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Toll L, Weiss N, Vierbaum L, Schellenberg I, Thevis M, Wenzel F. Longitudinal evaluation of laboratory results and method precision in worldwide erythropoietin external quality assessments. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1390079. [PMID: 38974321 PMCID: PMC11224661 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1390079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study presents a longitudinal analysis of external quality assessment (EQA) results for erythropoietin (EPO) determinations conducted between 2017 and 2022 with a continuously increasing number of participating laboratories. The aim of this work was to evaluate participant performance and methodological aspects. Methods: In each of the eleven EQA surveys, a blinded sample set of lyophilized human serum containing one sample with lower EPO concentrations (L) and one with higher EPO concentrations (H) was sent to the participating laboratories. Results: A total of 1,256 measurements were included. The median (interquartile range) fraction of participants not meeting the criteria of acceptance set at 20% around the robust mean of the respective survey was 9.5% (6.1%-10.7%) (sample L) and 9.1% (5.8%-11.8%) (sample H) but lacked a clear trend in the observed period. Some surveys exhibited unusually high interlaboratory variation, suggesting interfering components in the EQA samples. Different immunological methods and reagent manufacturers also showed variability in measurement outcomes to some extent. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for continuous quality assessment in EPO measurements to ensure patient safety and identify areas for further research and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Toll
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry/ Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nathalie Weiss
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Vierbaum
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Schellenberg
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Center of Life Sciences, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/ Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Folker Wenzel
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Gholami MD, Theiss F, Sonar P, Ayoko GA, Izake EL. Rapid and selective detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in human blood plasma by a sensitive optical sensor. Analyst 2021; 145:5508-5515. [PMID: 32598413 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is an important hormone drug that is used to treat several medical conditions. It is also frequently abused by athletes as a performance enhancing agent at sporting events. The time window of the rHuEPO in blood is short. Therefore, the rapid detection of rHuEPO use/abuse at points of care and in sports requires a selective analytical method and a sensitive sensor. Herein, we present a highly selective method for the rapid detection of rHuEPO in human blood plasma by a sensitive optical sensor. rHuEPO is selectively extracted from human blood plasma by a target-specific extractor chip and converted into a biothiol by reducing its disulfide bond structure. The formed biothiol reacts with a water soluble (E)-1-((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-yl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2,6-diolHg(ii) (BAN-Hg) optical sensor and causes its rapid decomposition. This leads to a rapid change in the sensor color from blue to pink that can be observed by the naked eye. The optical sensor was used to quantify rHuEPO in the concentration range 1 × 10-8 M to 1 × 10-12 M by UV-Vis spectroscopy. For the screening of blood plasma, an EPO-specific extractor chip was synthesized and used to selectively extract the protein from the biological matrix prior to its conversion into biothiol and quantification by the optical sensor. Since many proteins have a disulfide bond structure, the new method has strong potential for their rapid sensitive and selective detection by the BAN-Hg sensor and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz D Gholami
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Frederick Theiss
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Prashant Sonar
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia. and Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia. and Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Emad L Izake
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia. and Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George street QLD, 4000, Australia
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3
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Chen Z, Li H, Zhao Y, Xu M, Xu D. Magnetic nanoparticles and polydopamine amplified FP aptasensor for the highly sensitive detection of rHuEPO-α. Talanta 2018; 189:143-149. [PMID: 30086898 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an amplified fluorescence polarization (FP) aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles @polydopamine (MNP@PDA) was innovatively developed for sensitive detection of recombinant human erythropoietin-alpha(rHuEPO-α). The amplified FP signal was due to the large mass of protein and MNP@PDA. And this assay can be utilized for target separation or recycling based on the magnetic property of MNP@PDA through magnetic separation. Briefly, rHuEPO-α and MNP@PDA were added successively to react with the labeled aptamer (FAM-P1), which both contributed to the increase of FP signal via the formation of FAM-P1-rHuEPO-α and particularly FAM-P1-MNP@PDA complex. The strong interaction between MNP@PDA and FAM-P1 ensured the high efficiency of mass amplification and magnetic separation. As a result, the detection limit for rHuEPO-α was 0.12 pM, 4 orders of magnitude lower than original assay. Besides, three kinds of rHuEPO-α injections, NuPIAO, Epogen and ESPO were used to evaluate the selectivity of this assay in complex matrix with reasonable standard deviation. In a word, this work provides a simple, rapid, non-modified, highly sensitive and selective sensing platform for the detection of rHuEPO-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yaju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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5
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Maboudi K, Hosseini SM, Sepahi M, Yaghoubi H, Hadadian S. Production of Erythropoietin-Specific Polyclonal Antibodies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:50-57. [PMID: 28959352 PMCID: PMC5582253 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin, as a principal hormone promotes red blood cell production in bone marrow. Varieties of erythropoietin biosimilar are being produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell cultures. The detection or quantifi cation of these molecules are being performed by diff erent methods which some of theme such as Western blot and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) require specifi c antibodies. High cost, inappropriate shipping (cold chain failures), reduced sensitivity and thus poor detection performance are common pitfalls of using commercial kits for performing immunological tests. OBJECTIVES To produce in-house polyclonal antibody against active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-EPO) was the aim of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two healthy female albino rabbits were injected four times in 14 days interval using rh-EPO API as antigen. The produced antibody was separated from plasma via either caprylic acid or saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation and the results were compared from each purification methodologies. The antibody was further purified by ion exchange chromatography. Acceptable purity and good immunogenicity were detected respectively by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. The purified antibody was compared with a commercial kit to determine rh-EPO concentration in diff erent steps of production batches via ELISA. RESULTS The purity of antibodies after ion exchange chromatography, obtained from caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate precipitation were 97 and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS As producing in house kits is one of the important challenges of bio- pharmaceutical manufacturers, a simple, cost- and time-effective, and easy to scale up strategy for making in-house polyclonal antibody was set up. Caprylic acid precipitation resulted higher purity than ammonium sulfate and fi nally purified antibody (97% purity) used as a capture antibody in sandwich ELISA test was able to detect erythropoietin antigen as sensitive (100%) and specifi c (100%) as commercial kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Maboudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, 3159915111, Iran
| | | | - Mina Sepahi
- Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, 31635/157, Iran
| | - Hashem Yaghoubi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, 3159915111, Iran
| | - Shahin Hadadian
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran,1316943551, Iran
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Tu X, Muhammad P, Liu J, Ma Y, Wang S, Yin D, Liu Z. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Plasmonic Immunosandwich Assay for Fast and Ultrasensitive Determination of Trace Glycoproteins in Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12363-12370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pir Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuangshou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Danyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is arguably the most successful therapeutic application of recombinant DNA technology till date. It was isolated in 1977 and the gene decoded in 1985. Since then, it has found varied applications, especially in stimulating erythropoiesis in anemia due to chronic conditions like renal failure, myelodysplasia, infections like HIV, in prematurity, and in reducing peri-operative blood transfusions. The discovery of erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) and its presence in non-erythroid cells has led to several areas of research. Various types of rhEPO are commercially available today with different dosage schedules and modes of delivery. Their efficacy in stimulating erythropoiesis is dose dependent and differs according to the patient's disease and nutritional status. EPO should be used carefully according to guidelines as unsolicited use can result in serious adverse effects. Because of its capacity to improve oxygenation, it has been abused by athletes participating in endurance sports and detecting this has proved to be a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Joseph John
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Haemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Vineeth Jaison
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Kunal Jain
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Naveen Kakkar
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Haemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jubbin J. Jacob
- Department of Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
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8
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Sun J, Guo A, Zhang Z, Guo L, Xie J. A conjugated aptamer-gold nanoparticle fluorescent probe for highly sensitive detection of rHuEPO-α. SENSORS 2011; 11:10490-501. [PMID: 22346654 PMCID: PMC3274296 DOI: 10.3390/s111110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present here a novel conjugated aptamer-gold nanoparticle (Apt-AuNPs) fluorescent probe and its application for specific detection of recombinant human erythropoietin-α (rHuEPO-α). In this nanobiosensor, 12 nm AuNPs function as both a nano-scaffold and a nano-quencher (fluorescent energy acceptor), on the surface of which the complementary sequences are linked (as cODN-AuNPs) and pre-hybridized with carboxymethylfluorescein (FAM)-labeled anti-rHuEPO-α aptamers. Upon target protein binding, the aptamers can be released from the AuNP surface and the fluorescence signal is restored. Key variables such as the length of linker, the hybridization site and length have been designed and optimized. Full performance evaluation including sensitivity, linear range and interference substances are also described. This nanobiosensor provides a promising approach for a simple and direct quantification of rHuEPO-α concentrations as low as 0.92 nM within a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Aitao Guo
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; E-Mail: (A.G.)
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lei Guo
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.G.); (J.X.); Tel.: +8610-6822-5893; Fax: +8610-6822-5893
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.G.); (J.X.); Tel.: +8610-6822-5893; Fax: +8610-6822-5893
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9
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Quantitative analysis of erythropoietin in human plasma by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2073-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Segura J, Zorzoli M. Distinction Between Endogenous and Exogenous Erythropoietin: Marker Methods. HORMONE USE AND ABUSE BY ATHLETES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7014-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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11
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Tang J, Guo L, Shen R, Yu T, Xu H, Liu H, Ma X, Xie J. Quantification of rHuEPO-α by magnetic beads-based aptameric real-time PCR assay. Analyst 2010; 135:2924-9. [PMID: 20877820 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is one kind of important hematopoietic growth factor, which is widely used in anaemia treatment as well as sometimes abused by endurance athletes. Based on a set of anti-rHuEPO-α aptamers successfully in vitro isolated in our laboratory, we herein describe a novel magnetic beads-based aptameric real-time PCR assay for the accurate quantification of rHuEPO-α, which combined the specific recognition with amplification capability of aptamers. Two detection strategies, termed 'recognition-after-hybridization' and 'recognition-before-hybridization' respectively, were constructed and compared. Strategy B, i.e.'recognition-before-hybridization', was finally adopted as the preferred one to measure rHuEPO-α. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pmol/L rHuEPO-α and a wide dynamic range from 6 pmol/L to 100 nmol/L were obtained for physiological buffer. Furthermore, a LOD of 6 pmol/L was achieved for more complicated matrix-half diluted artificial urine. These results indicate that the anti-rHuEPO-α aptamer fits the high sensitive detection of rHuEPO-α very well. The use of the aptamer with magnetic beads-based real-time PCR allows a direct and novel assay for rHuEPO-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Tang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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12
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Applications of a planar electrochemiluminescence platform to support regulated studies of macromolecules: Benefits and limitations in assay range. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Wang W, Zhang S, Liu C, Lu L, Wang S, Zhang X. CE immunoassay with enhanced chemiluminescence detection of erythropoietin using silica dioxide nanoparticles as pseudostationary phase. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3092-3098. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Bosch J, Such-Sanmartín G, Segura J. Surface plasmon resonance immuno assays - A perspective. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:388-398. [PMID: 19473863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) represents an extremely challenging task from an anti-doping viewpoint. GH is an endogenously produced substance, present at very low levels in circulation (for the most abundant 22kDa isoform approximately 50pM in plasma and 100fM in urine) either as monomer or homo- and heterodimers, comprises a family of distinct isoforms, and obeys a pulsatile secretion routine that is affected by many different internal and external factors. Upon administration of the recombinant, single-isoform pharmaceutical, the feedback mechanism reduces the endogenous heterogeneity resulting in altered ratios between the different GH isoforms. Thus, measuring the isoform ratios through immuno assays appears the approach of choice. Conventional assays do not provide information on isoform-specific association and dissociation events of the individual primary antibody-isoform or isoform-secondary antibody interactions. This particular information can be obtained using the technology of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which enables monitoring of biomolecular interactions in a dynamic and label-free setting. In this paper the different aspects of SPR are described, how the technology may be beneficial for understanding today's anti-GH immunoassays, and whether the approach could be employed for measuring GH in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Program, Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Birks E, Chen J, You Y, Rudy J, Li X. Differentiation and Identification of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin Alfa in Equine Plasma by LC−MS/MS for Doping Control. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3811-7. [PMID: 18380469 DOI: 10.1021/ac800054t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Cornelius E. Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Lawrence R. Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Eric Birks
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Jinwen Chen
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Youwen You
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Jeffrey Rudy
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, and PA Equine Toxicology and Research Center, Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382
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Abellan R, Ventura R, Remacha AF, Rodríguez FA, Pascual JA, Segura J. Intermittent hypoxia exposure in a hypobaric chamber and erythropoietin abuse interpretation. J Sports Sci 2007; 25:1241-50. [PMID: 17654236 DOI: 10.1080/02640410601001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intermittent hypoxia exposure on direct and indirect methods used to evaluate recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) misuse. Sixteen male triathletes were randomly assigned to either the intermittent hypoxia exposure group (experimental group) or the control normoxic group (control group). The members of the experimental group were exposed to simulated altitude (from 4000 to 5500 m) in a hypobaric chamber for 3 h per day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the first and the final exposures, and again 2 weeks after the final exposure. While serum EPO significantly increased after the first [from a mean 8.3 IU x l(-1) (s = 3.2) to 16.6 IU x l(-1) (s = 4.7)] and final exposures [from 4.6 IU x l(-1) (s = 1.4) to 24.8 IU x l(-1) (s = 9.3)], haemoglobin, percentage of reticulocytes, and soluble transferrin receptor were not elevated. Second-generation ON/OFF models (indirect rhEPO misuse detection) were insensitive to intermittent hypoxia exposure. The distribution of the urinary EPO isoelectric profiles (direct rhEPO misuse detection) was altered after intermittent hypoxia exposure with a slight shift towards more basic isoforms. However, those shifts never resulted in misinterpretation of results. The intermittent hypoxia exposure protocol studied did not produce any false-positive result for indirect or direct detection of rhEPO misuse in spite of the changes in EPO serum concentrations and urinary EPO isoelectric profiles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Abellan
- Pharmacology Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, IMIM-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Birks E, Chen J, Mitchell J, You Y, Rudy J, Xu F, Li X, Mbuy G. LC−MS/MS Method for Confirmation of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin α in Equine Plasma. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4627-35. [PMID: 17500535 DOI: 10.1021/ac070135o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and darbepoetin alpha (DPO) are protein-based drugs for the treatment of anemia by stimulating red blood cell production. Consequently, they are abused in human and equine sports. To deter their abuse in the horse racing industry, a sensitive and reliable method for confirmation of these agents in equine plasma has been in urgent need. Such a method by LC-MS/MS is described in this paper. The method involved analyte enrichment by immunoaffinity separation using anti-rhEPO antibody linked to magnetic beads, digestion by trypsin, and analysis by LC-MS/MS. Two specific proteotypic peptides, 46VNFYAWK52 and 144VYSNFLR150 from rhEPO and DPO were employed for confirmation of the analytes based on chromatographic retention times and major product ions. The limit of confirmation of this method was 0.2 ng/mL, and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL for rhEPO and DPO in equine plasma. This method was successful in confirming the presence of rhEPO and DPO in plasma samples collected from research horses to which rhEPO or DPO was administered and from racehorses following competition and in noncompetition samples in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first LC-MS method with adequate sensitivity and specificity in providing unequivocal confirmation of rhEPO and DPO in equine plasma samples. This method provides a powerful enforcement tool that was lacking in the fight against the abuse of rhEPO and DPO in the horse racing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
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18
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Segura J, Pascual JA, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Procedures for monitoring recombinant erythropoietin and analogues in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1521-9. [PMID: 17516052 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present report summarizes the main analytical strategies developed to identify the presence of recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) administered as a doping agent. Indirect evidence is based on the analysis of blood parameters (haemoglobin, haematocrit, reticulocytes, macrocytes, etc.) and serum markers (concentration of EPO and serum transferrin receptors, etc.). The problem of intertechnique comparison for reliable results evaluation is emphasized, especially for serum markers. Charge differences between isoforms of recombinant EPO and native urinary EPO are the grounds for the isoelectric focusing-double blotting-chemiluminescence detection method presently approved for doping control. Works addressing its advantages and limitations are presented and commented on. The chemical bases of the differential detection are highlighted and some future approaches for detection are also presented. The appearance and detectability of EPO analogues and mimetics susceptible for abuse are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Segura
- Pharmacology Research Unit, Municipal Institute for Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Azzazy HME, Mansour MMH, Christenson RH. Doping in the recombinant era: strategies and counterstrategies. Clin Biochem 2006; 38:959-65. [PMID: 16286094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Advances in recombinant DNA technology have created one of the most powerful weapons in the current doping arsenal: recombinant proteins [Sweeney HL. Gene doping. Sci Am 2004;291:62-9; Unal M, Ozer Unal D. Gene doping in sports. Sports Med 2004;34:357-62]. Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone (hGH) are currently being abused but are fortunately detectable either directly by employing isoelectric focusing and immunoassays or indirectly by assessing changes in selected hematopoietic parameters. The detection is technically demanding due to the extent of similarity between the recombinant proteins and their endogenous counterparts. Another issue facing detection efforts is the speed and conditions at which blood samples are collected and analyzed in a sports setting. Recently, gene doping, which stemmed out of legitimate gene therapy trials, has emerged as the next level of doping. Erythropoietin (EPO), human growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR delta), and myostatin inhibitor genes have been identified as primary targets for doping. Sports clinical scientists today are racing against the clock because assuring the continued integrity of sports competition depends on their ability to outpace the efforts of dopers by developing new detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry and Science & Technology Research Center, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abellan R, Ventura R, Pichini S, Sarda MP, Remacha AF, Pascual JA, Palmi I, Bacosi A, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Segura J. Evaluation of immunoassays for the measurement of soluble transferrin receptor as an indirect biomarker of recombinant human erythropoietin misuse in sport. J Immunol Methods 2004; 295:89-99. [PMID: 15627614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) has been proposed as an indirect biomarker of the misuse of recombinant human erythropoietin in sport. An extended validation of four commercially available immunoassays for its measurement in serum is presented. Two ELISA techniques (ELISA1: Orion Diagnostica; ELISA2: R&D Systems), an immunoturbidimetric technique (Turbid: Roche Diagnostics), and a nephelometric technique (Nephel: Dade Behring) were investigated. Intra-laboratory precision better than 3% and correct accuracies were obtained for the Turbid and Nephel techniques using autoanalysers. Slightly worse precision (but always better than 11%) and correct accuracies were also obtained in almost all cases for the two ELISA techniques. Inter-laboratory results showed higher concordances for the ELISA procedures (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.848 for ELISA1 and 0.973 for ELISA2 which was clearly better). Inter-technique correlations were good for the four techniques with lower dispersions found for the techniques using autoanalysers, i.e. Turbid and Nephel. While Turbid and ELISA1 results (expressed in mg/l) were comparable, results obtained with Nephel were approximately 2.7 times lower. The relationship between those three techniques was maintained when compared with ELISA2, which uses different units (nmol/l). We conclude that ELISA2 and Nephel in our hands were the most suitable techniques in terms of sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and adequacy of the calibration curve for the measurement of sTfR in real serum samples. Discrepancies observed in the results obtained with the different sTfR techniques showed that different reference standards were used and harmonization is recommended in order to obtain comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abellan
- Unitat de Recerca en Farmacologia, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, IMIM, C/Doctor Aiguader, 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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