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Guo B, Tao Y, Yang T, Su X, Tan X, Tian W, Xie L. Biomaterials based on advanced oxidation processes in tooth whitening: fundamentals, progress, and models. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39193628 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The increasing desire for aesthetically pleasing teeth has resulted in the widespread use of tooth whitening treatments. Clinical tooth whitening products currently rely on hydrogen peroxide formulations to degrade dental pigments through oxidative processes. However, they usually cause side effects such as tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation due to the use of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or long-time contact. In recent years, various novel materials and reaction patterns have been developed to tackle the issues related to H2O2-based tooth whitening. These can be broadly classified as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs generate free radicals that have potent oxidizing properties, which can thereby increase the oxidation power and/or reduce the exposure time and can probably minimize the side effects of tooth bleaching. While there have been several reviews on clinical tooth whitening and the application of novel nanomaterials, a review based on the concept of AOPs in tooth bleaching application has not yet been conducted. This review describes the common types and mechanisms of AOPs, summarizes the latest research progress of new tooth bleaching materials based on AOPs, and proposes a model for tooth bleaching and a rate control step at the molecular level. The paper also reviews the shortcomings and suggests future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, China
| | - Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Tiantian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Xiaofan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Xinzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
- Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Al Ankily M, Makkeyah F, Bakr MM, Shamel M. Evaluating the Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Heated Tobacco Products on Hard Dental Tissues: A Comparative Histological and Colorimetric Analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e941. [PMID: 39104124 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of cigarette smoking (CS) and heated tobacco (HT) on the alteration of color and ultrastructural characteristics of human enamel and cementum. BACKGROUND According to tobacco companies, a less harmful substitute for CS is HT products. Nevertheless, comprehensive research on the effects of HT on tooth structures has been lacking. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of CS and HT on the alteration of color and ultrastructural characteristics of human enamel and cementum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty intact and noncarious human maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment purposes, previously disinfected, were used in the study. The specimens were randomly separated into six groups (n = 10), as follows: Group 1: enamel without smoking exposure; Group 2: enamel exposed to CS; Group 3: enamel exposed to HT; Group 4: cementum without smoking exposure; Group 5: cementum exposed to CS; and Group 6: cementum exposed to HT. The measurement of color change was conducted using a spectrophotometer. The surface alterations and mineral composition of enamel and cementum were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine significant differences between groups. RESULTS Results showed that CS had a more pronounced effect on enamel and cementum color changes than HT. The impact of CS and HT on color changes was more evident in cementum than in enamel. Surface morphology of enamel and cementum showed alterations in histology following exposure to both smoking types. Moreover, the mineral content experienced a significant reduction after using CS and HT. The reduction in calcium content after CS and HT exposure was similar. However, HT led to a significant decrease in the phosphorus content of enamel when compared with CS. At the same time, CS exposure in cementum resulted in a more significant reduction in Ca/P ratio than HT. CONCLUSIONS Although HT may appear to present a lower danger to hard dental tissues than CS, it is not entirely harmless. CS results in more color changes on the enamel and cementum of teeth. Both smoking methods affected the mineral content of teeth, with CS having a significant effect on the roots, while HT significantly affected the crowns' mineral composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al Ankily
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Makkeyah
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Bakr
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohamed Shamel
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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Stübinger S, Altenried S, Ren Q. Tooth-Whitening with a Novel Phthalimido Peroxy Caproic Acid: Short Communication. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2024; 16:219-225. [PMID: 38881836 PMCID: PMC11177866 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s450920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Professional tooth whitening in the dental office is a popular cosmetic procedure and is performed under carefully monitored conditions. This allows the controlled application of a relatively high concentration of bleaching ingredients based on hydrogen peroxide or peroxide derivatives which produce reactive oxygen species, and consequently induce enamel erosion, alteration of the microhardness of the teeth, irritation of the gums, pain or post bleach sensitivity. This short communication describes the successful and reliable application of a new professional tooth whitening technique using a novel phthalimido peroxycaproic acid complex while avoiding reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stübinger
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Group MIOSTE University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4032, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Altenried
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
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Hardan L, Bourgi R, Flores-Ledesma A, Devoto W, Devoto E, Fernández-Barrera MÁ, Kharouf N, Cuevas-Suárez CE. Is a White Diet Necessary for Tooth Bleaching Procedures? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:118. [PMID: 38668030 PMCID: PMC11049513 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the necessity of a white diet during or following a bleaching procedure. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines meticulously. The research question was: Is a white diet necessary during and/or after a bleaching treatment? In vitro studies or clinical trials reporting the color change in bleached enamel after the use of a free-staining diet were considered for full-text review. For the analyses, a random-effects model was employed. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. A total of 17 documents were eligible for qualitative analysis: 5 clinical trials and 12 in vitro studies. Only data from the clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. For at-home bleaching, differences in the color among the subjects were not statistically significant during the first (p = 0.64), second (p = 0.26) or third (p = 0.43) weeks of treatment. Also, the color difference one month after finishing the bleaching treatment were not statistically significant (p = 0.27). The color difference one month after finishing an in-office treatment showed that the restrictions on diet did not significantly improve the bleaching outcomes (p = 0.90). According to the findings of this review, dietary restrictions are not necessary during or after bleaching procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (R.B.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Abigailt Flores-Ledesma
- Dental Materials and Biomaterials Laboratory Faculty of Stomatology, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico;
| | - Walter Devoto
- Private Practice, 16030 Liguria, Italy; (W.D.); (E.D.)
| | - Emma Devoto
- Private Practice, 16030 Liguria, Italy; (W.D.); (E.D.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernández-Barrera
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico;
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico;
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Ribeiro EP, Zanin GT, Gonçalves AE, Kury M, Cavalli V, Guiraldo RD, Lopes MB, Berger SB. Whitening efficacy of activated charcoal-based products: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dent 2024; 143:104877. [PMID: 38316199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the whitening efficacy, tooth sensitivity (TS), and volunteers' satisfaction following the use of activated charcoal powder and toothpaste. METHODS Fifty-six volunteers were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 14) according to a 14-day toothbrushing or whitening treatment with activated charcoal powder (ACPW), activated charcoal toothpaste (ACT), regular fluoridated toothpaste (RT), and 10 % carbamide peroxide (CP). Objective (ΔE00) and subjective (ΔSGU) color and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were calculated. Patients self-reported the risk and intensity of TS using a visual analogue scale and the volunteer's satisfaction was determined by a questionnaire. Color assessments were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dwas-Steel-Crithlow-Fligner, and absolute TS risk and volunteer's satisfaction by Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). RESULTS ACPW and ACT promoted similar effects in ΔE00, ΔSGU, and ΔWID to that observed for RT. No significant difference was found in terms of TS risk intensity. TS risk became high after 7 and 14 days, with higher TS prevalence in CP. Volunteers reported that ACPW exhibited the lowest ease-of-use, comfort, and whitening satisfaction among groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Activated charcoal-based products presented a minor and unsatisfactory whitening effect while CP resulted in optimal tooth whitening and the highest level of satisfaction among volunteers. Risk was higher from 7 days onwards and was more pronounced in the CP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on the whitening effect and patient satisfaction, this controlled-randomized clinical evidence supports that the use of activated charcoal-based products should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pedreiro Ribeiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Zanin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Kury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cavalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Danil Guiraldo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of North Parana, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Murilo Baena Lopes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of North Parana, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandrine Bittencourt Berger
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of North Parana, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Đoćoš M, Thiha A, Vejin M, Movrin D, Jamaluddin NF, Kojić S, Petrović B, Ibrahim F, Stojanović G. Analysis of Covarine Particle in Toothpaste Through Microfluidic Simulation, Experimental Validation, and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10539-10555. [PMID: 38463280 PMCID: PMC10918793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Covarine, copper phthalocyanine, a novel tooth whitening ingredient, has been incorporated into various toothpaste formulations using diverse technologies such as larger flakes, two-phase pastes, and microbeads. In this study, we investigated the behavior of covarine microbeads (200 μm) in Colgate advanced white toothpaste when mixed with artificial and real saliva. Our analysis utilized a custom-designed microfluidic mixer with 400 μm wide channels arranged in serpentine patterns, featuring a Y-shaped design for saliva and toothpaste flow. The mixer, fabricated using stereolithography 3D printing technology, incorporated a flexible transparent resin (Formlabs' Flexible 80A resin) and PMMA layers. COMSOL simulations were performed by utilizing parameters extracted from toothpaste and saliva datasheets, supplemented by laboratory measurements, to enhance simulation accuracy. Experimental assessments encompassing the behavior of covarine particles were conducted using an optical profilometer. Viscosity tests and electrical impedance spectroscopy employing recently developed all-carbon electrodes were employed to analyze different toothpaste dilutions. The integration of experimental data from microfluidic chips with computational simulations offers thorough insights into the interactions of covarine particles with saliva and the formation of microfilms on enamel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Đoćoš
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Centre
for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marija Vejin
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Dejan Movrin
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Nurul Fauzani Jamaluddin
- Centre
for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sanja Kojić
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Bojan Petrović
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Centre
for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Goran Stojanović
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
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Ryskina EA, Magsumova OA, Postnikov MA, Lobaeva TA, Ahmedzhanov BB, Shishparenok AN, Zhdanov DD. Effect of the Teeth Whitening Procedure on the Mineral Composition of Oral Fluid. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 12:9. [PMID: 38248217 PMCID: PMC10814888 DOI: 10.3390/dj12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The basis of modern tooth whitening systems is the use of a whitening gel, which usually contains hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. The study included 81 patients aged 22 to 35 years with a tooth color A2 and a darker color on the Vita Classic scale. The purpose of our research was to identify a new approach to whitening teeth to improve safety and gentleness. To perform this, we assessed the effect of the tooth whitening procedure on the mineral composition of the oral fluid. A new approach to the teeth whitening procedure was to use a mouth retractor and a tool for aspirating the whitening gel, which we developed. Before the procedure, a protective film-forming aerosol, which included sodium ascorbate, was applied. After the tooth whitening procedure, the enamel was remineralized with a sealing liquid for 14 days. The concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the oral fluid were determined using a spectrophotometer with a set of reagents (Human). The results obtained indicate that the new approach to the teeth whitening procedure contributed to less pronounced changes in the concentrations of calcium (+29.07, p < 0.001) and phosphorus (-14%, p < 0.001) in the oral fluid immediately after the procedure and in combination with the standard procedure for teeth whitening; immediately after this procedure, the calcium concentration increased by 74.4% (p < 0.001), and the phosphorus concentration decreased by 23.07% (p < 0.001). The use of remineralizing agents led to a faster recovery of the initial levels of calcium and phosphorus in the oral fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Ryskina
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Higher School of Economics, HSE University, 20 Myasnitskaya St., 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana A. Magsumova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Samara State Medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya St., 443099 Samara, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Mikhail A. Postnikov
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Samara State Medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya St., 443099 Samara, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Tatiana A. Lobaeva
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, RUDN University, 8 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Departments of Fundamental Disciplines Medical University, MGIMO-MED, 3 Novosportivnaya St., 143007 Odintsovo, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | - Anastasia N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia;
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Jamwal N, Rao A, Mc GS, K RS, Bh MP, Jodalli P, Ks A, Br A. Effect of whitening toothpastes on the surface roughness and microhardness of human teeth-an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7889-7897. [PMID: 37966513 PMCID: PMC10713793 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of whitening toothpastes on the surface roughness and microhardness of human teeth. METHODOLOGY Surface roughness was estimated using the Talysurf instrument, and microhardness was estimated using the Vickers hardness tester before and after the application of whitening toothpastes on mounted extracted human teeth. RESULTS In the activated charcoal group, there was a reduction in the surface roughness from 1.21 at baseline to 1.09 at 1 month and a further reduction to 1.02 at 3 months, which was found to be statistically significant. However, no statistically significant difference in surface roughness was found in the other toothpaste groups. With respect to microhardness, all 4 whitening toothpastes showed a statistically significant reduction in microhardness after 3 months of brushing. However, the reduction was significantly higher in group 2 and in group 4 compared to the others. CONCLUSION This study showed that whitening toothpaste containing activated charcoal significantly reduced the surface roughness, whereas toothpastes with blue covarine and toothpastes containing activated charcoal significantly reduced the microhardness of the tooth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study emphasizes the need for healthcare professionals to be aware of the potential disadvantages of whitening toothpastes and make evidence-based decisions when recommending the product to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Jamwal
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Ashwini Rao
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India.
| | - Gowri Shankar Mc
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Ramya Shenoy K
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Mithun Pai Bh
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Praveen Jodalli
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Aparna Ks
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Avinash Br
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
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Abuljadayel R, Mushayt A, Al Mutairi T, Sajini S. Evaluation of Bioactive Restorative Materials' Color Stability: Effect of Immersion Media and Thermocycling. Cureus 2023; 15:e43038. [PMID: 37674947 PMCID: PMC10479958 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the most important aspects that determines the clinical lifetime of aesthetic restorations, is the color stability (CS) over the long term. This study aims to assess the effect of artificial aging and thermocycling in different staining solutions on the CS of bioactive restorative materials compared to conventional ones. METHODS The following four material groups were investigated: ACTIVA™ Bioactive (AB) (Pulpdent Corporation, Massachusetts, United States), Beautifil II (BF) (SHOFU Inc., Kyoto, Japan), Fuji II (FJ) (GC Corporation, Tokyo Japan), and Filtek™ Z350 XT (FT) (3M, Minnesota, United States). A total of 100 specimens were fabricated using an acrylic mold and then immersed in five staining solutions groups: coffee, black tea, Cola, mixed berry juice, and saline. Baseline shade (T0) was recorded using two spectro-photometer devices, VITA Easyshade® Advance (VITA Zahnfabrik, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) and Color-Eye® 7000A (X-Rite, Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States). Following this, the shade was recorded at 30 days (T1), three months (T2), and after 5000 thermocycles (5C-55C) (T3). CIE L*a*b* (International Commission on Illumination color space) data was used to calculate ΔE for each group. RESULTS All samples showed a significant color change (P<0.001) following one and three months of storage and after thermocycling. AB and BF showed the highest CS over time, whereas FT and FJ showed the least CS. CONCLUSION The CS of restorative materials is mostly determined by their type, followed by staining solution type and thermocycling. The most potent solutions were coffee, tea, and berry juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Abuljadayel
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ali Mushayt
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Talal Al Mutairi
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Shara Sajini
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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10
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Turki OH, Jafar ZJ. Whitening Effect of Juglans regia Dry Husk Extract on Primary and Permanent Teeth. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:1037661. [PMID: 37520886 PMCID: PMC10382244 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1037661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Walnut is a common member of the family Juglandaceae. Recently, the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the parts of walnut has received increased interest. Many reasons are responsible for teeth discolouration because teeth can absorb ingredients from tea, coffee, and food. Stains from these ingredients could stay in the porous enamel layer. Traditional whitening chemicals have some side effects, the most common of which is tooth sensitivity and mild or moderate gingival irritation. The aims of this comparative experimental study were to evaluate the whitening effect of Juglans regia dry husk extract and compare it with that of traditional prophylactic pumice. Forty human teeth were collected. Amongst these teeth, 20 were permanent, and the other 20 were primary. Each group was randomly divided into a study group (treated with dry husk extract) and a control group (treated with traditional pumice). Tooth colour was measured with Easy VitaShade Advanced 4.0, and the readings of lightness, chroma, and hue (a∗ represents the green to red axis and b∗ represents the blue to yellow axis) were documented for each tooth before and after polishing. A statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 22; Chicago, Illinois, USA). Data were analysed using Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon sum rank, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and the level of significance was set to 0.05. A normality test was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and it showed that the colour variables were not normally distributed. With regard to tooth lightness, significant differences were observed in the primary and permanent teeth and Juglans regia exerted a much better whitening effect than pumice at p < 0.05. This study supports the use of Juglans regia dry husk extract in dentistry as a natural product with a whitening effect. It has utilisation potential in dentistry due to its beneficial properties and highly active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Hameed Turki
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab Juma Jafar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Bencze B, Temesfői V, Das S, Papp H, Kaltenecker P, Kuczmog A, Jakab F, Kocsis B, Kőszegi T. Development of a novel, entirely herbal-based mouthwash effective against common oral bacteria and SARS-CoV-2. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:138. [PMID: 37127611 PMCID: PMC10150350 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parallel to the growth of the oral healthcare market, there is a constantly increasing demand for natural products as well. Many customers prefer products that contain fewer toxic agents, therefore providing an environmentally friendly solution with the benefit of smaller risk to the user. Medieval and early modern medicinal knowledge might be useful when looking for natural, herbal-based components to develop modern products. Along with these considerations we created, tested, and compared an entirely natural mouthwash, named Herba Dei. METHODS The manufacturing procedure was standardized, and the created tincture was evaluated by GC/MS analysis for active compounds, experimentally tested in cell-based cytotoxicity, salivary protein integrity, cell-free antioxidant activity, anti-bacterial and anti-viral assays, and compared with three market-leading mouthwashes. RESULTS Our tincture did not show significant damage in the cytotoxicity assays to keratinocyte and Vero E6 cells and did not disrupt the low molecular weight salivary proteins. Its radical scavenging capacity surpassed that of two tested, partly natural, and synthetic mouthwashes, while its antibacterial activity was comparable to the tested products, or higher in the bacterial aerobic respiratory assay. The active compounds responsible for the effects include naturally occurring phenylpropanoids, terpenes, and terpenoids. Our mouthwash proved to be effective in vitro in lowering the copy number of SARS-CoV-2 in circumstances mimicking the salivary environment. CONCLUSIONS The developed product might be a useful tool to impede the transmission and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in interpersonal contact and aerosol-generating conditions. Our mouthwash can help reduce the oral bacterial flora and has an antioxidant activity that facilitates wound healing and prevents adverse effects of smoke in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Bencze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Út 13, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Viktória Temesfői
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Út 13, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
- Lab-On-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
- Hungarian National Laboratory On Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Út 13, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Lab-On-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Papp
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Kaltenecker
- Lab-On-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Hungarian National Laboratory On Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Anett Kuczmog
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Út 13, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Lab-On-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Hungarian National Laboratory On Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
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Palandi SDS, Kury M, Cavalli V. Influence of violet LED and fluoride-containing carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on early-stage eroded/abraded teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103568. [PMID: 37059164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated enamel with early-stage erosion/abrasion following bleaching with 20% and 45% carbamide peroxide (CP) gels containing fluoride (F) and irradiated with violet LED (LED). METHODS Enamel blocks were immersed in 1% citric acid (5 min) and artificial saliva (120 min) three times to produce early-stage enamel erosion. Simulated toothbrushing was performed only after the first saliva immersion, to provoke enamel abrasion. The erosive/abraded enamel samples were submitted to (n=10): LED/CP20, CP20, LED/CP20_F, CP20_F, LED/CP45, CP45, LED/CP45_F, CP45_F, LED, and control (without treatment). The pH of the gels was assessed, and color (ΔE00) and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were calculated after cycling (T1), and 7 days from bleaching (T2). Enamel surface roughness average (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (kg/mm2, %SHR) were evaluated at baseline (T0) at T1 and T2. Scanning electron microscopy evaluated the enamel surface morphology at T2. RESULTS The gels' pH was neutral and CP20 and CP45 exhibited no differences in ΔE00 and ΔWID (p>0.05) but LED increased these parameters for CP20_F and CP45. Erosion/abrasion significantly decreased mean kg/mm2, and the LED group was the only one not increasing microhardness after bleaching (p>0.05). None of the groups fully recovered the initial microhardness. All groups exhibited %SHR similar to the control (p>0.05) and the increase in Ra was detected only after erosion/abrasion. CP20_F groups exhibited a more preserved enamel morphology. CONCLUSION Light irradiation combined with low-concentrated CP gel promoted a bleaching effect comparable to the high-concentrated CP. The bleaching protocols did not adversely impact the surface of early-stage eroded/abraded enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel da Silva Palandi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Kury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cavalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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In-vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of polyphenols based strawberry extracts for dental bleaching. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4181. [PMID: 36914760 PMCID: PMC10011378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To formulate a dental bleaching agent with strawberry extract that has potent bleaching properties and antimicrobial efficacy. Enamel specimens (3 × 3 × 2 mm3) were prepared. Quaternary Ammonium Silane (CaC2 enriched) was homogenized with fresh strawberries: Group 1: supernatant strawberry (10 g) extract < Group 2: supernatant strawberry (10 g) extract + 15%HA (Hydroxyapatite) < Group 3: supernatant strawberry (10 g) extract + 15% (HA-2%k21) < Group 4: supernatant strawberry (20 g) extract only (20 g strawberries) < Group 5: supernatant strawberry (20 g) extract + 15% HA < Group 6: supernatant strawberry (20 g) extract + 15% (HA-2%K21) < Group 7: In-office Opalescence Boost 35%. Single-colony lactobacillus was examined using confocal microscopy identifying bacterial growth and inhibition in presence of bleaching agents using 300 µL aliquot of each bacterial culture. Images were analysed by illuminating with a 488 nm argon/helium laser beam. Colour difference (∆E00) was calculated using an Excel spreadsheet implementation of the CIEDE2000 colour difference formula and colour change measured between after staining and after bleaching. Scanning electron microscope was used to image specimens. Raman spectra were collected, and enamel slices were used for STEM/TEM analysis. HPLC was used for strawberry extract analysis. Nano-indentation was performed and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was determined along with molecular simulation. hDPSCs were expanded for Alamar Blue Analysis and SEM. Mean colour change was significantly reduced in group 1 compared to other groups (p < 0.05). CLSM showed detrimental effects of different strawberry extracts on bioflms, especially with antimicrobial (p < 0.05). Groups 1, 2 and 3 showed flatter/irregular surfaces with condensation of anti-microbial in group 3. In strawberry specimens, bands predominate at 960 cm-1. HPLC determined the strawberry extracts content. Molecular simulation verified interaction between calcium and polyphenol components. XPS peak-fitted high-resolution corresponding results of Ca2p3/2 and Ca2p1/2 for all k21 groups. Combination of 10 g strawberry extract supernatant and 15% (hydroxyapatite 2%k21) improved the whiteness and provided additional antimicrobial potential. The novel strawberry extract and antimicrobial based dental formulation had immediate bleaching effect without promoting significant changes in enamel morphology.
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Gonçalves IMC, Sobral-Souza DF, Roveda AC, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL. Effect of experimental bleaching gels with polymers Natrosol and Aristoflex on the enamel surface properties. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:56-66. [PMID: 37194857 PMCID: PMC10208291 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natrosol and Aristoflex® AVC polymers are widely applied in the cosmetic industry and have recently been applied as a thickener option in the composition of dental bleaching gels, with the purpose to reduce the adverse effects on enamel mineral components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color variation (ΔE* ab, ΔE00, ∆WID), surface roughness (Ra), and mineral content quantification (Raman Spectroscopy) of dental enamel after bleaching treatment with experimental gel-based on 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), containing Carbopol, Natrosol, and Aristoflex® AVC. Sixty bovine teeth were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10): Negative Control (NC) - no treatment; Positive Control (PC) - Whiteness Perfect 10% - FGM; CP with Carbopol (CPc); CP with Natrosol (CPn); CP with Aristoflex® AVC (CPa); NCP - no thickener. Data were analyzed, and generalized linear models (∆WID -T0 x T1) were used for repeated measurements in time for Ra and with a study factor for ΔE* ab and ΔE00. For the evaluation of the mineral content, data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. For enamel topographic surface analysis the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was performed. A significance level of 5% was considered. ΔE* ab and ΔE00 were significantly higher for CPc, CPn, CPa, and NCP groups. (∆WID) showed a significantly lower mean than the other groups for NC in T1. After bleaching (4-hour daily application for 14 days), Ra was higher in the CPc, CPn, and PC groups. For CPa, Ra was not altered. No significant difference was found in the quantification of mineral content. CPa preserved the surface smoothness more effectively. Aristoflex® AVC is a viable option for application as a thickener in dental bleaching gels, presenting satisfactory performance, and maintaining the whitening efficacy of the gel, with the advantage of preserving the surface roughness of tooth enamel without significant loss of mineral content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Maria Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School,
University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP,
Brazil
| | - Danielle Ferreira Sobral-Souza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School,
University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP,
Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Roveda
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (ISQC), University of São Paulo
(USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School,
University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP,
Brazil
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School,
University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP,
Brazil
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Ohshima H, Mishima K. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2022. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:1-12. [PMID: 36740188 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences. HIGHLIGHT This review features review articles in the fields of "Bone Cell Biology," "Tooth Development & Regeneration," "Tooth Bleaching," "Adipokines," "Milk Thistle," "Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition," "Periodontitis," "Diagnosis," "Salivary Glands," "Tooth Root," "Exosome," "New Perspectives of Tooth Identification," "Dental Pulp," and "Saliva" in addition to the review articles by the winner of the "Lion Dental Research Award" ("Plastic changes in nociceptive pathways contributing to persistent orofacial pain") presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology. CONCLUSION The review articles in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired its readers to broaden their knowledge about various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Limeback H, Meyer F, Enax J. Tooth Whitening with Hydroxyapatite: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11020050. [PMID: 36826195 PMCID: PMC9955010 DOI: 10.3390/dj11020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A steadily increasing public demand for whiter teeth has resulted in the development of new oral care products for home use. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a new ingredient to whiten teeth. This systematic review focuses on the evidence of whether HAP can effectively whiten teeth. A systematic search using the PICO approach and PRISMA guidelines was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciFinder, and Google Scholar as databases. All study designs (in vitro, in vivo) and publications in foreign language studies were included. Of the 279 study titles that the searches produced, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. A new "Quality Assessment Tool For In Vitro Studies" (the QUIN Tool) was used to determine the risk of bias of the 13 studies conducted in vitro. Moreover, 12 out of 13 studies had a low risk of bias. The in vivo studies were assigned Cochrane-based GRADE scores. The results in vitro and in vivo were consistent in the direction of showing a statistically significant whitening of enamel. The evidence from in vitro studies is rated overall as having a low risk of bias. The evidence from in vivo clinical trials is supported by modest clinical evidence based on six preliminary clinical trials. It can be concluded that the regular use of hydroxyapatite-containing oral care products effectively whitens teeth, but more clinical trials are required to support the preliminary in vivo evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
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Zamudio-Santiago J, Ladera-Castañeda M, Santander-Rengifo F, López-Gurreonero C, Cornejo-Pinto A, Echavarría-Gálvez A, Cervantes-Ganoza L, Cayo-Rojas C. Effect of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and Activated-Charcoal-Based Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Surface Roughness in Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010022. [PMID: 36672530 PMCID: PMC9856117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activated charcoal is a nanocrystalline form of carbon with a large specific surface area and high porosity in the nanometer range, having consequently the capacity to absorb pigments, chromophores, and stains responsible for tooth color change, while carbamide peroxide is unstable and breaks down immediately upon contact with tissue and saliva, first dissociating into hydrogen peroxide and urea and subsequently into oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 16% carbamide peroxide and activated-charcoal-based whitening toothpaste on enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth. Materials and Methods: The present experimental in vitro, longitudinal, and prospective study consisted of 60 teeth randomly distributed in six groups: A: artificial saliva, B: conventional toothpaste (Colgate Maximum Protection), C: whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear), D: 16% carbamide peroxide (Whiteness Perfect 16%), E: 16% carbamide peroxide plus conventional toothpaste (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Colgate Maximum Protection), and F: 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (Whiteness Perfect 16% plus Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clear). Surface roughness was assessed with a digital roughness meter before and after each treatment. For the statistical analysis, Student’s t test for related samples was used, in addition to the ANOVA test for one intergroup factor, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The surface roughness variation of bovine tooth enamel, before and after application of bleaching agent, was higher in groups of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.200 µm, Confidence Interval (CI): 0.105; 0.296 µm) and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (0.201 µm, (CI): 0.092; 0.309 µm). In addition, bovine teeth treated with conventional toothpaste (p = 0.041), whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.001), and 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.002) significantly increased their surface roughness values. On the other hand, significant differences were observed when comparing the variation in surface roughness between the application of artificial saliva (control) and the whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.031), and the 16% carbamide peroxide plus whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal (p = 0.030). Conclusion: The use of whitening toothpaste with activated charcoal and in combination with 16% carbamide peroxide significantly increased enamel surface roughness in bovine teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Zamudio-Santiago
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Marysela Ladera-Castañeda
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Flor Santander-Rengifo
- Academic Program of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | | - Alberto Cornejo-Pinto
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
| | | | | | - César Cayo-Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Bienestar Global, Faculty of Dentistry and Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru
- School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, Peru
- Correspondence:
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