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Byrd C, Lammert DB, Prochaska E, Cai S. Case 1: A Case of Decreased Feeding and Lethargy in an 8-week-old Boy. Pediatr Rev 2024; 45:329-332. [PMID: 38821898 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2022-005910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Byrd
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Erica Prochaska
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Sophie Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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2
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Duy PQ, Mehta NH, Kahle KT. The "microcephalic hydrocephalus" paradox as a paradigm of altered neural stem cell biology. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad432. [PMID: 37991277 PMCID: PMC10793578 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterized by enlarged brain ventricles, hydrocephalus is a common neurological disorder classically attributed to a primary defect in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. Microcephaly ("small head") and hydrocephalus are typically viewed as two mutually exclusive phenomenon, since hydrocephalus is thought of as a fluid "plumbing" disorder leading to CSF accumulation, ventricular dilatation, and resultant macrocephaly. However, some cases of hydrocephalus can be associated with microcephaly. Recent work in the genomics of congenital hydrocephalus (CH) and an improved understanding of the tropism of certain viruses such as Zika and cytomegalovirus are beginning to shed light into the paradox "microcephalic hydrocephalus" by defining prenatal neural stem cells (NSC) as the spatiotemporal "scene of the crime." In some forms of CH and viral brain infections, impaired fetal NSC proliferation leads to decreased neurogenesis, cortical hypoplasia and impaired biomechanical interactions at the CSF-brain interface that collectively engender ventriculomegaly despite an overall and often striking decrease in head circumference. The coexistence of microcephaly and hydrocephalus suggests that these two phenotypes may overlap more than previously appreciated. Continued study of both conditions may be unexpectedly fertile ground for providing new insights into human NSC biology and our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Neel H Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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3
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De Asis-Cruz J, Andescavage N, Limperopoulos C. Adverse Prenatal Exposures and Fetal Brain Development: Insights From Advanced Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:480-490. [PMID: 34848383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence from clinical and preclinical studies suggests that fetal vulnerability to adverse prenatal exposures increases the risk for neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. Recent advances in fetal magnetic resonance imaging have allowed us to characterize typical fetal brain growth trajectories in vivo and to interrogate structural and functional alterations associated with intrauterine exposures, such as maternal stress, environmental toxins, drugs, and obesity. Here, we review proposed mechanisms for how prenatal influences disrupt neurodevelopment, including the role played by maternal and fetal inflammatory responses. We summarize insights from magnetic resonance imaging research in fetuses, highlight recent discoveries in normative fetal development using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques (i.e., three-dimensional volumetry, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, placental diffusion imaging, and functional imaging), and discuss how baseline trajectories are shaped by prenatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepheen De Asis-Cruz
- Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Nickie Andescavage
- Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Department of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.
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4
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Lazarte-Rantes C, Rodríguez-Anccasi R, Rivas-Campos C, Silva E. Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Findings in Fetal MRI. Cureus 2021; 13:e16894. [PMID: 34513467 PMCID: PMC8417349 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection, when acquired as an acute infection during pregnancy, can have substantial adverse effects on fetuses. We present the case of a 19-year-old pregnant woman with no previous relevant medical history. The ultrasound in the third trimester showed brain and abdominal abnormalities such as congenital hydrocephalus, volume loss of the brain parenchyma, and hepatosplenomegaly. The laboratory test showed positive IgM for Toxoplasma gondii. MRI was performed for better assessment and it shows the lesions in the central nervous system and other organs with more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lazarte-Rantes
- Pediatric Radiology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, PER.,Pediatric Radiology, Resocentro, Lima, PER
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5
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Soriano-Arandes A, Frick MA, García López-Hortelano M, Sulleiro E, Rodó C, Sánchez-Seco MP, Cabrera-Lafuente M, Suy A, De la Calle M, Santos M, Antolin E, Viñuela MDC, Espiau M, Salazar A, Guarch-Ibáñez B, Vázquez A, Navarro-Morón J, Ramos-Amador JT, Martin-Nalda A, Dueñas E, Blázquez-Gamero D, Reques-Cosme R, Olabarrieta I, Prieto L, De Ory F, Thorne C, Byrne T, Ades AE, Ruiz-Burga E, Giaquinto C, Mellado-Peña MJ, García-Alix A, Carreras E, Soler-Palacín P. Clinical Outcomes of a Zika Virus Mother-Child Pair Cohort in Spain. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050352. [PMID: 32392815 PMCID: PMC7281364 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with congenital microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There is little published research on the effect of maternal ZIKV infection in a non-endemic European region. We aimed to describe the outcomes of pregnant travelers diagnosed as ZIKV-infected in Spain, and their exposed children. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study of nine referral hospitals enrolled pregnant women (PW) who travelled to endemic areas during their pregnancy or the two previous months, or those whose sexual partners visited endemic areas in the previous 6 months. Infants of ZIKV-infected mothers were followed for about two years. Results: ZIKV infection was diagnosed in 163 PW; 112 (70%) were asymptomatic and 24 (14.7%) were confirmed cases. Among 143 infants, 14 (9.8%) had adverse outcomes during follow-up; three had a congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), and 11 other potential Zika-related outcomes. The overall incidence of CZS was 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4–6.0%), but among infants born to ZIKV-confirmed mothers, this increased to 15.8% (95%CI: 3.4–39.6%). Conclusions: A nearly 10% overall risk of neurologic and hearing adverse outcomes was found in ZIKV-exposed children born to a ZIKV-infected traveler PW. Longer-term follow-up of these children is needed to assess whether there are any later-onset manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.F.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.M.-N.); (P.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4893-140
| | - Marie Antoinette Frick
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.F.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.M.-N.); (P.S.-P.)
| | | | - Elena Sulleiro
- Departament of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlota Rodó
- Unit of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (A.S.); (E.C.)
| | | | | | - Anna Suy
- Unit of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (A.S.); (E.C.)
| | - María De la Calle
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Mar Santos
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Eugenia Antolin
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.l.C.); (E.A.)
| | | | - María Espiau
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.F.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.M.-N.); (P.S.-P.)
| | - Ainara Salazar
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.F.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.M.-N.); (P.S.-P.)
| | - Borja Guarch-Ibáñez
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain;
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.S.-S.); (A.V.); (F.D.O.)
| | | | | | - Andrea Martin-Nalda
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.F.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.M.-N.); (P.S.-P.)
| | - Eva Dueñas
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Daniel Blázquez-Gamero
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.B.-G.); (L.P.)
| | | | | | - Luis Prieto
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.B.-G.); (L.P.)
| | - Fernando De Ory
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.S.-S.); (A.V.); (F.D.O.)
| | - Claire Thorne
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, GOSH NIHR BRC, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (C.T.); (T.B.); (E.R.-B.)
| | - Thomas Byrne
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, GOSH NIHR BRC, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (C.T.); (T.B.); (E.R.-B.)
| | | | - Elisa Ruiz-Burga
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, GOSH NIHR BRC, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (C.T.); (T.B.); (E.R.-B.)
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - María José Mellado-Peña
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.L.-H.); (M.J.M.-P.)
| | | | - Elena Carreras
- Unit of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (A.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Pere Soler-Palacín
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.F.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.M.-N.); (P.S.-P.)
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6
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Bustamante FA, Miró MP, VelÁsquez ZD, Molina L, Ehrenfeld P, Rivera FJ, BÁtiz LF. Role of adherens junctions and apical-basal polarity of neural stem/progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: a novel perspective on congenital Zika syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:57-79. [PMID: 30904442 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that give rise to most of neurons and glial cells that constitute the adult central nervous system. A hallmark of RGCs is their polarization along the apical-basal axis. They extend a long basal process that contacts the pial surface and a short apical process to the ventricular surface. Adherens junctions (AJs) are organized as belt-like structures at the most-apical lateral plasma membrane of the apical processes. These junctional complexes anchor RGCs to each other and allow the recruitment of cytoplasmic proteins that act as apical-basal determinants. It has been proposed that disruption of AJs underlies the onset of different neurodevelopmental disorders. In fact, studies performed in different animal models indicate that loss of function of AJs-related proteins in NSPCs can disrupt cell polarity, imbalance proliferation and/or differentiation rates and increase cell death, which, in turn, lead to disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the ventricular zone, protrusion of non-polarized cells into the ventricles, cortical thinning, and ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, among other neuropathological findings. Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and the high comorbidity of ZIKV infection with congenital neurodevelopmental defects have led to the World Health Organization to declare a public emergency of international concern. Thus, noteworthy advances have been made in clinical and experimental ZIKV research. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the function of AJs in normal and pathological corticogenesis and focuses on the neuropathological and cellular mechanisms involved in congenital ZIKV syndrome, highlighting the potential role of cell-to-cell junctions between NSPCs in the etiopathogenesis of such syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Bustamante
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - MarÍa Paz Miró
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - Zahady D VelÁsquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute für Parasitologie, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Justus Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Luis Molina
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Federico BÁtiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
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7
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Sert UY, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Gokay S, Engin-Ustun Y. Toxoplasma Screening Results of 84587 Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Referral Center in Turkey. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2019; 38:307-316. [PMID: 30912697 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1587122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma in a tertiary referral center in Turkey and to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of routine antenatal screening. Materials and methods: A serologic test for Toxoplasma is free of charge for all pregnant women as part of routine antenatal care at their first prenatal visit. The study was conducted between 2008 and 2017. Results: The frequency of Toxoplasma IgG and IgM seropositivity was 22.3% and 0.64%, respectively. Low avidity was detected in 142 patients and 60 PCR tests were performed with no positive result. A total of 33 mothers with low IgG avidity and negative PCR received prophylactic treatment, and no congenital toxoplasmosis was documented in this study. Conclusion: Universal screening for Toxoplasma in pregnancy is a subject of debate. As the prevalence in Turkey is higher compared to other countries, more studies are needed to identify the necessity of routine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Yasemin Sert
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - A Seval Ozgu-Erdinc
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Sibel Gokay
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yaprak Engin-Ustun
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
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8
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Zare Mehrjardi M. Reply to: Congenital Zika syndrome in non-endemic regions: A neuroimaging pattern-based approach. J Perinat Med 2018; 46:820-821. [PMID: 29958184 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2018-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zare Mehrjardi
- Department of Radiology, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tajrish SQ, Tehran 1989934148, Iran, Tel.: +989133530656
- Section of Fetal Imaging, Division of Clinical Research, Climax Radiology Education Foundation, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Wheeler AC. Development of Infants With Congenital Zika Syndrome: What Do We Know and What Can We Expect? Pediatrics 2018; 141:S154-S160. [PMID: 29437048 PMCID: PMC5795516 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and severe birth defects in infants has led to worldwide attention focused on the mechanisms of the disease and the prevention of future exposure. Surveillance efforts around the world continue with the goal of identifying and monitoring all potentially exposed women and their newborns. For infants who were born with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and their families, an uncertain future awaits. As infants who were born with CZS during the most recent outbreak enter their second year of life, new developments in the outcomes of the condition continue to unfold, providing some insight into the likely long-term sequalae. In this article, I review the literature on emerging findings regarding the impact of CZS on the developing infant and provide some predictions regarding the long-term outcomes and lifetime needs of these children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Wheeler
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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10
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Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus, and Zika Virus Infections. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2018; 40:12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Werner H, Mehrjardi MZ, Araujo Júnior E. Author Response: Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus, and Zika Virus Infections: Emphasis on the Role of Neuroimaging in Screening, Prognostication, and Follow-Up. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2017; 40:13-14. [PMID: 29037966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heron Werner
- Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem (CDPI), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mohammad Zare Mehrjardi
- Department of Radiology, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Section of Neuroimaging, Division of Clinical Research, Climax Radiology Education Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Edward Araujo Júnior
- Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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