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Salsinha AS, Socodato R, Rodrigues A, Vale-Silva R, Relvas JB, Pintado M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Potential of omega-3 and conjugated fatty acids to control microglia inflammatory imbalance elicited by obesogenic nutrients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159331. [PMID: 37172801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet-induced obesity detrimentally affects brain function by inducing chronic low-grade inflammation. This neuroinflammation is, at least in part, likely to be mediated by microglia, which are the main immune cell population in the brain. Microglia express a wide range of lipid-sensitive receptors and their activity can be modulated by fatty acids that cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, by combining live cell imaging and FRET technology we assessed how different fatty acids modulate microglia activity. We demonstrate that the combined action of fructose and palmitic acid induce Ikβα degradation and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit nuclear factor kB (NF-κB) in HCM3 human microglia. Such obesogenic nutrients also lead to reactive oxygen species production and LynSrc activation (critical regulators of microglia inflammation). Importantly, short-time exposure to omega-3 (EPA and DHA), CLA and CLNA are sufficient to abolish NF-κB pathway activation, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role. Omega-3 and CLA also show an antioxidant potential by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, and the activation of LynSrc in microglia. Furthermore, using chemical agonists (TUG-891) and antagonists (AH7614) of GPR120/FFA4, we demonstrated that omega-3, CLA and CLNA inhibition of the NF-κB pathway is mediated by this receptor, while omega-3 and CLA antioxidant potential occurs through different signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Salsinha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Socodato
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Rodrigues
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Vale-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J B Relvas
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - L M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Fatty acids role on obesity induced hypothalamus inflammation: From problem to solution – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sharma P, Agnihotri N. Fish oil and corn oil induced differential effect on beiging of visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in high-fat-diet-induced obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108458. [PMID: 32738734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterised by excessive accumulation of fat in white adipose tissue (WAT) which is compartmentalised into two anatomically and functionally diverse depots - visceral and subcutaneous. Advice to substitute essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for saturated fatty acids is a cornerstone of various obesity management strategies. Despite an array of reports on the role of essential PUFAs on obesity, there still exists a lacuna on their mode of action in distinct depots i.e. visceral (VWAT) and subcutaneous (SWAT). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of fish oil and corn oil on VWAT and SWAT in high-fat-diet-induced rodent model of obesity. Fish oil (FO) supplementation positively ameliorated the effects of HFD by regulating the anthropometrical and serum lipid parameters. FO led to an overall reduction in fat mass in both depots while specifically inducing beiging of adipocytes in SWAT as indicated by increased UCP1 and PGC1α. We also observed an upregulation of AMPKα and ACC1/2 phosphorylation on FO supplementation in SWAT suggesting a role of AMPK-PGC1α-UCP1 axis in beiging of adipose tissue. On the other hand, corn oil supplementation did not show any improvements in adipose tissue metabolism in both the depots of adipose tissue. The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test in Graphpad Prism 5.0. Combined together our results suggest that n-3 PUFAs exert their anti-obesity effect by regulating adipokine secretion and inducing beiging of SWAT, hence increasing energy expenditure via thermogenic upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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DHA reduces hypothalamic inflammation and improves central leptin signaling in mice. Life Sci 2020; 257:118036. [PMID: 32622949 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-obesity effects and improved leptin sensitivity from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been reported in diet-induced obese animals. This study sought to determine the beneficial central effects and mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in high-fat (HF) diet fed mice. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were given HF diet with or without intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) for two days. Central leptin sensitivity, hypothalamic inflammation, leptin signaling molecules and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined by central leptin sensitivity test and Western blot. Furthermore, the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism was examined by RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS We found that icv administration of DHA not only reduced energy intake and body weight gain but also corrected the HF diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. DHA decreased leptin signaling inhibitor SOCS3 and improved the leptin JAK2-Akt signaling pathways in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, icv administration of DHA improved the effects of leptin in the regulation of mRNA expression of enzymes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. DHA increased leptin-induced activation of TH in the hypothalamus. SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, increasing central DHA concentration may prevent the deficit of hypothalamic regulation, which is associated with disorders of energy homeostasis in the liver as a result of a high-fat diet.
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Bae-Gartz I, Janoschek R, Breuer S, Schmitz L, Hoffmann T, Ferrari N, Branik L, Oberthuer A, Kloppe CS, Appel S, Vohlen C, Dötsch J, Hucklenbruch-Rother E. Maternal Obesity Alters Neurotrophin-Associated MAPK Signaling in the Hypothalamus of Male Mouse Offspring. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:962. [PMID: 31572115 PMCID: PMC6753176 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Maternal obesity has emerged as an important risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders in the offspring. The hypothalamus as the center of energy homeostasis regulation is known to function based on complex neuronal networks that evolve during fetal and early postnatal development and maintain their plasticity into adulthood. Development of hypothalamic feeding networks and their functional plasticity can be modulated by various metabolic cues, especially in early stages of development. Here, we aimed at determining the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to disturbed hypothalamic network formation in offspring of obese mouse dams. Methods Female mice were fed either a control diet (CO) or a high-fat diet (HFD) after weaning until mating and during pregnancy and gestation. Male offspring was sacrificed at postnatal day (P) 21. The hypothalamus was subjected to gene array analysis, quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Results P21 HFD offspring displayed increased body weight, circulating insulin levels, and strongly increased activation of the hypothalamic insulin signaling cascade with a concomitant increase in ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) expression. At the same time, the global gene expression profile in CO and HFD offspring differed significantly. More specifically, manifest influences on several key pathways of hypothalamic neurogenesis, axogenesis, and regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity were detectable. Target gene expression analysis revealed significantly decreased mRNA expression of several neurotrophic factors and co-factors and their receptors, accompanied by decreased activation of their respective intracellular signal transduction. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a potential role for disturbed neurotrophin signaling and thus impaired neurogenesis, axogenesis, and synaptic plasticity in the pathogenesis of the offspring’s hypothalamic feeding network dysfunction due to maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Bae-Gartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saida Breuer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorben Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Ferrari
- Heart Center, Cologne Center for Prevention in Childhood and Youth, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Branik
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Oberthuer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cora-Sophia Kloppe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Vohlen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Attenuate Brain Alterations in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:513-524. [PMID: 29728888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of omega-3 on inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism parameters in the brain of mice subjected to high-fat diet-induced obesity model. Body weight and visceral fat weight were evaluated as well. Male Swiss mice were divided into control (purified low-fat diet) and obese (purified high-fat diet). After 6 weeks, the groups were divided into control + saline, control + omega-3, obese + saline, and obese + OMEGA-3. Fish oil (400 mg/kg/day) or saline solution was administrated orally, during 4 weeks. When the experiment completed 10 weeks, the animals were euthanized and the brain and visceral fat were removed. The brain structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum) were isolated. Treatment with omega-3 had no effect on body weight, but reduced the visceral fat. Obese animals showed increased inflammation, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant enzymes activity and levels, changes in the Krebs cycle enzyme activities, and inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in the brain structures. Omega-3 treatment partially reversed the changes in the inflammatory and in the oxidative damage parameters and attenuated the alterations in the antioxidant defense and in the energy metabolism (Krebs cycle and mitochondrial respiratory chain). Omega-3 had a beneficial effect on the brain of obese animals, as it partially reversed the changes caused by the consumption of a high-fat diet and consequent obesity. Our results support studies that indicate omega-3 may contribute to obesity treatment.
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Tanaka M, Yasuoka A, Shimizu M, Saito Y, Kumakura K, Asakura T, Nagai T. Transcriptomic responses of the liver and adipose tissues to altered carbohydrate-fat ratio in diet: an isoenergetic study in young rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28405243 PMCID: PMC5385083 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background To elucidate the effects of altered dietary carbohydrate and fat balance on liver and adipose tissue transcriptomes, 3-week-old rats were fed three kinds of diets: low-, moderate-, and high-fat diets (L, M, and H) containing a different ratio of carbohydrate-fat (C-F) (65:15, 60:20, and 35:45 in energy percent, respectively). Methods The rats consumed the diets for 9 weeks and were subjected to biochemical and DNA microarray analyses. Results The rats in the H-group exhibited lower serum triacylglycerol (TG) levels but higher liver TG and cholesterol content than rats in the L-group. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between each group (L vs M, M vs H, and L vs H) in the liver revealed about 35% of L vs H DEGs that were regulated in the same way as M vs H DEGs, and most of the others were L- vs H-specific. Gene ontology analysis of these L vs H DEGs indicated that those related to fatty acid synthesis and circadian rhythm were enriched. Interestingly, about 30% of L vs M DEGs were regulated in a reverse way compared with L vs H and M vs H DEGs. These reversed liver DEGs included M-up/H-down genes (Sds for gluconeogenesis from amino acids) and M-down/H-up genes (Gpd2 for gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Agpat9 for TG synthesis, and Acot1 for beta-oxidation). We also analyzed L vs H DEGs in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues and found that both oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids were inhibited in these tissues. Conclusions These results indicate that the alteration of dietary C-F balance differentially affects the transcriptomes of metabolizing and energy-storing tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0558-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Tanaka
- Nissin Global Innovation Center, Nissin Foods Holdings, 2100 Tobukimachi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0001 Japan
| | - Akihito Yasuoka
- Project on Health and Anti-Aging, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan
| | - Manae Shimizu
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Kei Kumakura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan
| | - Tomiko Asakura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Toshitada Nagai
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan
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Dornellas APS, Watanabe RLH, Pimentel GD, Boldarine VT, Nascimento CMO, Oyama LM, Ghebremeskel K, Wang Y, Bueno AA, Ribeiro EB. Deleterious effects of lard-enriched diet on tissues fatty acids composition and hypothalamic insulin actions. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 102-103:21-9. [PMID: 26525379 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Altered tissue fatty acid (FA) composition may affect mechanisms involved in the control of energy homeostasis, including central insulin actions. In rats fed either standard chow or a lard-enriched chow (high in saturated/low in polyunsaturated FA, HS-LP) for eight weeks, we examined the FA composition of blood, hypothalamus, liver, and retroperitoneal, epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissues. Insulin-induced hypophagia and hypothalamic signaling were evaluated after intracerebroventricular insulin injection. HS-LP feeding increased saturated FA content in adipose tissues and serum while it decreased polyunsaturated FA content of adipose tissues, serum, and liver. Hypothalamic C20:5n-3 and C20:3n-6 contents increased while monounsaturated FA content decreased. HS-LP rats showed hyperglycemia, impaired insulin-induced hypophagia and hypothalamic insulin signaling. The results showed that, upon HS-LP feeding, peripheral tissues underwent potentially deleterious alterations in their FA composition, whist the hypothalamus was relatively preserved. However, hypothalamic insulin signaling and hypophagia were drastically impaired. These findings suggest that impairment of hypothalamic insulin actions by HS-LP feeding was not related to tissue FA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P S Dornellas
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R L H Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - G D Pimentel
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - V T Boldarine
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M O Nascimento
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Ghebremeskel
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatrics, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A A Bueno
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - E B Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Cheng L, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Szabo A, Wang H, Huang XF. Arachidonic acid impairs hypothalamic leptin signaling and hepatic energy homeostasis in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:12-8. [PMID: 25986657 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that the consumption of a diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with the development of leptin resistance and obesity. We aim to examine the central effect of n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (ARA) on leptin sensitivity and leptin-regulated hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. We found that intracerebroventricular injection of ARA (25 nmol/day) for 2.5 days reversed the effect of central leptin on hypothalamic JAK2, pSTAT3, pAkt, and pFOXO1 protein levels, which was concomitant with a pro-inflammatory response in the hypothalamus. ARA also attenuated the effect of central leptin on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by reversing the mRNA expression of the genes involved in gluconeogenesis (G6Pase, PEPCK), glucose transportation (GLUT2), lipogenesis (FAS, SCD1), and cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase). These results indicate that an increased exposure to central n-6 PUFA induces central cellular leptin resistance with concomitant defective JAK2-STAT3 and PI3K-Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licai Cheng
- School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alexander Szabo
- School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Hongqin Wang
- School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Diet-induced obesity impairs hypothalamic glucose sensing but not glucose hypothalamic extracellular levels, as measured by microdialysis. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e162. [PMID: 26075639 PMCID: PMC4491853 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Glucose from the diet may signal metabolic status to hypothalamic sites controlling energy homeostasis. Disruption of this mechanism may contribute to obesity but its relevance has not been established. The present experiments aimed at evaluating whether obesity induced by chronic high-fat intake affects the ability of hypothalamic glucose to control feeding. We hypothesized that glucose transport to the hypothalamus as well as glucose sensing and signaling could be impaired by high-fat feeding. SUBJECTS/METHODS Female Wistar rats were studied after 8 weeks on either control or high-lard diet. Daily food intake was measured after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) glucose. Glycemia and glucose content of medial hypothalamus microdialysates were measured in response to interperitoneal (i.p.) glucose or meal intake after an overnight fast. The effect of refeeding on whole hypothalamus levels of glucose transporter proteins (GLUT) 1, 2 and 4, AMPK and phosphorylated AMPK levels was determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS High-fat rats had higher body weight and fat content and serum leptin than control rats, but normal insulin levels and glucose tolerance. I.c.v. glucose inhibited food intake in control but failed to do so in high-fat rats. Either i.p. glucose or refeeding significantly increased glucose hypothalamic microdialysate levels in the control rats. These levels showed exacerbated increases in the high-fat rats. GLUT1 and 4 levels were not affected by refeeding. GLUT2 levels decreased and phosphor-AMPK levels increased in the high-fat rats but not in the controls. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that, in the high-fat rats, a defective glucose sensing by decreased GLUT2 levels contributed to an inappropriate activation of AMPK after refeeding, despite increased extracellular glucose levels. These derangements were probably involved in the abolition of hypophagia in response to i.c.v. glucose. It is proposed that 'glucose resistance' in central sites of feeding control may be relevant in the disturbances of energy homeostasis induced by high-fat feeding.
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Bispo KP, de Oliveira Rodrigues L, da Silva Soares de Souza É, Mucci D, Tavares do Carmo MDG, de Albuquerque KT, de Carvalho Sardinha FL. Trans and interesterified fat and palm oil during the pregnancy and lactation period inhibit the central anorexigenic action of insulin in adult male rat offspring. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:131-8. [PMID: 25398547 PMCID: PMC10717077 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Palm oil and interesterified fat have been used to replace partially hydrogenated fats, rich in trans isomers, in processed foods. This study investigated whether the maternal consumption of normolipidic diets containing these lipids affects the insulin receptor and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) contents in the hypothalamus and the hypophagic effect of centrally administered insulin in 3-month-old male offspring. At 90 days, the intracerebroventricular injection of insulin decreased 24-h feeding in control rats but not in the palm, interesterified or trans groups. The palm group exhibited increases in the insulin receptor content of 64 and 69 % compared to the control and trans groups, respectively. However, the quantifications of PKB did not differ significantly across groups. We conclude that the intake of trans fatty acid substitutes during the early perinatal period affects food intake regulation in response to centrally administered insulin in the young adult offspring; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pereira Bispo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
| | - Letícia de Oliveira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
| | - Érica da Silva Soares de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
| | - Daniela Mucci
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Tavares do Carmo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
| | - Kelse Tibau de Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LABNEX, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ Brazil
| | - Fatima Lucia de Carvalho Sardinha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Carlos Chagas, 373, Edificio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2º andar, sala 021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 219415-902 Brazil
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Abstract
Overconsumption of dietary fat contributes to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that high dietary fat may promote these metabolic states not only by providing calories but also by inducing impaired control of energy balance. In normal metabolic states, fat interacts with various organs or receptors to generate signals for the regulation of energy balance. Many of these interactions are impaired by high-fat diets or in obesity, contributing to the development or maintenance of obesity. These impairments may arise largely from fundamental alterations in the hypothalamus where all peripheral signals are integrated to regulate energy balance. This review focuses on various mechanisms by which fat is sensed at different stages of ingestion, circulation, storage, and utilization to regulate food intake, and how these individual mechanisms are altered by high-fat diets or in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang H Youn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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13
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Macadamia oil supplementation attenuates inflammation and adipocyte hypertrophy in obese mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:870634. [PMID: 25332517 PMCID: PMC4190113 DOI: 10.1155/2014/870634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess of saturated fatty acids in the diet has been associated with obesity, leading to systemic disruption of insulin signaling, glucose intolerance, and inflammation. Macadamia oil administration has been shown to improve lipid profile in humans. We evaluated the effect of macadamia oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, lipid profile, and adipocyte size in high-fat diet (HF) induced obesity in mice. C57BL/6 male mice (8 weeks) were divided into four groups: (a) control diet (CD), (b) HF, (c) CD supplemented with macadamia oil by gavage at 2 g/Kg of body weight, three times per week, for 12 weeks (CD + MO), and (d) HF diet supplemented with macadamia oil (HF + MO). CD and HF mice were supplemented with water. HF mice showed hypercholesterolemia and decreased insulin sensitivity as also previously shown. HF induced inflammation in adipose tissue and peritoneal macrophages, as well as adipocyte hypertrophy. Macadamia oil supplementation attenuated hypertrophy of adipocytes and inflammation in the adipose tissue and macrophages.
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de Sousa IF, de Souza AP, Andrade IS, Boldarine VT, Nascimento CMO, Oyama LM, Telles MM, Ribeiro EB. Effect of fish oil intake on glucose levels in rat prefrontal cortex, as measured by microdialysis. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:188. [PMID: 24369745 PMCID: PMC3880162 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain glucose sensing may contribute to energy homeostasis control. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in the hedonic component of feeding control. As high-fat diets may disrupt energy homeostasis, we evaluated in male Wistar rats whether intake of high-fat fish-oil diet modified cortical glucose extracellular levels and the feeding induced by intracerebroventricular glucose or PFC glucoprivation. Methods Glucose levels in PFC microdialysates were measured before and after a 30-min meal. Food intake was measured in animals receiving intracerebroventricular glucose followed, 30-min. later, by 2-deoxy-D-glucose injected into the PFC. Results The fish-oil group showed normal body weight and serum insulin while fat pads weight and glucose levels were increased. Baseline PFC glucose and 30-min. carbohydrates intake were similar between the groups. Feeding-induced PFC glucose levels increased earlier and more pronouncedly in fish-oil than in control rats. Intracerebroventricular glucose inhibited feeding consistently in the control but not in the fish-oil group. Local PFC glucoprivation with 2-DG attenuated glucose-induced hypophagia. Conclusions The present experiments have shown that, following food intake, more glucose reached the prefrontal cortex of the rats fed the high-fat fish-oil diet than of the rats fed the control diet. However, when administered directly into the lateral cerebral ventricle, glucose was able to consistently inhibit feeding only in the control rats. The findings indicate that, an impairment of glucose transport into the brain does not contribute to the disturbances induced by the high-fat fish-oil feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eliane B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Botucatu, n° 862 - 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
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16
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Cao M, George TJ, Prima V, Nelson D, Svetlov S. Argininosuccinate synthase as a novel biomarker for inflammatory conditions. Biomarkers 2013; 18:242-9. [PMID: 23510167 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.773080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) plays an important role in regulating metabolic functions in mammals. We previously reported that hepatic ASS is released into circulation at very high concentrations in response to endotoxin and acute liver injury. We propose that ASS may serve as a novel biomarker for various inflammatory conditions. Our data showed that ASS accumulated in serum and urine of septic, obese or tumor mice in a condition-dependent fashion. Moreover, ASS significantly increased in urine within the first week after tumor cell implantation in mice which subsequently develop tumors. These results suggest that ASS is a novel biomarker increased upon diverse inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengde Cao
- Banyan Laboratories, Inc., Alachua, FL 32615, USA.
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17
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High-fat fish oil diet prevents hypothalamic inflammatory profile in rats. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:419823. [PMID: 24049658 PMCID: PMC3767199 DOI: 10.1155/2013/419823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether PUFA diets affect inflammatory mediators in central and peripheral sites is not clear. We investigated the effect of high-fat PUFA diets on the expression of proteins involved in inflammatory pathways in hypothalamus, muscle, and liver. Male rats were fed for 2 months with either chow or high-fat diets enriched with either soy (n-6 PUFAs) or fish oil (n-3 PUFAs). The fish group had normal body weight, low serum NEFA, reduced hypothalamic levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and TRAF6, and increased levels of IL-10 receptor. In contrast, the soy group had increased body weight and hypothalamic levels of TRAF6 and NFκBp65. In muscle, the fish diet reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Both PUFA diets increased muscle IL-10 levels and reduced liver TNF-α and IL-6 levels. The data showed that the high-fat soy diet induced activation of the hypothalamic NFκB inflammatory pathway, a feature predisposing to feeding and energy expenditure disturbances associated with the development of obesity. On the other hand, the high-fat fish diet improved the central and the peripheral inflammatory profile via reduction of intracellular inflammatory mediators, suggesting a protection against obesity.
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18
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Sunflower oil supplementation has proinflammatory effects and does not reverse insulin resistance in obesity induced by high-fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:945131. [PMID: 22988427 PMCID: PMC3441046 DOI: 10.1155/2012/945131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as sunflower oil has been associated to beneficial effects in plasma lipid profile, but its role on inflammation and insulin resistance is not fully elucidated yet. We evaluated the effect of sunflower oil supplementation on inflammatory state and insulin resistance condition in HFD-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 male mice (8 weeks) were divided in four groups: (a) control diet (CD), (b) HFD, (c) CD supplemented with n-6 (CD + n-6), and (d) HFD supplemented with n-6 (HFD + n-6). CD + n-6 and HFD + n-6 were supplemented with sunflower oil by oral gavage at 2 g/Kg of body weight, three times per week. CD and HFD were supplemented with water instead at the same dose. HFD induced whole and muscle-specific insulin resistance associated with increased inflammatory markers in insulin-sensitive tissues and macrophage cells. Sunflower oil supplementation was not efficient in preventing or reducing these parameters. In addition, the supplementation increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages and tissues. Lipid profile, on the other hand, was improved with the sunflower oil supplementation in animals fed HFD. In conclusion, sunflower oil supplementation improves lipid profile, but it does not prevent or attenuate insulin resistance and inflammation induced by HFD in C57BL/6 mice.
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Sousa GTD, Lira FS, Rosa JC, de Oliveira EP, Oyama LM, Santos RV, Pimentel GD. Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:67. [PMID: 22676328 PMCID: PMC3393628 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have grown in prevalence around the world, and recently, related diseases have been considered epidemic. Given the high cost of treatment of obesity/DM-associated diseases, strategies such as dietary manipulation have been widely studied; among them, the whey protein diet has reached popularity because it has been suggested as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity and DM in both humans and animals. Among its main actions, the following activities stand out: reduction of serum glucose in healthy individuals, impaired glucose tolerance in DM and obese patients; reduction in body weight; maintenance of muscle mass; increases in the release of anorectic hormones such as cholecystokinin, leptin, and glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1); and a decrease in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Furthermore, studies have shown that whey protein can also lead to reductions in blood pressure, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela T D Sousa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Pedroso AP, Watanabe RLH, Albuquerque KT, Telles MM, Andrade MCC, Perez JD, Sakata MM, Lima ML, Estadella D, Nascimento CMO, Oyama LM, Rosa JC, Casarini DE, Ribeiro EB. Proteomic profiling of the rat hypothalamus. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:26. [PMID: 22519962 PMCID: PMC3441799 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in numerous mechanisms highly relevant to the maintenance of body homeostasis, such as the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Impairment of these mechanisms has been associated with the metabolic disturbances involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Since rodent species constitute important models for metabolism studies and the rat hypothalamus is poorly characterized by proteomic strategies, we performed experiments aimed at constructing a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) profile of rat hypothalamus proteins. Results As a first step, we established the best conditions for tissue collection and protein extraction, quantification and separation. The extraction buffer composition selected for proteome characterization of rat hypothalamus was urea 7 M, thiourea 2 M, CHAPS 4%, Triton X-100 0.5%, followed by a precipitation step with chloroform/methanol. Two-dimensional (2-D) gels of hypothalamic extracts from four-month-old rats were analyzed; the protein spots were digested and identified by using tandem mass spectrometry and database query using the protein search engine MASCOT. Eighty-six hypothalamic proteins were identified, the majority of which were classified as participating in metabolic processes, consistent with the finding of a large number of proteins with catalytic activity. Genes encoding proteins identified in this study have been related to obesity development. Conclusion The present results indicate that the 2-DE technique will be useful for nutritional studies focusing on hypothalamic proteins. The data presented herein will serve as a reference database for studies testing the effects of dietary manipulations on hypothalamic proteome. We trust that these experiments will lead to important knowledge on protein targets of nutritional variables potentially able to affect the complex central nervous system control of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Pedroso
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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