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Shen Q, Yang H, Li Y, Li S, Chen K, Wang H, Wang H, Ma J. Rapid determination of antiviral drugs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) using graphene/silica nanospheres (G/KCC-1) based pipette tip solid-phase extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1189:123097. [PMID: 35007897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is commonly contaminated by protease inhibitors because of the illegal use of antiviral drugs in aquaculture, so the determination of antiviral drugs is essential in food safety supervision. In this study, a novel sorbent, graphene and silica nanospheres composite (G/KCC-1), was synthesized for pipette-tip-based solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) and purification of ritonavir, saquinavir, and indinavir in yellow catfish, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The wrinkly structure of G/KCC-1 with center-radial nanowrinkles enlarged the surface area and increased the capacity of absorbing the target analyte. With the proposed G/KCC-1 based PT-SPE UPLC-MS/MS method, the pH of sample solution, aspirating/dispensing cycles for extraction and elution were optimized to be 4.0, 25, and 10 respectively, and the eluting solvent was methanol/ammonia (95:5, v/v) with 0.02 M sodium chloride. This new method was further validated to be linear (correlation coefficient R2, 0.9993-0.9996), sensitive (limit of detection, LOD ≤ 0.8 ng mL-1), accurate (89.3-114.2%), and precise (relative standard deviation, RSD ≤ 6.23%). These results indicated that the proposed method is qualified in bioanalytical method validation and meets the requirements for detecting illegally used antiviral drugs in yellow catfish. The demonstrated G/KCC-1 based PT-SPE UPLC-MS/MS method is a potential analytical method in food and drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunyan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Zhejiang Fishery Technical Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Amir M, Narula P, Bano F. Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Matrices: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666211217145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the protease inhibitor type of anti-retroviral drugs. Both are used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews many analytical methods for the analysis of LPV and RTV in pharmaceutical formulations (tablet, capsule, syrup, and bulk) and biological fluids (human plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, rat plasma, and human hair).
Objective:
The study aims to summarize various ana¬lytical techniques, such as Chromatography, Spectrophotometry; and also hyphenated techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
Method:
The review deals with com¬prehensive details about the type of various analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy (UV), chromatography (RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC), and hyphenated techniques, i.e., LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for the analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir. These techniques are either explored for the quantification, de¬tection of metabolite or for stability studies of the LPV & RTV.
Conclusion:
The present studies revealed that the HPLC technique along with the spectro-scopic, have been most widely used for the analysis. Out of the developed methods, hyphenated UPLC-MS and LC-MS are very sensitive and helps in the easy estimation of drugs compared to that of the other techniques. This review may provide comprehensive details to the researchers working in the area of analytical research of LPV & RTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Puneet Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Farzana Bano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Antiretroviral Drug Use in a Cohort of HIV-Uninfected Women in the United States: HIV Prevention Trials Network 064. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140074. [PMID: 26445283 PMCID: PMC4596522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral (ARV) drug use was analyzed in HIV-uninfected women in an observational cohort study conducted in 10 urban and periurban communities in the United States with high rates of poverty and HIV infection. Plasma samples collected in 2009–2010 were tested for the presence of 16 ARV drugs. ARV drugs were detected in samples from 39 (2%) of 1,806 participants: 27/181 (15%) in Baltimore, MD and 12/179 (7%) in Bronx, NY. The ARV drugs detected included different combinations of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors (1–4 drugs/sample). These data were analyzed in the context of self-reported data on ARV drug use. None of the 39 women who had ARV drugs detected reported ARV drug use at any study visit. Further research is needed to evaluate ARV drug use by HIV-uninfected individuals.
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Koppala S, Panigrahi B, Raju S, Padmaja Reddy K, Ranga Reddy V, Anireddy JS. Development and Validation of a Simple, Sensitive, Selective and Stability-Indicating RP-UPLC Method for the Quantitative Determination of Ritonavir and Its Related Compounds. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:662-75. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M, Berthod A, Carda-Broch S. Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography? J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Beloqui A, Solinís MÁ, des Rieux A, Préat V, Rodríguez-Gascón A. Dextran-protamine coated nanostructured lipid carriers as mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm 2014; 468:105-11. [PMID: 24746410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were (i) to evaluate the effect of the mucus layer on saquinavir-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SQV-NLCs) uptake and (ii) to evaluate the mucopenetrating properties of dextran-protamine (Dex-Prot) coating on NLCs as per SQV permeability enhancement. Three different NLC formulations differing on particle size and surfactant content were obtained and coated with Dex-Prot complexes. SQV permeability was then evaluated across Caco-2 cell monolayers (enterocyte-like model) and Caco-2/HT29-MTX cell monolayers (mucus model). In the Caco-2 monolayers, Dex-Prot-NLCs increased up to 9-fold SQV permeability in comparison to uncoated nanoparticles. In the Caco-2/HT29-MTX monolayers, Dex-Prot-NLCs presenting a surface charge close to neutrality significantly increased SQV permeability. Hence, Dex-Prot complex coating is a promising strategy to ensure successful nanoparticle mucus-penetration, and thus, an efficient nanoparticle oral delivery. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Dex-Prot coating has been described as a nanoparticle muco-penetration enhancer across the intestinal mucus barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beloqui
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Solinís
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Beloqui A, Solins MN, Gascn AR, del Pozo-Rodrguez A, des Rieux A, Prat V. Mechanism of transport of saquinavir-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers across the intestinal barrier. J Control Release 2013; 166:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mishra TD, Kurani H, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS. Simultaneous Quantitation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Indinavir in Human Plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:625-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Parikh N, Venishetty VK, Sistla R. Simultaneous Determination of Ketoconazole, Ritonavir and Lopinavir in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by RP-LC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Saka C. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods to Simultaneous Determination of Anti-Retroviral Drugs in Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340902820759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yadav M, Rao R, Kurani H, Singhal P, Goswami S, Shrivastav PS. Application of a rapid and selective method for the simultaneous determination of protease inhibitors, lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma by UPLC–ESI-MS/MS for bioequivalence study in Indian subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Asuero AG, González G. Fitting Straight Lines with Replicated Observations by Linear Regression. III. Weighting Data. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin G. Asuero
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Seville , 41012 , Seville , Spain
| | - Gustavo González
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Seville , 41012 , Seville , Spain
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Robertson SM, Formentini E, Alfaro RM, Natarajan V, Falloon J, Penzak SR. Lack of sex-related differences in saquinavir pharmacokinetics in an HIV-seronegative cohort. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61:379-88. [PMID: 16542198 PMCID: PMC1885032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the influence of sex on steady-state saquinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-seronegative volunteers administered saquinavir without a concomitant protease inhibitor. METHODS Thirty-eight healthy volunteers (14 female) received saquinavir soft-gel capsules 1200 mg three times daily for 3 days to achieve steady-state conditions. Following administration of the 10th dose, blood was collected serially over 8 h for measurement of saquinavir plasma concentrations. Saquinavir pharmacokinetic parameter values were determined using noncompartmental methods and compared between males and females. CYP3A phenotype (using oral midazolam) and MDR-1 genotypes at positions 3435 and 2677 were determined for all subjects in order to characterize possible mechanisms for any observed sex-related differences. RESULTS There was no significant difference in saquinavir AUC(0-8) or any other pharmacokinetic parameter value between the sexes. These findings persisted after mathematically correcting for total body weight. The mean weight-normalized AUC(0-8) was 29.9 (95% confidence interval 15.5, 44.3) and 29.8 (18.6, 40.9) ng h(-1) ml(-1) kg(-1) for males and females, respectively. No significant difference in CYP3A phenotype was observed between the groups; likewise, the distribution of MDR-1 genotypes was similar for males and females. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous study findings, results from this investigation showed no difference in saquinavir pharmacokinetics between males and females. The discrepancy between our findings and those previously reported may be explained by the fact that we evaluated HIV-seronegative volunteers and administered saquinavir in the absence of concomitant protease inhibitors such as ritonavir. Caution must be exercised when extrapolating pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteer studies (including sex-based pharmacokinetic differences) to HIV-infected populations or to patients receiving additional concurrent medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Robertson
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Robertson SM, Formentini E, Alfaro RM, Falloon J, Penzak SR. Lack of In Vivo Correlation Between Indinavir and Saquinavir Exposure and Cytochrome P450 3A Phenotype as Assessed with Oral Midazolam as a Phenotype Probe. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26:1051-9. [PMID: 16863481 DOI: 10.1592/phco.26.8.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate a potential correlation between exposure to oral midazolam, a commonly used cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A probe, and saquinavir and indinavir exposure. DESIGN Open-label, prospective, pharmacokinetic study. SETTING Outpatient research center. SUBJECTS Thirty-six healthy volunteers aged 22-50 years. INTERVENTION Subjects received a single oral dose of midazolam 8 mg; 4 hours later, blood was drawn to determine their serum midazolam concentrations. Midazolam phenotyping was followed by successive administration of the protease inhibitors indinavir and saquinavir, with blood sampling and pharmacokinetic analyses performed at steady state. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pharmacokinetic parameters of each protease inhibitor were evaluated to assess for a potential relationship with 4-hour concentrations of midazolam. No correlations between phenotype results for midazolam and any pharmacokinetic parameter for indinavir or saquinavir were identified (r(2)=0.00002-0.073). When the results were analyzed based on race, significant correlations were identified in five African-American subjects, including correlations between 4-hour midazolam levels and apparent oral clearance of saquinavir (r(2)=0.734, p=0.064), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0-8 hours (r(2)=0.914, p=0.011), minimum concentration (r(2)=0.857, p=0.024), and maximum concentration (r(2)=0.969, p=0.002). These findings for African-American subjects were not seen with indinavir. No correlation was found between indinavir and saquinavir pharmacokinetic parameters (r(2)=0.017-0.261). CONCLUSION Oral midazolam was not a useful probe for predicting saquinavir or indinavir exposure at steady state. Reasons for the lack of correlation likely included differences between midazolam and protease inhibitor P-glycoprotein specificity, differences in the relative contribution of CYP3A5-mediated metabolism, and/or variation in intestinal and hepatic CYP3A specificity. The strong correlation between midazolam phenotype and pharmacokinetic parameters for saquinavir in African-American subjects indicated a racial difference in one or more of these confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Robertson
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
A calibration curve is often needed to derive from the record of the detector signal the actual concentration profile of the eluate in many studies of the thermodynamic and kinetic of adsorption by chromatography. The calibration task is complicated in the frequent cases in which the detector response is nonlinear. The simplest approach consists in preparing a series of solutions of known concentrations, in flushing them successively through the detector cell, and in recording the height of the plateau response obtained. However, this method requires relatively large amounts of the pure solutes studied. These are not always available, may be most costly, and could be applied to better uses. An alternative procedure consists of deriving this calibration curve from a series of peaks recorded upon the injection of increasingly large pulses of the studied compound. We validated this new method in HPLC with a UV detector. Questions concerning the reproducibility and accuracy of the method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Asnin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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