Simultaneous determination of cefatrizine and clavulanic acid in dog plasma by HPLC

Scientific and Technological Prospecting of 1H-1,2,3-Triazoles

Abstract:

The use of 1H-1,2,3-triazoles has become an important scaffold for applications in different technological sectors. Therefore, we sought to carry out a technological monitoring to understand the international scenario involving 1H-1,2,3-triazoles from the patents filed, in addition to evaluating the relationship between the growth in the number of patents and the improvement of strategies for obtaining of these compounds via a metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Technological monitoring was performed with the support of the PatentInspiration® platform, using the keywords "1,2,3-triazol", "1,2,3-triazole", and "1,2,3-triazolyl". A total of 960 registered patents were found, most for the years 2014 and 2019. The main filers were prestigious multinational companies such as Syngenta, Merck, Sandoz, Pfizer, and Bayer. The United States, China, Japan, and Germany lead patent registrations, mainly addressing innovations in chemistry and metallurgy, human needs, and new technologies. These results help to understand the state of innovation for this topic, pointing out the characteristics of the main discoveries concerning 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives.

Pharmacological and Cellular Significance of Triazole-Surrogated Compounds

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Heterocyclic compounds have been at the hierarchy position in academia, and industrial arena, particularly the compounds containing triazole-core are found to be potent with a broad range of biological activities. The resistance of triazole ring towards chemical (acid and base) hydrolysis, oxidative and reductive reaction conditions, metabolic degradation and its higher aromatic stabilization energy makes it a better heterocyclic core as therapeutic agents. These triazole-linked compounds are used for clinical purposes for antifungal, anti-mycobacterium, anticancer, anti-migraine and antidepressant drugs. Triazole scaffolds are also found to act as a spacer for the sake of covalent attachment of the high molecular weight bio-macromolecules with an experimental building blocks to explore structure-function relationships. Herein, several methods and strategies for the synthesis of compounds with 1,2,3-triazole moiety exploring Hüisgen, Meldal and Sharpless 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between azide and alkyne derivatives have been deliberated for a series of representative compounds. Moreover, this review article highlights in-depth applications of the [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction for the advances of triazole-containing antibacterial as well as metabolic labelling agents for the in vitro and in vivo studies on cellular level.

Simultaneous determination of clavulanic acid and tazobactam in bovine milk by HPLC

A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the β-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid and tazobactam in bovine milk. The HPLC system was equipped with ultraviolet absorption detection using a C18 column with a detection wavelength of 215 nm. The mobile phase (pH 4) was 0.02% phosphoric acid and methanol in the ratio of 90:10 v/v. The retention times were 5.67 min for clavulanic acid and 7.22 min for tazobactam. The method exhibited good linearity for clavulanic acid and tazobactam, with R² > 0.9988. Recovery ranged from 81.953% to 87.688% for clavulanic acid and from 85.007% to 92.991% for tazobactam. The precision expressed as RSD ranged from 0.975% to 1.248% for clavulanic acid and from 0.872% to 1.650% for tazobactam. A simple and precise HPLC method was developed for the determination of clavulanic acid and tazobactam in bovine milk. This method is intended for use in surveys of milk adulteration by the relevant inspection departments.

Quantitative analysis of clavulanic acid in porcine tissues by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method for the determination of clavulanic acid (CLAV) residues in edible tissues of swine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). After a simple extraction of CLAV using an aqueous phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.0, an ultrafiltration step was performed for protein removal. Chromatography of CLAV and the internal standard tazobactam (TAZO) was achieved on a reversed-phase PLRP-S polymeric column (150 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 100 A) using a mixture of 0.05 (v/v)% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the MS/MS selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The method was validated for the analysis of porcine muscle, skin plus fat, liver and kidney, according to the requirements defined by the European Community. Calibration curves were prepared for all tissues and good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (correlation coefficient > or = 0.99 and goodness-of-fit coefficient < or = 10%). Limits of quantification of 50 ng g(-1) were obtained for the analysis of CLAV in the various tissues which corresponds in all cases to at least half the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Limits of detection ranged between 8.0 and 15.14 ng g(-1). The within-day, between-day precisions and trueness fell within the ranges specified in the EMEA/CVMP/573-00/FINAL document. Biological samples from pigs that received an oral or intravenous bolus of a commercial amoxicillin/clavulanic acid formulation were analyzed using the described method.

Determination of clavulanic acid in calf plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the quantification of clavulanic acid in calf plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, operating in the negative ionization mode (LC-MS/MS), is presented. Sample preparation includes a simple and fast deproteinization with acetonitrile and a back-extraction of the acetonitrile with dichloromethane. Chromatography is performed on a reversed-phase PLRP-S polymeric column using 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The limit of quantification is 25 ng/ml, which is lower than other published methods using ultraviolet (UV), fluorimetric or mass spectrometric detection. The limit of detection is calculated to be 3.5 ng/ml. The stability of clavulanic acid was demonstrated according to The Guidelines of Bioanalytical Method Validation of The Food and Drug Administration (FDA): freeze and thaw stability, short-term stability, long-term stability, stock solution stability and postpreparative stability. The method is used in a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid formulations in calves.