1
|
Medina R, Derias AM, Lakdawala M, Speakman S, Lucke-Wold B. Overview of emerging therapies for demyelinating diseases. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:6361-6373. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i30.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system, specifically those caused by demyelination. We explore new research regarding potential therapeutic interventions, particularly those aimed at inducing remyelination. Remyelination is a detailed process, involving many cell types–oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), astrocytes, and microglia–and both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Our discussion of this process includes the differentiation potential of neural stem cells, the function of adult OPCs, and the impact of molecular mediators on myelin repair. Emerging therapies are also explored, with mechanisms of action including the induction of OPC differentiation, the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, and the use of molecular mediators. Further, we discuss current medical advancements in relation to many myelin-related disorders, including multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Beyond these emerging systemic therapies, we also introduce the dimethyl fumarate/silk fibroin nerve conduit and its potential role in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Despite these aforementioned scientific advancements, this paper maintains the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of demyelinating diseases and advance therapeutic strategies that enhance affected patients’ quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Medina
- University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32610, United States
| | - Ann-Marie Derias
- University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32610, United States
| | - Maria Lakdawala
- University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32610, United States
| | - Skye Speakman
- University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32610, United States
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hughes EP, Syage AR, Mehrabad EM, Lane TE, Spike BT, Tantin D. OCA-B promotes autoimmune demyelination through control of stem-like CD4 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.29.569210. [PMID: 38076925 PMCID: PMC10705450 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stem-like T cell populations can selectively contribute to autoimmunity, but the activities that promote and sustain these populations are incompletely understood. Here, we show that T cell-intrinsic loss of the transcription cofactor OCA-B protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) while preserving responses to CNS infection. In adoptive transfer EAE models driven by multiple antigen encounters, OCA-B deletion nearly eliminates CNS infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production and clinical disease. OCA-B-expressing CD4 + T cells within the CNS of mice with EAE comprise a minority of the population but display a memory phenotype and preferentially confer disease. In a relapsing-remitting EAE model, OCA-B T cell deficiency specifically protects mice from relapse. During remission, OCA-B promotes the expression of Tcf7 , Slamf6 , and Sell in proliferating T cell populations. At relapse, OCA-B loss results in both the accumulation of an immunomodulatory CD4 + T cell population expressing Ccr9 and Bach2 , and the loss of pro-inflammatory gene expression from Th17 cells. These results identify OCA-B as a driver of pathogenic stem-like T cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
He Y, Tang Y, Wen S, Dong L, Li F, Deng Y, Tao Z. LINC00998 Modulating M2 Macrophage Activation in Allergic Rhinitis by Stabilizing BOB.1 mRNA. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2309-2326. [PMID: 38638161 PMCID: PMC11026101 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s444692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is globally recognized as a considerable threat to human health with a rising prevalence and a substantial medical and socioeconomic burden. Numerous studies have emphasized the significance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in allergic responses. Hence, this research dealt with exploring the involvement of the lncRNA LINC00998 in the mechanism of AR. Methods LINC00998 expression was assessed by qRT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells acquired from individuals with AR. Additionally, the potential relationship between LINC00998 and macrophage polarization was observed in vitro. Then we constructed AR mice model and macrophage polarization models using THP-1 cells as well as primary human macrophages to verify the M2 shift in AR and the low expression level of LINC00998 in M2 macrophages. We used gain- and loss-of-function experiments to explore the modification of LINC00998 in macrophage polarization. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanism of LINC00998 mediates through qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Results The analysis revealed a significant decrease in LINC00998 expression in the samples obtained from patients with AR. LINC00998 is markedly increased in M1 macrophages whereas decreased in M2 macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, suppression of LINC00998 caused a remarkable enhancement in M2 polarization, whereas its overexpression led to its attenuation. Knockdown of LINC00998 led to a remarkable downregulation of BOB.1 mRNA and protein, while overexpression of LINC00998 upregulated their expression. Moreover, it was found that BOB.1 modulated macrophage polarization through the PU.1/IL-1β axis. Meanwhile, the modulation of LINC00098 overexpression on macrophage polarization and PU.1/ IL-1β can be reversed by BOB.1 siRNA. Conclusion This research revealed the lncRNA LINC00998 altered M2 macrophage polarization by regulating the BOB.1/PU.1/IL-1β axis, which open up new avenues for studying the pathogenesis of AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulei Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Silu Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zezhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun W, Hughes EP, Kim H, Perovanovic J, Charley KR, Perkins B, Du J, Ibarra A, Syage AR, Hale JS, Williams MA, Tantin D. OCA-B/Pou2af1 is sufficient to promote CD4 + T cell memory and prospectively identifies memory precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309153121. [PMID: 38386711 PMCID: PMC10907311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309153121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms leading to the establishment of immunological memory are inadequately understood, limiting the development of effective vaccines and durable antitumor immune therapies. Here, we show that ectopic OCA-B expression is sufficient to improve antiviral memory recall responses, while having minimal effects on primary effector responses. At peak viral response, short-lived effector T cell populations are expanded but show increased Gadd45b and Socs2 expression, while memory precursor effector cells show increased expression of Bcl2, Il7r, and Tcf7 on a per-cell basis. Using an OCA-B mCherry reporter mouse line, we observe high OCA-B expression in CD4+ central memory T cells. We show that early in viral infection, endogenously elevated OCA-B expression prospectively identifies memory precursor cells with increased survival capability and memory recall potential. Cumulatively, the results demonstrate that OCA-B is both necessary and sufficient to promote CD4 T cell memory in vivo and can be used to prospectively identify memory precursor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Erik P. Hughes
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Heejoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Jelena Perovanovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Krystal R. Charley
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Bryant Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Junhong Du
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Andrea Ibarra
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Amber R. Syage
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Betzler AC, Brunner C. The Role of the Transcriptional Coactivator BOB.1/OBF.1 in Adaptive Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:53-77. [PMID: 39017839 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BOB.1/OBF.1 is a transcriptional coactivator involved in octamer-dependent transcription. Thereby, BOB.1/OBF.1 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes important for lymphocyte physiology. BOB.1/OBF.1-deficient mice reveal multiple B- and T-cell developmental defects. The most prominent defect of these mice is the complete absence of germinal centers (GCs) resulting in severely impaired T-cell-dependent immune responses. In humans, BOB.1/OBF.1 is associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases but also linked to liquid and solid tumors. Although its role for B-cell development is relatively well understood, its exact role for the GC reaction and T-cell biology has long been unclear. Here, the contribution of BOB.1/OBF.1 for B-cell maturation is summarized, and recent findings regarding its function in GC B- as well as in various T-cell populations are discussed. Finally, a detailed perspective on how BOB.1/OBF.1 contributes to different pathologies is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika C Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Larnygology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Core Facility Immune Monitoring, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Larnygology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
- Core Facility Immune Monitoring, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yeremenko N, Danger R, Baeten D, Tomilin A, Brouard S. Transcriptional regulator BOB.1: Molecular mechanisms and emerging role in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102833. [PMID: 33864944 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes constitute an essential and potent effector compartment of the immune system. Therefore, their development and functions must be strictly regulated to avoid inappropriate immune responses, such as autoimmune reactions. Several lines of evidence from genetics (e.g. association with multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis), human expression studies (e.g. increased expression in target tissues and draining lymph nodes of patients with autoimmune diseases), animal models (e.g. loss of functional protein protects animals from the development of collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, bleomycin-induced fibrosis) strongly support a causal link between the aberrant expression of the lymphocyte-restricted transcriptional regulator BOB.1 and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of unusual structural and functional plasticity of BOB.1, stringent regulation of its expression, and the pivotal role that BOB.1 plays in shaping B- and T-cell responses. We discuss recent developments highlighting the significant contribution of BOB.1 to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and how to leverage our knowledge to target this regulator to treat autoimmune tissue inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Yeremenko
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Richard Danger
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Baeten
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexey Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim H, Perovanovic J, Shakya A, Shen Z, German CN, Ibarra A, Jafek JL, Lin NP, Evavold BD, Chou DHC, Jensen PE, He X, Tantin D. Targeting transcriptional coregulator OCA-B/Pou2af1 blocks activated autoreactive T cells in the pancreas and type 1 diabetes. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200533. [PMID: 33295943 PMCID: PMC7731945 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coregulator OCA-B promotes expression of T cell target genes in cases of repeated antigen exposure, a necessary feature of autoimmunity. We hypothesized that T cell-specific OCA-B deletion and pharmacologic OCA-B inhibition would protect mice from autoimmune diabetes. We developed an Ocab conditional allele and backcrossed it onto a diabetes-prone NOD/ShiLtJ strain background. T cell-specific OCA-B loss protected mice from spontaneous disease. Protection was associated with large reductions in islet CD8+ T cell receptor specificities associated with diabetes pathogenesis. CD4+ clones associated with diabetes were present but associated with anergic phenotypes. The protective effect of OCA-B loss was recapitulated using autoantigen-specific NY8.3 mice but diminished in monoclonal models specific to artificial or neoantigens. Rationally designed membrane-penetrating OCA-B peptide inhibitors normalized glucose levels and reduced T cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression in newly diabetic NOD mice. Together, the results indicate that OCA-B is a potent autoimmune regulator and a promising target for pharmacologic inhibition.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Germ Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Ovalbumin
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jelena Perovanovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Arvind Shakya
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Zuolian Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Cody N German
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Andrea Ibarra
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jillian L Jafek
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Nai-Pin Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Danny H-C Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Peter E Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ho DM, Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Louvi A. The Notch pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurodegeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e358. [PMID: 31502763 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Notch signaling pathway in neural development has been well established over many years. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that Notch continues to be expressed and active throughout adulthood in many areas of the central nervous system. Notch signals have been implicated in adult neurogenesis, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity in the adult organism, as well as linked to acute brain trauma and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. NOTCH3 mutations are responsible for the most common form of hereditary stroke, the progressive disorder cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Notch has also been associated with several progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although numerous studies link Notch activity with CNS homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, the data thus far are primarily correlative, rather than functional. Nevertheless, the evidence for Notch pathway activity in specific neural cellular contexts is strong, and certainly intriguing, and points to the possibility that the pathway carries therapeutic promise. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Flies Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ho
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Angeliki Louvi
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience and Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Levels MJ, Van Tok MN, Cantaert T, Cañete JD, Kroese FGM, Germar K, Spits H, Baeten DLP, Yeremenko NG. The Transcriptional Coactivator Bob1 Is Associated With Pathologic B Cell Responses in Autoimmune Tissue Inflammation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:750-762. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Levels
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Melissa N. Van Tok
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Juan D. Cañete
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona Spain
| | | | - Kristine Germar
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and AIMM TherapeuticsAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harlow DE, Honce JM, Miravalle AA. Remyelination Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:257. [PMID: 26696956 PMCID: PMC4674562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system that results in destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons and eventual neurodegeneration. Current treatments approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS target the aberrant immune response and successfully reduce the severity of attacks and frequency of relapses. Therapies are still needed that can repair damage particularly for the treatment of progressive forms of MS for which current therapies are relatively ineffective. Remyelination can restore neuronal function and prevent further neuronal loss and clinical disability. Recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating myelination, as well as the development of high-throughput screens to identify agents that enhance myelination, have lead to the identification of many potential remyelination therapies currently in preclinical and early clinical development. One problem that has plagued the development of treatments to promote remyelination is the difficulty in assessing remyelination in patients with current imaging techniques. Powerful new imaging technologies are making it easier to discern remyelination in patients, which is critical for the assessment of these new therapeutic strategies during clinical trials. This review will summarize what is currently known about remyelination failure in MS, strategies to overcome this failure, new therapeutic treatments in the pipeline for promoting remyelination in MS patients, and new imaging technologies for measuring remyelination in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Justin M Honce
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Augusto A Miravalle
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leviton A, Gressens P, Wolkenhauer O, Dammann O. Systems approach to the study of brain damage in the very preterm newborn. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25926780 PMCID: PMC4396381 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A systems approach to the study of brain damage in very preterm newborns has been lacking. Methods: In this perspective piece, we offer encephalopathy of prematurity as an example of the complexity and interrelatedness of brain-damaging molecular processes that can be initiated inflammatory phenomena. Results: Using three transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Notch-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2), we show the inter-connectedness of signaling pathways activated by some antecedents of encephalopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: We hope that as biomarkers of exposures and processes leading to brain damage in the most immature newborns become more readily available, those who apply a systems approach to the study of neuroscience can be persuaded to study the pathogenesis of brain disorders in the very preterm newborn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Leviton
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U1141 Paris, France ; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital London, UK
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany ; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Olaf Dammann
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA ; Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rahmanian M, Kargar M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphism and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in the Iranian population. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e18247. [PMID: 25763268 PMCID: PMC4341370 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.18247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of polygenic etiology. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) microsatellite as a proinflammatory cytokine is believed to play an important role in the etiology of this disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TNF-α microsatellite sequence variation in patients with MS and its risk factor in the southern Iranian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS This polymorphism was investigated in an Iranian population of 163 native southern people [81 patients with MS according to the poser criteria and 82 healthy controls (HC) with the same age, sex, social, ethnical and geographical features (Hormozgan and Fars provinces)]. All the controls were nonimmunological, neurological patients. All the cases and controls were chosen randomly and genotyped for polymorphism of TNF-α microsatellite. RESULTS The frequencies of TNF-α*11 (0.25, P < 0.005) and TNF-α*10 (P < 0.005) alleles increased in patients with MS compared with controls, showing a significant difference among the studied population. CONCLUSIONS The current study adds evidence to the association of TNF-α gene polymorphism and MS in this southern south Iranian population which is consistent with the genetic analysis of MS in Europeans (GAMES) project reports and these two alleles reported in this study may be one of the genetic risk factor for MS. Furthermore, this data can be used to build the Iranian gene bank for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Rahmanian
- Young Researchers’ Club, Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Kargar, Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9173149203, Fax: +98-7116262102, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kroksveen AC, Opsahl JA, Guldbrandsen A, Myhr KM, Oveland E, Torkildsen Ø, Berven FS. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in multiple sclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:746-56. [PMID: 25526888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system usually initiated during young adulthood, affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. There is currently no cure for MS, but disease modifying treatment has become increasingly more effective, especially when started in the first phase of the disease. The disease course and prognosis are often unpredictable and it can be challenging to determine an early diagnosis. The detection of novel biomarkers to understand more of the disease mechanism, facilitate early diagnosis, predict disease progression, and find treatment targets would be very attractive. Over the last decade there has been an increasing effort toward finding such biomarker candidates. One promising strategy has been to use state-of-the-art quantitative proteomics approaches to compare the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome between MS and control patients or between different subgroups of MS. In this review we summarize and discuss the status of CSF proteomics in MS, including the latest findings with a focus on the last five years. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in Neuroscience and Neurology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Kroksveen
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jill A Opsahl
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Astrid Guldbrandsen
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein Oveland
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode S Berven
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lindner JM, Kayo H, Hedlund S, Fukuda Y, Fukao T, Nielsen PJ. Cutting edge: The transcription factor Bob1 counteracts B cell activation and regulates miR-146a in B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4483-6. [PMID: 24719463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking the lymphocyte-specific transcription factor Bob1 (also called OBF-1 or OCA-B) fail to generate germinal centers and a robust Ig response. We show that peripheral B cells in Bob1(-/-) mice bear characteristics of chronically activated or anergic-like B cells and identify the immunosuppressive microRNA-146a, together with other microRNAs, as novel transcriptional targets of Bob1. The inability to restrict B cell signaling could contribute to the immunodeficient phenotype of these mice and is consistent with an important role for Bob1 in suppressing B cell activation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Lindner
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meira M, Sievers C, Hoffmann F, Derfuss T, Kuhle J, Kappos L, Lindberg RLP. MiR-126: a novel route for natalizumab action? Mult Scler 2014; 20:1363-70. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514524998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a family of post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that mediate diverse aspects of immunity. MiRNA dysregulation has been found in multiple sclerosis (MS), reflecting the growing need to identify disease-specific miRNA expression signatures. Our previous low-density array studies reveal differential miR-126 expression in the CD4+T cells of untreated relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients. Here, we investigated miR-126 expression in natalizumab-treated patients. Methods: We isolated CD4+ T cells from untreated ( n = 12) and natalizumab-treated MS patients ( n = 24), and from healthy volunteers ( n = 12). We analyzed the expression of miRNAs and potential targets by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We assessed specific inhibition of miR-126, in vitro. Results: MiR-126 was down-regulated in cells of patients under natalizumab treatment and up-regulated during relapse, supporting a regulatory role in MS immunopathogenesis. MiR-126 expression correlated with the expression of POU2AF1, a regulator of Spi-B that binds to the promoter/enhancer sequences of JC virus (JCV), the pathogen of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare complication of natalizumab treatment. The same trend was found for Spi-B. Strong up-regulation of both genes appeared to be treatment duration-dependent. Specific inhibition experiments supported the link between the expression of miR-126 and POU2AF1/Spi-B. Conclusions: Our findings provided deeper insight into the mode of action of natalizumab, with possible implications for understanding both the effects of natalizumab on MS activity and its specific adverse event profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meira
- University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tobias Derfuss
- University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Notch signaling and T-helper cells in EAE/MS. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:570731. [PMID: 24324509 PMCID: PMC3845449 DOI: 10.1155/2013/570731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway preservation across species hints to the indispensable role it plays during evolution. Over the last decade the science community has extensively studied the Notch signaling pathway, with Notch emerging as a key player in embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis, angiogenesis, and immunoregulation. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable yet treatable autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The aim of this review is to provide a brief description of the Notch signaling pathway, and summarize the current literature implicating Notch in the pathogenesis of MS.
Collapse
|
17
|
A C-terminal acidic domain regulates degradation of the transcriptional coactivator Bob1. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4628-40. [PMID: 24061476 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01590-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bob1 (Obf-1 or OCA-B) is a 34-kDa transcriptional coactivator encoded by the Pou2af1 gene that is essential for normal B-cell development and immune responses in mice. During lymphocyte activation, Bob1 protein levels dramatically increase independently of mRNA levels, suggesting that the stability of Bob1 is regulated. We used a fluorescent protein-based reporter system to analyze protein stability in response to genetic and physiological perturbations and show that, while Bob1 degradation is proteasome mediated, it does not require ubiquitination of Bob1. Furthermore, degradation of Bob1 in B cells appears to be largely independent of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah. We propose a novel mechanism of Bob1 turnover in B cells, whereby an acidic region in the C terminus of Bob1 regulates the activity of degron signals elsewhere in the protein. Changes that make the C terminus more acidic, including tyrosine phosphorylation-mimetic mutations, stabilize the instable murine Bob1 protein, indicating that B cells may regulate Bob1 stability and activity via signaling pathways. Finally, we show that expressing a stable Bob1 mutant in B cells suppresses cell proliferation and induces changes in surface marker expression commonly seen during B-cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Stoop MP, Singh V, Dekker LJ, Titulaer MK, Stingl C, Burgers PC, Sillevis Smitt PAE, Hintzen RQ, Luider TM. Proteomics comparison of cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12442. [PMID: 20805994 PMCID: PMC2929207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on clinical representation of disease symptoms multiple sclerosis (MScl) patients can be divided into two major subtypes; relapsing remitting (RR) MScl (85–90%) and primary progressive (PP) MScl (10–15%). Proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has detected a number of proteins that were elevated in MScl patients. Here we specifically aimed to differentiate between the PP and RR subtypes of MScl by comparing CSF proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings CSF samples (n = 31) were handled according to the same protocol for quantitative mass spectrometry measurements we reported previously. In the comparison of PP MScl versus RR MScl we observed a number of differentially abundant proteins, such as protein jagged-1 and vitamin D-binding protein. Protein jagged-1 was over three times less abundant in PP MScl compared to RR MScl. Vitamin D-binding protein was only detected in the RR MScl samples. These two proteins were validated by independent techniques (western blot and ELISA) as differentially abundant in the comparison between both MScl types. Conclusions/Significance The main finding of this comparative study is the observation that the proteome profiles of CSF in PP and RR MScl patients overlap to a large extent. Still, a number of differences could be observed. Protein jagged-1 is a ligand for multiple Notch receptors and involved in the mediation of Notch signaling. It is suggested in literature that the Notch pathway is involved in the remyelination of MScl lesions. Aberration of normal homeostasis of Vitamin D, of which approximately 90% is bound to vitamin D-binding protein, has been widely implicated in MScl for some years now. Vitamin D directly and indirectly regulates the differentiation, activation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and can prevent the development of autoimmune processes, and so it may be involved in neuroprotective elements in MScl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel P. Stoop
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vaibhav Singh
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard J. Dekker
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K. Titulaer
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Stingl
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C. Burgers
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. E. Sillevis Smitt
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q. Hintzen
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Luider
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Genomic regulation of CTLA4 and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 203:108-15. [PMID: 18691768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA4) is a critical regulator of T-cell activation and it is an important therapeutic target for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we analyzed the genomic regulation of CTLA4 gene expression in order to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect its expression and splicing, and to assess their association with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We analyzed 152 healthy subjects and 146 patients with MS, of which 52 controls and 51 patients were used for gene expression analysis. We genotyped 17 SNPs in the CTLA4 gene using the SNaPshot Multiplex Kit, and in addition gene expression of the soluble (sCTLA4) and full length (flCTLA4) isoforms was quantified by real-time PCR, while protein levels of sCTLA4 were measured by ELISA. We found that the SNPs at -1577, +6230, +10242, +10717 and +12310 influence CTLA4 expression and the combination of the -1577 GG and +6230 GG genotypes provokes the strongest decrease in CTLA4 gene expression. We found that the SNP at -658 only acted as a regulatory SNP in patients with MS, suggesting the existence of epigenetic changes due to this disease. We also identified a decrease in CTLA4 gene expression levels in patients receiving chemotherapy, although no association was observed between MS and any of the polymorphisms studied. In conclusion, we have identified several SNPs in the CTLA4 gene and studied their influence on its genetic regulation. The involvement of CTLA4 in the pathogenesis of MS may be subtle and related to the functional changes in its pathway rather than predisposing genetic polymorphisms.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is primarily an inflammatory disorder of the brain and spinal cord in which focal lymphocytic infiltration leads to damage of myelin and axons. Initially, inflammation is transient and remyelination occurs but is not durable. Hence, the early course of disease is characterised by episodes of neurological dysfunction that usually recover. However, over time the pathological changes become dominated by widespread microglial activation associated with extensive and chronic neurodegeneration, the clinical correlate of which is progressive accumulation of disability. Paraclinical investigations show abnormalities that indicate the distribution of inflammatory lesions and axonal loss (MRI); interference of conduction in previously myelinated pathways (evoked electrophysiological potentials); and intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal antibody (examination by lumbar puncture of the cerebrospinal fluid). Multiple sclerosis is triggered by environmental factors in individuals with complex genetic-risk profiles. Licensed disease modifying agents reduce the frequency of new episodes but do not reverse fixed deficits and have questionable effects on the long-term accumulation of disability and disease progression. We anticipate that future studies in multiple sclerosis will provide a new taxonomy on the basis of mechanisms rather than clinical empiricism, and so inform strategies for improved treatment at all stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Compston
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Svejgaard A. The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:275-86. [PMID: 18461312 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The discoveries in the 1970s of strong associations between various diseases and certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) factors were a revolution within genetic epidemiology in the last century by demonstrating for the first time how genetic markers can help unravel the genetics of disorders with complex genetic backgrounds. HLA controls immune response genes and HLA associations indicate the involvement of autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) was one of the first conditions proven to be HLA associated involving primarily HLA class II factors. We review how HLA studies give fundamental information on the genetics of the susceptibility to MS, on the importance of linkage disequilibrium in association studies, and on the pathogenesis of MS. The HLA-DRB1*1501 molecule may explain about 50% of MS cases and its role in the pathogenesis is supported by studies of transgenic mice. Studies of polymorphic non-HLA genetic markers are discussed based on linkage studies and candidate gene approaches including complete genome scans. No other markers have so far rivaled the importance of HLA in the genetic susceptibility to MS. Recently, large international collaborations provided strong evidence for the involvement of polymorphism of two cytokine receptor genes in the pathogenesis of MS: the interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain gene (IL7RA) on chromosome 5p13 and the interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain gene (IL2RA (=CD25)) on chromosome 10p15. It is estimated that the C allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6897932, within the alternative spliced exon 6 of IL7RA is involved in about 30% of MS cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Svejgaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Arthur AT, Armati PJ, Bye C, Heard RNS, Stewart GJ, Pollard JD, Booth DR. Genes implicated in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis from consilience of genotyping and expression profiles in relapse and remission. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:17. [PMID: 18366677 PMCID: PMC2324081 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the pathogenesis of MS remains unknown, it is widely regarded as an autoimmune disease mediated by T-lymphocytes directed against myelin proteins and/or other oligodendrocyte epitopes. Methods In this study we investigated the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood cells from patients with RRMS during the relapse and the remission phases utilizing gene microarray technology. Dysregulated genes encoded in regions associated with MS susceptibility from genomic screens or previous trancriptomic studies were identified. The proximal promoter region polymorphisms of two genes were tested for association with disease and expression level. Results Distinct sets of dysregulated genes during the relapse and remission phases were identified including genes involved in apoptosis and inflammation. Three of these dysregulated genes have been previously implicated with MS susceptibility in genomic screens: TGFβ1, CD58 and DBC1. TGFβ1 has one common SNP in the proximal promoter: -508 T>C (rs1800469). Genotyping two Australian trio sets (total 620 families) found a trend for over-transmission of the T allele in MS in females (p < 0.13). Upregulation of CD58 and DBC1 in remission is consistent with their putative roles in promoting regulatory T cells and reducing cell proliferation, respectively. A fourth gene, ALOX5, is consistently found over-expressed in MS. Two common genetic variants were confirmed in the ALOX5 putatve promoter: -557 T>C (rs12762303) and a 6 bp tandem repeat polymorphism (GGGCGG) between position -147 and -176; but no evidence for transmission distortion found. Conclusion The dysregulation of these genes tags their metabolic pathways for further investigation for potential therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel T Arthur
- Department of Medicine and the Nerve Research Foundation, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
A network analysis of the human T-cell activation gene network identifies JAGGED1 as a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1222. [PMID: 18030350 PMCID: PMC2077806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex diseases will benefit the recognition of the properties of the gene networks that control biological functions. Here, we set out to model the gene network that controls T-cell activation in humans, which is critical for the development of autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The network was established on the basis of the quantitative expression from 104 individuals of 20 genes of the immune system, as well as on biological information from the Ingenuity database and Bayesian inference. Of the 31 links (gene interactions) identified in the network, 18 were identified in the Ingenuity database and 13 were new and we validated 7 of 8 interactions experimentally. In the MS patients network, we found an increase in the weight of gene interactions related to Th1 function and a decrease in those related to Treg and Th2 function. Indeed, we found that IFN-ß therapy induces changes in gene interactions related to T cell proliferation and adhesion, although these gene interactions were not restored to levels similar to controls. Finally, we identify JAG1 as a new therapeutic target whose differential behaviour in the MS network was not modified by immunomodulatory therapy. In vitro treatment with a Jagged1 agonist peptide modulated the T-cell activation network in PBMCs from patients with MS. Moreover, treatment of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with the Jagged1 agonist ameliorated the disease course, and modulated Th2, Th1 and Treg function. This study illustrates how network analysis can predict therapeutic targets for immune intervention and identified the immunomodulatory properties of Jagged1 making it a new therapeutic target for MS and other autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
24
|
Harbo HF, Spurkland A. Genetics in multiple sclerosis: past and future perspectives. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 187:34-8. [PMID: 17419826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enormous development in the field of molecular genetics during the last decades has lead to optimism concerning the possibilities for identifying the causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) through genetic studies. However, we have learned that dense mapping of large sample sets is needed, which only can be achieved through large collaborative studies. The contribution from each yet unidentified gene is probably weaker than that of the well established human leukocyte antigen association. The ultimate goal of the search for susceptibility genes in MS is to develop diagnostic tools and better treatments that can prevent or reduce the development of symptoms of this often devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|