers of childhood stress into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Pilipović I, Vujnović I, Petrović R, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Propranolol Impairs Primary Immune Responses in Rat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:129-138. [PMID: 31132768 DOI: 10.1159/000500094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of β-adrenoceptor (AR) blockade in the preclinical phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used model of multiple sclerosis, on the development of primary CD4+ T-cell responses in draining lymph nodes (dLNs). METHODS CD11b+ cell migration to dLNs, CD4+ T-cell activation/proliferation, and IL-17+ CD4+ (Th17) cell numbers in dLN and spinal cord (SC) were examined in male and female Dark Agouti rats using flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Irrespective of sex, in propranolol-treated (PT) rats, migration of CD11b+ antigen-presenting cells from the site of immunization to dLNs was impaired compared with saline-treated controls and consequently the frequency of all CD11b+ cells in dLNs and activated cells among them, too. This correlated with decreased expression of CCL19/21 transcripts in dLNs. Consistently, the frequency of activated/proliferating cells among dLN CD4+ T cells was reduced in PT rats. Additionally, propranolol reduced the number of Th17 cells in dLNs and SC. Consistently, male and female PT rats exhibited a decreased incidence of EAE and prolonged duration of the asymptomatic disease phase. CONCLUSION This study suggests that sympathetic dysregulation is involved in the outbreak of clinical EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković," Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković," Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Raisa Petrović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković," Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,
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Noradrenaline through β-adrenoceptor contributes to sexual dimorphism in primary CD4+ T-cell response in DA rat EAE model? Cell Immunol 2018; 336:48-57. [PMID: 30600100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Males exhibit stronger sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, but weaker primary CD4+ T-cell (auto)immune responses. To test the role of catecholamines, major end-point SNS mediators, in this dimorphism, influence of propranolol (β-adrenoceptor blocker) on mitogen/neuroantigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells from female and male EAE rat draining lymph node (dLN) cell cultures was examined. Male rat dLNs exhibited higher noradrenaline concentration and frequency of β2-adrenoceptor-expressing CD4+ T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. Propranolol, irrespective of exogenous noradrenaline presence, more prominently augmented IL-2 production and proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes in male than female rat dLN cell cultures. In neuroantigen-stimulated dLN cells of both sexes propranolol increased IL-1β and IL-23/p19 expression and IL-17+ CD4+ cell frequency, but enhanced IL-17 production only in male rat CD4+ lymphocytes, thereby abrogating sexual dimorphism in IL-17 concentration observed in propranolol-free cultures. Thus, β-adrenoceptor-mediated signalling may contribute to sex bias in rat IL-17-producing cell secretory capacity.
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Minaei S, Shahabi S, Seyyedi S, Ziaali N, Mohammadzadeh Hajipirloo H. Propranolol efficacy as a novel adjuvant for immunization against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Exp Parasitol 2018; 194:60-66. [PMID: 30253134 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe or lethal damages, caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection in congenital cases and immunocompromised patients implies the necessity for development of a vaccine and an appropriate adjuvant would be needed to elicit a protective Th1 biased-immune response. The adjuvant activity of propranolol was surveyed and compared with alum by immunization of BALB/c mice with protein components of T. gondii tachyzoites. Five groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with phosphate buffered saline (negative control), Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA), alum plus TLA, Propranolol plus TLA, and alum, propranolol and TLA. Immunization efficacy was evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation and DTH tests, challenge with live tachyzoites, IFN-γ production by spleen cells, serum TNF-α concentration and anti- Toxoplasma total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a measurements. Mice of the PRP-TLA group induced significantly more IFN-γ and TNF-α production and lymphocyte proliferation than other groups. This group of mice also showed more anti-T. gondii IgG2a and DTH responses and showed a significantly increased survival time after challenge. These findings indicate that propranolol as an adjuvant in combination with TLA, may enhance cellular immunity against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Minaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Shahram Shahabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seyyedi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Naser Ziaali
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Garutti I, Rancan L, Abubakra S, Simón C, Paredes SD, Ortega J, Huerta L, Ramos S, Vara E. Effects of Intraoperative Infusion of Esmolol on Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation in a Porcine Experimental Model of Lung Resection Surgery. Anesth Analg 2018; 128:168-175. [PMID: 30234542 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung resection surgery (LRS) is associated with systemic and pulmonary inflammation, which can affect postoperative outcomes. Activation of β-adrenergic receptors increases the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, and their blockade may attenuate the systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a continuous perioperative intravenous perfusion of esmolol on postoperative pulmonary edema in an experimental model of LRS requiring periods of one-lung ventilation (OLV). METHODS Twenty-four large white pigs were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control (CON), esmolol (ESM), and sham. The ESM group received an intravenous esmolol bolus (0.5 mg/kg) and then an esmolol infusion (0.05 mg·kg·minute) throughout the procedure. The CON group received the same volume of 0.9% saline solution as the ESM group plus a continual infusion of saline. The sham group underwent a left thoracotomy without LRS or OLV. At the end of the LRS, the animals were awakened, and after 24 hours, they underwent general anesthesia again. Lung biopsies and plasma samples were obtained to analyze the levels and expression of inflammatory mediators, and the animals also received a bronchoalveolar lavage. RESULTS At 24 hours after the operation, the ESM group had less lung edema and lower expression of the proinflammatory biomarkers tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1 compared to the CON group for both lung lobes. For the mediastinal lobe biopsies, the mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) between the groups for edema, TNF, and IL-1 were 14.3 (95% CI, 5.6-23.1), P = .002; 0.19 (95% CI, 0.07-0.32), P = .002; and 0.13 (95% CI, 0.04-0.22), P = .006, respectively. In the left upper lobe, the mean differences for edema, TNF, and IL-1 were 12.4 (95% CI, 4.2-20.6), P = .003; 0.25 (95% CI, 0.12-0.37), P < .001; and 0.3 (95% CI, 0.08-0.53), P = .009. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that esmolol reduces lung edema and inflammatory responses in the intraoperative and postoperative periods in animals that underwent LRS with OLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Garutti
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Rancan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selma Abubakra
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Damian Paredes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortega
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Huerta
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ramos
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Villalobos-Gómez FDR, García-Lorenzana M, Escobedo G, Talamás-Rohana P, Salinas-Gutiérrez R, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Sánchez-Alemán E, Campos-Esparza MDR, Muñoz-Ortega MH, Ventura-Juárez J. Entamoeba histolytica L220 induces the in vitro activation of macrophages and neutrophils and is modulated by neurotransmitters. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:270-279. [PMID: 29654688 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuroimmunoregulation of inflammation has been well characterized. Entamoeba histolytica provokes an inflammatory response in the host in which macrophages and neutrophils are the first line of defense. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the 220 kDa lectin of Entamoeba histolytica on stimulation of human macrophages and neutrophils, especially the secretion of cytokines and the relation of these to neurotransmitters. Human cells were interacted with L220, epinephrine, nicotine, esmolol and vecuronium bromide. The concentrations of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by ELISA at, 4 h of interaction. L220 has a cytokine stimulating function of macrophages and neutrophils for secretion of IL-1β, and IL-10 only by macrophages, which was modulated by the effect of vecuronium on cholinergic receptors in this immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Del Rocío Villalobos-Gómez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Edificio 202, Av. Universidad 940 Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20130, Aguascalientes, Ags.,México
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, CDMX, México
| | - Mario García-Lorenzana
- Área de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 CDMX, México
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Dr. Balmis #148, Col. Doctores, C.P. 06720, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rogelio Salinas-Gutiérrez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Departamento de Estadística, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Edificio 202, Av. Universidad 940 Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20130, Aguascalientes, Ags.,México
| | - Verónica-Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esperanza Sánchez-Alemán
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Edificio 202, Av. Universidad 940 Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20130, Aguascalientes, Ags.,México
| | - María Del Rosario Campos-Esparza
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Edificio 202, Av. Universidad 940 Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20130, Aguascalientes, Ags.,México
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes.Av. Universidad # 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags.,México
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Edificio 202, Av. Universidad 940 Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 20130, Aguascalientes, Ags.,México
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12
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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Ismail A, Ayala-Lopez N, Ahmad M, Watts SW. 3T3-L1 cells and perivascular adipocytes are not equivalent in amine transporter expression. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:137-144. [PMID: 27926779 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rat perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) stores, takes up, and releases norepinephrine (NE; Ayala-Lopez et al. (2014) Pharmacol Res Perspect 2, e00041). We hypothesized that 3T3-L1 adipocytes would exhibit similar behaviors and, thus, could serve as a model for PVAT adipocytes. However, basal levels of NE were not detected in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. While incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with exogenous NE increased their cellular NE content, the mRNA expression of several NE transporters [e.g., norepinephrine transporter (NET)] were not detected in these cells. Similarly, we observed expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by qRT-PCR and immunostaining, but stimulation of the cells with tyramine (100 μm) did not cause a significant release of NE. These studies support that 3T3-L1 adipocytes are not an adequate model of perivascular adipocytes for studying NE handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nadia Ayala-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maleeha Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. On the translocation of bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides between blood and peripheral locations in chronic, inflammatory diseases: the central roles of LPS and LPS-induced cell death. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1339-77. [PMID: 26345428 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently highlighted (and added to) the considerable evidence that blood can contain dormant bacteria. By definition, such bacteria may be resuscitated (and thus proliferate). This may occur under conditions that lead to or exacerbate chronic, inflammatory diseases that are normally considered to lack a microbial component. Bacterial cell wall components, such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative strains, are well known as potent inflammatory agents, but should normally be cleared. Thus, their continuing production and replenishment from dormant bacterial reservoirs provides an easy explanation for the continuing, low-grade inflammation (and inflammatory cytokine production) that is characteristic of many such diseases. Although experimental conditions and determinants have varied considerably between investigators, we summarise the evidence that in a great many circumstances LPS can play a central role in all of these processes, including in particular cell death processes that permit translocation between the gut, blood and other tissues. Such localised cell death processes might also contribute strongly to the specific diseases of interest. The bacterial requirement for free iron explains the strong co-existence in these diseases of iron dysregulation, LPS production, and inflammation. Overall this analysis provides an integrative picture, with significant predictive power, that is able to link these processes via the centrality of a dormant blood microbiome that can resuscitate and shed cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa.
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15
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Huang HW, Zuo C, Chen X, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:635-42. [PMID: 27315039 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the overexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines (CAs), in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper (Th) cells. A recombinant TH overexpression plasmid (pEGFP-N1-TH) was constructed and transfected into mesenteric lymphocytes using nucleofection technology. These cells were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) for 48 h and then examined for TH expression and CA content, as well as for the percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells, cytokine concentrations and for the levels of signaling molecules. The lymphocytes overexpressing TH also expressed higher mRNA and protein levels of TH, and synthesized more CAs, including norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) than the mock-transfected control cells. TH gene overexpression in the lymphocytes reduced the percentage of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ cells and the ratio of CD4+IFN-γ+/CD4+IL-4+ cells, as well as the percentages of CD4+CD26+ and CD4+CD30+ cells and the ratio of CD4+CD26+/CD4+CD30+ cells. TH overexpression also reduced the secretion of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from lymphocytes. Moreover, NE inhibited the Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation and decreased both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression in the lymphocytes. Our findings thus indicate that TH gene overexpression promotes the polarization and differentiation of CD4+ cells towards Th2 cells, and this effect is mediated by the cAMP and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wei Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zuo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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16
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Gozal D, Farré R, Nieto FJ. Obstructive sleep apnea and cancer: Epidemiologic links and theoretical biological constructs. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 27:43-55. [PMID: 26447849 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have emerged as highly prevalent conditions in the last 50-75 y. Along with improved understanding of such disorders, the realization that perturbations in sleep architecture and continuity may initiate, exacerbate or modulate the phenotypic expression of multiple diseases including cancer has gained increased attention. Furthermore, the intermittent hypoxia that is attendant to sleep disordered breathing, has recently been implicated in increased incidence and more adverse prognosis of cancer. The unifying conceptual framework linking these associations proposes that increased sympathetic activity and/or alterations in immune function, particularly affecting innate immune cellular populations, underlie the deleterious effects of sleep disorders on tumor biology. In this review, the epidemiological evidence linking disrupted sleep and intermittent hypoxia to oncological outcomes, and the potential biological underpinnings of such associations as illustrated by experimental murine models will be critically appraised. The overarching conclusion appears supportive in the formulation of an hypothetical framework, in which fragmented sleep and intermittent hypoxia may promote changes in multiple signalosomes and transcription factors that can not only initiate malignant transformation, but will also alter the tumor microenvironment, disrupt immunosurveillance, and thus hasten tumor proliferation and increase local and metastatic invasion. Future bench-based experimental studies as well as carefully conducted and controlled clinical epidemiological studies appear justified for further exploration of these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Nieto
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Perros F, Ranchoux B, Izikki M, Bentebbal S, Happé C, Antigny F, Jourdon P, Dorfmüller P, Lecerf F, Fadel E, Simonneau G, Humbert M, Bogaard HJ, Eddahibi S. Nebivolol for improving endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right heart function in pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:668-80. [PMID: 25677428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), promoting vasoconstriction, smooth muscle proliferation, and inflammation. OBJECTIVES This study sought to test the hypothesis that nebivolol, a β1-antagonist and β2,3-agonist, may improve PAH and reverse the PAH-related phenotype of pulmonary ECs (P-EC). METHODS We compared the effects of nebivolol with metoprolol, a first-generation β1-selective β-blocker, on human cultured PAH and control P-EC proliferation, vasoactive and proinflammatory factor production, and crosstalk with PA smooth muscle cells. We assessed the effects of both β-blockers in precontracted PA rings. We also compared the effects of both β-blockers in experimental PAH. RESULTS PAH P-ECs overexpressed the proinflammatory mediators interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, fibroblast growth factor-2, and the potent vasoconstrictive agent endothelin-1 as compared with control cells. This pathological phenotype was corrected by nebivolol but not metoprolol in a dose-dependent fashion. We confirmed that PAH P-EC proliferate more than control cells and stimulate more PA smooth muscle cell mitosis, a growth abnormality that was normalized by nebivolol but not by metoprolol. Nebivolol but not metoprolol induced endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide-dependent relaxation of PA. Nebivolol was more potent than metoprolol in improving cardiac function, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and inflammation of rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Nebivolol could be a promising option for the management of PAH, improving endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right heart function. Until clinical studies are undertaken, however, routine use of β-blockers in PAH cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Perros
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
| | - Benoît Ranchoux
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Mohamed Izikki
- Inserm U1046, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sana Bentebbal
- Inserm U1046, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chris Happé
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Philippe Jourdon
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Florence Lecerf
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Elie Fadel
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Gerald Simonneau
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- University Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, DHU TORINO, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Huang HW, Fang XX, Wang XQ, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Regulation of differentiation and function of helper T cells by lymphocyte-derived catecholamines via α₁- and β₂-adrenoceptors. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:138-51. [PMID: 24800755 DOI: 10.1159/000360579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, we have reported that lymphocyte-derived endogenous catecholamines (CAs) facilitate a shift in the T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance towards Th2. The purpose of this study was to explore the involvement of adrenoreceptors (ARs) in Th differentiation and function modulation by lymphocyte-derived CAs. METHODS Lymphocytes were separated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice, stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) and treated with pargyline, an inhibitor of CA degradation. RESULTS Pargyline downregulated the expression of Th1-relative factors, T-bet, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, but upregulated the expression of Th2-relative factors, GATA-3, IL-4 and IL-10. Pargyline reduced the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ cells and the CD4+IFN-γ+/CD4+IL-4+ cell ratio, although it did not alter the proportion of IL-4-producing CD4+ cells. In addition, the percentage of CD4+CD26+ T cells and the CD4+CD26+/CD4+CD30+ cell ratio were also reduced in the pargyline-treated group. Furthermore, Con A-activated T cells treated with pargyline produced a lower level of IFN-γ and a higher level of IL-4 than the control group. All these effects were blocked by the α1-AR antagonist corynanthine or the β2-AR antagonist ICI 118551, but not by the α2-AR antagonist yohimbine or β1-AR antagonist atenolol. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that lymphocyte-derived CAs promote polarization of differentiation and function towards Th2 cells and that this effect is mediated by α1-AR and β2-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wei Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system: relevance to health and diseases. Ann Neurosci 2014; 19:40-6. [PMID: 25205962 PMCID: PMC4117073 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.180410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past century, physiological, molecular, and cellular-based studies have proved that the functions of the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are dependent upon each other and that this interaction among these systems determines the maintenance of health or susceptibility to infections. The release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from the brain is a response to external environmental stimuli that influences the release of hormones from the pituitary in order to regulate the functions such as metabolism and growth, reproduction, etc. In addition, there are direct sympathetic noradrenergic and peptidergic innervations of primary (bone marrow and thymus) and secondary (spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissues) lymphoid organs. The neurotransmitters and neuropeptides released in these lymphoid organs then bind to specific receptors on the cells of the immune system to modulate their functions. Another circuit in this bidirectional communication involves the products of the immune system, for e.g., cytokines that can cross the blood-brain barrier to alter the activities of the neuronal function in the central nervous system especially during fever and inflammation in infectious diseases and cancer. Dysregulation of the interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune system due to alterations in the neural activity, secretion of hormones and cytokines, and synthesis of growth factors has been demonstrated to promote the pathogenesis and progression of infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. It is imperative that further research is carried out to understand the mechanisms of neuroendocrine-immune interactions to facilitate development of better treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ton QV, Hammes SR. Recent Insights on Circulating Catecholamines in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Epinephrine enhances the response of macrophages under LPS stimulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:254686. [PMID: 25243125 PMCID: PMC4160625 DOI: 10.1155/2014/254686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trauma associated with infection may directly trigger a neuroendocrine reaction in vivo while the hormone epinephrine is known to mediate immune responses to inflammation after injury. However, the role of epinephrine during the earliest stage of trauma still remains unclear. We therefore explored the role of epinephrine on activated macrophages under LPS stimulation in vitro as well as the mechanisms underlying its effect. Dose- and time-dependent effects of epinephrine on macrophage immune function were assessed after LPS activation. We also employed CD14 siRNA interference to investigate whether CD14 played a role in the mechanism underlying the effect of epinephrine on LPS-induced macrophage responses. Our results showed that epinephrine pretreatment (10 ng/mL) significantly promoted immune responses from LPS stimulated macrophages, including phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, TNFα/IL-1β/IL-10 secretion, and CD14 expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, TNFα/IL-1β/IL-10 levels attained their peak value 1 hour after incubation with 10 ng/mL epinephrine (P < 0.05), and CD14 siRNA transfection dramatically decreased phagocytosis and cytokine secretion by LPS-activated macrophages (P < 0.05). We therefore conclude that 10 ng/mL epinephrine enhances immune responses from macrophages under LPS stimulation and that the underlying mechanism may relate to CD14 upregulation on the surface of macrophages.
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Messmer MN, Kokolus KM, Eng JWL, Abrams SI, Repasky EA. Mild cold-stress depresses immune responses: Implications for cancer models involving laboratory mice. Bioessays 2014; 36:884-91. [PMID: 25066924 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically accurate mouse models of cancer are critical in the pre-clinical development of novel cancer therapies. However, current standardized animal-housing temperatures elicit chronic cold-associated stress in mice, which is further increased in the presence of tumor. This cold-stress significantly impacts experimental outcomes. Data from our lab and others suggest standard housing fundamentally alters murine physiology, and this can produce altered immune baselines in tumor and other disease models. Researchers may thus underestimate the efficacy of therapies that are benefitted by immune responses. A potential mediator, norepinephrine, also underlies stress pathways common in mice and humans. Therefore, research into mechanisms connecting cold-stress and norepinephrine signaling with immune depression in mice could highlight new combination therapies for humans to simultaneously target stress while stimulating anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Messmer
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Procaccini C, Pucino V, De Rosa V, Marone G, Matarese G. Neuro-endocrine networks controlling immune system in health and disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:143. [PMID: 24778633 PMCID: PMC3985001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems have long been considered as compartments that perform separate and different functions. However, recent clinical, epidemiological, and experimental data have suggested that the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), might involve factors, hormones, and neural mediators that link the immune and nervous system. These molecules are members of the same superfamily, which allow the mutual and bi-directional neural-immune interaction. More recently, the discovery of leptin, one of the most abundant adipocyte-derived hormones that control food intake and metabolism, has suggested that nutritional/metabolic status, acting at central level, can control immune self-tolerance, since it promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Here, we summarize the most recent advances and the key players linking the central nervous system, immune tolerance, and the metabolic status. Understanding this coordinated interaction may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to increase host defense and suppress immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Napoli , Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Napoli , Italy ; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma , Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy ; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Immunologiche di Base e Cliniche, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno , Salerno , Italy ; IRCCS Multimedica , Milano , Italy
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Procaccini C, Pucino V, De Rosa V, Marone G, Matarese G. Neuro-endocrine networks controlling immune system in health and disease. Front Immunol 2014. [PMID: 24778633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00143/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems have long been considered as compartments that perform separate and different functions. However, recent clinical, epidemiological, and experimental data have suggested that the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), might involve factors, hormones, and neural mediators that link the immune and nervous system. These molecules are members of the same superfamily, which allow the mutual and bi-directional neural-immune interaction. More recently, the discovery of leptin, one of the most abundant adipocyte-derived hormones that control food intake and metabolism, has suggested that nutritional/metabolic status, acting at central level, can control immune self-tolerance, since it promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Here, we summarize the most recent advances and the key players linking the central nervous system, immune tolerance, and the metabolic status. Understanding this coordinated interaction may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to increase host defense and suppress immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Napoli , Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Napoli , Italy ; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma , Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy ; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Immunologiche di Base e Cliniche, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Napoli , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno , Salerno , Italy ; IRCCS Multimedica , Milano , Italy
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Glutamatergic neurotransmission between the C1 neurons and the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1486-97. [PMID: 23345223 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4269-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1 neurons are a nodal point for blood pressure control and other autonomic responses. Here we test whether these rostral ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons use glutamate as a transmitter in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). After injecting Cre-dependent adeno-associated virus (AAV2) DIO-Ef1α-channelrhodopsin2(ChR2)-mCherry (AAV2) into the RVLM of dopamine-β-hydroxylase Cre transgenic mice (DβH(Cre/0)), mCherry was detected exclusively in RVLM-CA neurons. Within the DMV >95% mCherry-immunoreactive(ir) axonal varicosities were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir and the same proportion were vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)-ir. VGLUT2-mCherry colocalization was virtually absent when AAV2 was injected into the RVLM of DβH(Cre/0);VGLUT2(flox/flox) mice, into the caudal VLM (A1 noradrenergic neuron-rich region) of DβH(Cre/0) mice or into the raphe of ePet(Cre/0) mice. Following injection of AAV2 into RVLM of TH-Cre rats, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase and VGLUT2 immunoreactivities were highly colocalized in DMV within EYFP-positive or EYFP-negative axonal varicosities. Ultrastructurally, mCherry terminals from RVLM-CA neurons in DβH(Cre/0) mice made predominantly asymmetric synapses with choline acetyl-transferase-ir DMV neurons. Photostimulation of ChR2-positive axons in DβH(Cre/0) mouse brain slices produced EPSCs in 71% of tested DMV preganglionic neurons (PGNs) but no IPSCs. Photostimulation (20 Hz) activated PGNs up to 8 spikes/s (current-clamp). EPSCs were eliminated by tetrodotoxin, reinstated by 4-aminopyridine, and blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor blockers. In conclusion, VGLUT2 is expressed by RVLM-CA (C1) neurons in rats and mice regardless of the presence of AAV2, the C1 neurons activate DMV parasympathetic PGNs monosynaptically and this connection uses glutamate as an ionotropic transmitter.
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Huang HW, Tang JL, Han XH, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Lymphocyte-derived catecholamines induce a shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 polarization. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:1-8. [PMID: 23095308 DOI: 10.1159/000343099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our previous work has shown that lymphocytes synthesize and secrete catecholamines (CAs), which regulate lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis. In the present study, we explored the effect of the lymphocyte-derived CAs on differentiation and function of T helper (Th) cells. METHODS Lymphocytes were separated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice and stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A). These cells were treated with alpha-methyl-p- tyrosine (α-MT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) that is a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of CAs, and pargyline, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase that degrades CAs. RESULTS Treatment of Con A-stimulated lymphocytes with α-MT (10(-6) M) reduced CAs both in the cultured lymphocytes and in the culture supernatants. Simultaneously, α-MT upregulated expression of mRNAs and proteins of T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) but downregulated expression of mRNAs and proteins of GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in Con A-activated lymphocytes. In contrast, pargyline (10(-6) M) increased intracellular and supernatant CA contents in Con A-activated lymphocytes. Meanwhile, the treatment with pargyline downregulated expression of T-bet and IFN-γ but upregulated expression of GATA-3 and IL-4 in these lymphocytes. CONCLUSION CAs synthesized and secreted by lymphocytes regulate differentiation and function of Th cells, with an effect facilitating the shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wei Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, PR China
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Stanojevic S, Dimitrijevic M, Kustrimovic N, Mitic K, Vujic V, Leposavic G. Adrenal hormone deprivation affects macrophage catecholamine metabolism and β2-adrenoceptor density, but not propranolol stimulation of tumour necrosis factor-α production. Exp Physiol 2012. [PMID: 23180813 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.070524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines modulate the production of inflammatory mediators by macrophages in an autocrine/paracrine manner. They also tune β2-adrenoceptor expression. Glucocorticoids influence catecholamine metabolism and adrenoceptor expression in many cell types. We hypothesized that adrenal hormones affect the production of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and NO by macrophages by altering the modulatory influence of catecholamines. To prove the hypothesis, peritoneal exudate macrophages from propranolol-treated non-operated and adrenalectomized rats and from corticosterone-supplemented adrenalectomized rats were examined for lipopolysaccharide-stimulated NO and TNF-α production in vitro and for expression of β2-adrenoceptors and major catecholamine-metabolizing enzymes. Glucocorticoid deprivation increased NO production by macrophages, whereas 4 days of propranolol treatment was ineffective in this respect. However, propranolol treatment, via β2-adrenoceptor blockade, increased production of TNF-α by macrophages in both non-operated and adrenalectomized rats (showing dramatically enhanced TNF-α production due to a lack of circulating glucocorticoids) for the same value. The expression of β2-adrenoceptor was increased in peritoneal macrophages that were freshly isolated from non-operated, propranolol-treated and adrenalectomized rats (due to adrenal catecholamine deficiency). Propranolol did not affect macrophage β2-adrenoceptor expression in adrenalectomized rats. Given that propranolol increased the density of macrophage tyrosine hydroxylase expression only in non-operated rats and affected the mRNA expression of monoamine oxidase-A in neither non-operated nor adrenalectomized animals, a significant influence of propranolol on peritoneal exudate cell noradrenaline content was found only in non-operated rats. A lack of circulating adrenal hormones also affected noradrenaline metabolism and content in peritoneal exudate cells including macrophages. Collectively, despite differences in the abundance of macrophage catecholamine-β2-adrenoceptor system components and in the TNF-α response to lipopolysaccharide between adrenalectomized and non-operated rats, propranolol increased TNF-α production by the same amount in macrophages from these two groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Stanojevic
- Immunology Research Center 'Branislav Janković', Vojvode Stepe 458, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Kvetnansky R, Ukropec J, Laukova M, Manz B, Pacak K, Vargovic P. Stress stimulates production of catecholamines in rat adipocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:801-13. [PMID: 22402834 PMCID: PMC3419009 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sympathoadrenal system is the main source of catecholamines (CAs) in adipose tissues and therefore plays the key role in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. We recently reported existence of an alternative CA-producing system directly in adipose tissue cells, and here we investigated effect of various stressors-physical (cold) and emotional stress (immobilization) on dynamics of this system. Acute or chronic cold exposure increased intracellular norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) concentration in isolated rat mesenteric adipocytes. Gene expression of CA biosynthetic enzymes did not change in adipocytes but was increased in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) after 28 day cold. Exposure of rats to a single IMO stress caused increases in NE and EPI levels, and also gene expression of CA biosynthetic enzymes in adipocytes. In SVF changes were similar but more pronounced. Animals adapted to a long-term cold exposure (28 days, 4°C) did not show those responses found after a single IMO stress either in adipocytes or SVF. Our data indicate that gene machinery accommodated in adipocytes, which is able to synthesize NE and EPI de novo, is significantly activated by stress. Cold-adapted animals keep their adaptation even after an exposure to a novel stressor. These findings suggest the functionality of CAs produced endogenously in adipocytes. Taken together, the newly discovered CA synthesizing system in adipocytes is activated in stress situations and might significantly contribute to regulation of lipolysis and other metabolic or thermogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kvetnansky
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Sorriento D, Santulli G, Del Giudice C, Anastasio A, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G. Endothelial cells are able to synthesize and release catecholamines both in vitro and in vivo. Hypertension 2012; 60:129-36. [PMID: 22665130 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.189605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently it has been demonstrated that catecholamines are produced and used by macrophages and mediate immune response. The aim of this study is to verify whether endothelial cells (ECs), which are of myeloid origin, can produce catecholamines. We demonstrated that genes coding for tyrosine hydroxylase, Dopa decarboxylase, dopamine β hydroxylase (DβH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, enzymes involved in the synthesis of catecholamines, are all expressed in basal conditions in bovine aorta ECs, and their expression is enhanced in response to hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia enhances catecholamine release. To evaluate the signal transduction pathway that regulates catecholamine synthesis in ECs, we overexpressed in bovine aorta ECs either protein kinase A (PKA) or the transcription factor cAMP response element binding, because PKA/cAMP response element binding activation induces tyrosine hydroxylase transcription and activity in response to stress. Both cAMP response element binding and PKA overexpression enhance DβH and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase gene expression and catecholamine release, whereas H89, inhibitor of PKA, exerts the opposite effect, evidencing the role of PKA/cAMP response element binding transduction pathway in the regulation of catecholamine release in bovine aorta ECs. We then evaluated by immunohistochemistry the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, Dopa decarboxylase, DβH, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase in femoral arteries from hindlimbs of C57Bl/6 mice 3 days after removal of the common femoral artery to induce chronic ischemia. Ischemia evokes tyrosine hydroxylase, Dopa decarboxylase, DβH, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase expression in the endothelium. Finally, the pharmacological inhibition of catecholamine release by fusaric acid, an inhibitor of DβH, reduces the ability of ECs to form network-like structures on Matrigel matrix. In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that ECs are able to synthesize and release catecholamines in response to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.
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Mazloomi E, Jazani NH, Shahabi S. A novel adjuvant, mixture of alum and the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses for heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:2640-6. [PMID: 22342704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of the mixture of propranolol (PRP), a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and alum, as a new adjuvant, in the induction of humoral and cellular immunity in response to heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (HKST) as a model vaccine. METHODS BALB/c mice were divided into five groups. Mice in the experimental groups received either the HKST vaccine alone or in combination with the adjuvant alum, PRP or the alum-PRP mixture. Mice in the negative control group received phosphate-buffered saline. All mice were immunized two times on days 0 and 14. Two weeks after the last immunization, immune responses to S. typhimurium were assessed. RESULTS Administration of the alum-PRP mixture as an adjuvant increased the ability of the HKST vaccine to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, shifted the immune response towards a T-helper (Th) 1 pattern and increased S. typhimurium specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG1. This resulted in improved protective immunity against S. typhimurium. CONCLUSION Administration of the alum-PRP mixture as an adjuvant in combination with the HKST vaccine, can enhance both humoral and cellular immunity and shift the immune responses to a Th1 pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Mazloomi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Research, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Yang C, Yan J, Wang HY, Zhou LL, Zhou JY, Wang ZG, Jiang JX. Effects of bilateral adrenalectomy on the innate immune responses following trauma in rats. Injury 2011; 42:905-12. [PMID: 22081818 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of neuroendocrine hormones on the innate immune responses in trauma has not been fully understood. Previous studies have shown that the neuroendocrine hormones are important factors in their effects on immune parameters, depending on their concentration and timing instead of the simple suppressive effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 144 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into sham, pulmonary blast injury (BI) and adrenalectomy plus pulmonary BI groups. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed on rats, which were then subjected to blast injury. Following this, peripheral leucocyte responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, phagocytosis activities of macrophages and bacteria translocation (BT) were examined. Tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels and the expression levels of scavenger receptor (SR) A, CD14, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and MD2 were assayed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS In adrenalectomised rats after pulmonary BI, the number of peripheral leucocytes was increased and the phagocytosis of peritoneal and splenic macrophages was decreased as compared to the BI group. Simultaneously, the gut-derived BT and TNF-a secretion in lung tissues were elevated, whilst the LPS-stimulated TNF-a synthesis by peripheral leucocyte responsiveness was reduced. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of SR-A, CD14, TLR4 and MD2 in lung tissues of adrenalectomised rats decreased. Adrenalectomised rats showed enhancement of inflammatory responses and severe tissue injuries in trauma. CONCLUSIONS Release of adrenal hormones might enhance, rather than inhibit, the innate immune functions, particularly in the early stages of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, Chongqing, China
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Guo YP, Liu Y, Li JB, Huang Y, Qi HP, Xie J, Cui XG, Yue ZY, Li WZ. Chronic β-adrenoceptor antagonists upregulate the rat alveolar macrophage adrenergic system through the β1-subtype. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:315-22. [PMID: 21865739 DOI: 10.1159/000331747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrate that macrophages synthesis and release catecholamines, which regulate the immune responses in an autocrine manner. These responses are mediated in part by β-adrenoceptors expressed on macrophages. Some β-adrenoceptor antagonists are commonly used in clinical conditions. Here we investigated whether the chronic administration of β-adrenoceptor antagonists upregulate adrenergic system of alveolar macrophage and the potential mechanims. METHODS Propranolol (30 mg/kg·d) or atenolol (5 mg/kg·d) was administered by gavage to rats for 4 weeks. Then alveolar macrophages were isolated and the expression of β(1) or β(2)-adrenoceptor was detected by flow cytometric analysis. Dopamine β-hydroxylase expression was assessed by Western blot assay and the concentrations of noradrenaline, IL-6, and TNF-α in cell supernatants were measured using ELISA after 2 h or 24 h exposure of alveolar macrophages to 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Propranolol increased the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of β(1), β(2)-adrenoceptor and the frequency of β(1)-,β(2)- adrenoceptor positive macrophages. However, only the MFI of β(1)-adrenoceptor and the frequency of β(1)-adrenoceptor positive macrophages were increased by atenolol. Furthermore, both propranolol and atenolol promoted LPS-mediated dopamine β-hydroxylase protein expression and increased noradrenaline production in rat alveolar macrophages. This was accompanied by increased LPS-mediated IL-6 and TNF-α production in cell supernatants of alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that propranolol or atenolol upregulates alveolar macrophage adrenergic system, and the response may be β(1)-adrenergic receptor subtype dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ping Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Adipocytes as a new source of catecholamine production. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2279-84. [PMID: 21689652 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines are an important regulator of lipolysis in adipose tissue. Here we show that rat adipocytes, isolated from mesenteric adipose tissue, express genes of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes and produce catecholamines de novo. Administration of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, in vitro significantly reduced concentration of catecholamines in isolated adipocytes. We hypothesize that the sympathetic innervation of adipose tissues is not the only source of catecholamines, since adipocytes also have the capacity to produce both norepinephrine and epinephrine.
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Catecholamine-storing cells at acupuncture points of rabbits. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010; 1:83-90. [PMID: 20633459 DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that specific sites of the skin related to the acupoints contain a high concentration of catecholamines, especially noradrenaline (NA). Considering this newly discovered property of the acupoints we assumed that heterogeneous distribution of cutaneous catecholamines could be associated with a specific location of catecholamine-storing cells in acupoint sites. In the present work we used an immunohistochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy to examine the presence of catecholamine-storing cells at acupoints of rabbits. Double immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against adrenaline and NA revealed only the cells storing NA in the dermal layer of rabbit skin. NA-storing cells were randomly scattered as single cells as well as existing in small clusters in a globular tissue formation surrounded by blood vessels and capillaries. Microscopic analysis of histological sections also revealed that the distribution of NA-storing cells was closely associated with the location of acupoints. Thus results from our study strongly suggest that acupoint areas of rabbit skin contain catecholamine-storing cells which can release a high level of NA during acupuncture stimulation.
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Ley S, Weigert A, Brüne B. Neuromediators in inflammation—a macrophage/nerve connection. Immunobiology 2010; 215:674-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dimitrijević M, Pilipović I, Stanojević S, Mitić K, Radojević K, Pesić V, Leposavić G. Chronic propranolol treatment affects expression of adrenoceptors on peritoneal macrophages and their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 211:56-65. [PMID: 19398131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using both immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analyses of rat peritoneal exudate cells constitutive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and both beta(2)- and alpha(1)- adrenoceptors on macrophages was revealed. Furthermore, according to the characteristic assemblage of tyrosine hydroxylase and adrenoceptor subtype expression different macrophage subsets were identified. In vitro treatment of macrophages with the non-selective alpha,beta-adrenoceptor agonist arterenol and/or the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol indicated that beta-adrenoceptors potentiated nitric oxide (NO) production and suggested alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated suppression of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production. An increase in H(2)O(2) production in the presence of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist ebrantil provided support for this. Chronic propranolol treatment in vivo led to increased NO and H(2)O(2) production by peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in opposing effects on the expression of beta(2)- and alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on peritoneal macrophages (a stimulatory effect on beta(2)-adrenoceptors and a suppressive effect on alpha(1)-adrenoceptors). In conclusion, a subset of resident peritoneal macrophages synthesizes catecholamines, which may exert differential effects on H(2)O(2) and NO production via distinct adrenoceptors. Finally, chronic propranolol treatment affected adrenoceptor expression on peritoneal macrophages and altered their capacity to generate NO and H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
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Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Radojević K, Pešić V, Perišić M, Kosec D. Catecholamines as immunomodulators: A role for adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms in fine tuning of T-cell development. Auton Neurosci 2008; 144:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Ward PA. Catecholamines-crafty weapons in the inflammatory arsenal of immune/inflammatory cells or opening pandora's box? Mol Med 2008; 14:195-204. [PMID: 18079995 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00105.flierl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that catecholamines (CAs), which regulate immune and inflammatory responses, derive from the adrenal medulla and from presynaptic neurons. Recent studies reveal that T cells also can synthesize and release catecholamines which then can regulate T cell function. We have shown recently that macrophages and neutrophils, when stimulated, can generate and release catecholamines de novo which, then, in an autocrine/paracrine manner, regulate mediator release from these phagocytes via engagement of adrenergic receptors. Moreover, regulation of catecholamine-generating enzymes as well as degrading enzymes clearly alter the inflammatory response of phagocytes, such as the release of proinflammatory mediators. Accordingly, it appears that phagocytic cells and lymphocytes may represent a major, newly recognized source of catecholamines that regulate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flierl
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Vidya Sarma J, Huber-Lang M, Ward PA. Adrenergic Regulation of Complement-Induced Acute Lung Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78952-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jiang JL, Peng YP, Qiu YH, Wang JJ. Effect of endogenous catecholamines on apoptosis of Con A-activated lymphocytes of rats. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Emeny RT, Gao D, Lawrence DA. Beta1-adrenergic receptors on immune cells impair innate defenses against Listeria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4876-84. [PMID: 17404268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cold restraint (CR) for 1 h elicits a psychological and physiological stress that inhibits host defenses against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Previous analyses indicated that this inhibition is not due to depletion of B or T cells but is instead dependent on signaling through beta-adrenoceptors (betaARs). We now show that impaired host resistance by CR cannot be accounted for by a decrease in LM-specific (listeriolysin O(91-99) tetramer(+)) effector CD8(+) T cells; this result is consistent with previous observations that CR-induced effects are mainly limited to early anti-LM responses. beta2-Adrenoceptor (beta2AR)(-/-) FVB/NJ and wild-type FVB/NJ mice had equivalent anti-LM defenses, whereas beta1-adrenoceptor (beta1AR)(-/-) FVB/NJ mice had lower levels of LM even when subjected to CR treatment. Additionally, host-resistance competency of beta1AR(-/-) mice could be transferred to irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with beta1AR(-/-) bone marrow progenitors and spleen cells, indicating that beta1AR signaling on immune cells reduces anti-LM responses. beta1AR(-/-) mice had improved cellular (delayed-type hypersensitivity) responses while beta2AR(-/-) mice had improved humoral responses (IgG1, IgG2, and IgM), a result that further explains the strain differences in LM defenses. CR-induced expression of beta1AR and beta2AR mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR. CR treatment significantly increased betaAR mRNAs in Ficoll-purified and F4/80(+)-enhanced liver but not splenic homogenates, demonstrating an organ-specific effect of stress that alters host defenses. Finally, CR treatment induced early increases in perforin expression that may enhance immune cell apoptosis and interfere with LM clearance. In conclusion, beta1AR signaling has immunomodulatory effects on early cell-mediated immune responses; a lack of beta1AR signaling improves antilisterial defenses and cell-mediated immunity, in general.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cold Temperature
- Corticosterone/blood
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Restraint, Physical
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Emeny
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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